The level of destruction caused by an earthquake depends on a variety of factors, such as magnitude, duration, intensity, time of occurrence, and underlying geological features, which may be mitigated and reduced by the level of preparedness of risk management measures. Geospatial technologies offer a means by which earthquake occurrence can be predicted or foreshadowed; managed in terms of levels of preparation related to land use planning; availability of emergency shelters, medical resources, and food supplies; and assessment of damage and remedial priorities. This literature review paper surveys the geospatial technologies employed in earthquake research and disaster management. The objectives of this review paper are to assess: (1) the role of the range of geospatial data types; (2) the application of geospatial technologies to the stages of an earthquake; (3) the geospatial techniques used in earthquake hazard, vulnerability, and risk analysis; and (4) to discuss the role of geospatial techniques in earthquakes and related disasters. The review covers past, current, and potential earthquake-related applications of geospatial technology, together with the challenges that limit the extent of usefulness and effectiveness. While the focus is mainly on geospatial technology applied to earthquake research and management in practice, it also has validity as a framework for natural disaster risk assessments, emergency management, mitigation, and remediation, in general.

Historical structures, buildings, bridges and walls are very sensitive to deformations which can be caused by many factors, such as winds, heavy rains, extreme temperature variations, ground and soil settlements, tectonic loadings and others. The mapping of three-dimensional deformation maps of building provides an opportunity not only to understand the structural changes, but also to detect zones with a potential risk of damage. The high spatial resolution of Terrestrial Laser Scanning technology allows to monitor historical buildings with millimeter accuracy. Two towers of Istanbul Land Walls were surveyed three times with the 5-month time interval. The accurate deviation maps were obtained from Terrestrial Laser Scanner's data by comparing epochs. Between first two campaigns it happened an earthquake with the magnitude of Mw 5.7 with the epicenter of approximately 60 km from the study area. The findings and outputs of this research indicate that earthquake had a great impact on the monitored structures and deformations were found up to 15 mm for the tower I and up to 20 mm fir the tower II.

This study conducted a regional assessment of the environmental and health consequences due to the release of radionuclides, including the most harmful, such as Cs-137 and I-131, from a hypothetical reactor accident at the first Nuclear Power Plant (NPP), Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant, in Turkiye under different meteorological conditions. Simulations of the atmospheric flow were done using a Gaussian-based probabilistic model. Based on the estimated air and land contamination, radiation doses and cancer risks to the population were calculated. The assessment results were then compared with the criteria for protective actions in the event of a radioactive release and were subsequently used to assess the sufficiency of the Precautionary Action Zone (PAZ) and Urgent Protective Zone (UPZ) provided by regulations. The assessment indicated that evacuation outside the UPZ would likely be required during the early phase of the emergency, while sheltering indoors might be necessary up to 80 km. Protective actions such as restrictions on being outdoors or iodine prophylaxis are needed far beyond the radius of the UPZ. These results provide important insights into safe protective measures to reduce the risk of radiation-related cancer when considering a hypothetical severe nuclear accident. In addition, the results of this study aim to improve the current nuclear emergency response program and support nuclear decision-making.

Effective shelter location-allocation is critical in nuclear emergencies to ensure rapid, safe evacuation and resource access for affected populations. This study presents a multi-dimensional optimization model for shelter allocation within humanitarian logistics, balancing evacuation time, supply accessibility, and shelter capacity. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), the model optimizes trade-offs among competing objectives. The first objective minimizes evacuation time, the second ensures adequate supply access, and the third prevents shelter overcrowding. Validated through k-fold cross-validation, the model reveals spatial biases: evacuees often cluster in nearby shelters, leading to overcrowding in dense areas and underuse in others. This analysis suggests adding flexible shelters in high-density zones to enhance response efficiency. Overall, the research supports more balanced shelter allocations in nuclear emergencies, improving both immediate and long-term disaster response strategies for affected populations

This paper examines neighborhood-scale social vulnerability to nuclear accidents in Turkiye, focusing on identifying the most at-risk areas and demographic groups across several dimensions: demographics, buildings and environment, preparedness, emergency response, and coping capacity. The study has three main objectives: (1) improving the social vulnerability model by emphasizing criteria specific to nuclear accidents, (2) developing an assessment model for identifying vulnerable communities using a worst-case nuclear accident scenario, and (3) helping emergency managers pinpoint community sub-groups most susceptible to reduced resilience. Social vulnerability was assessed using both the Best–Worst Method (BWM) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), with comparisons highlighting slight differences due to their distinct methodologies. The findings reveal significant vulnerability, with many neighborhoods lacking adequate emergency preparedness programs such as public education, access to emergency supplies, and established evacuation routes. Comparing BWM and AHP helps researchers select the most suitable method, while the developed SVI offers a valuable tool for improving nuclear disaster risk management and community resilience.