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Chester Kalinda
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Howard College Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa

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Journal article
Published: 22 June 2021 in Preventive Medicine Reports
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Health promotion (HP) and disease prevention (DP) practices among healthcare workers (HCWs) are key to achieving universal health coverage. This study identified HP and DP enablers and hindrances and compared them at different healthcare levels in Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality, South Africa. An exploratory cross-sectional study using a structured questionnaire was conducted among HCWs (n = 501) from 23 hospitals. Bivariate and multinomial regression were used to analyze the data. The highest number of participants (70.46%; n = 353) were from tertiary hospitals. Thirteen and Eight categories of enablers and hindrances respectively were identified. Of these, eleven enablers and six hindrances of HP and DP were associated with tertiary hospitals; no enabler was identified at both primary and secondary while one hindrance was associated with primary level of health care. Collaboration among disciplines and organizations (Coeff: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.28–3.66) and programme planning (Coeff: 0.375, 95% CI: 0.23–0.62) were the predictors of HP and DP among medical doctors, while staff induction training (Coeff: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.40–0.95) and performance appraisal (Coeff: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.16–2.98) were the enablers among allied health workers. On the other hand, ‘facility promoting treatment more than prevention’ (Coeff: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.30–3.14) and ‘practice guidelines incorporating HP’ (Coeff: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.66–4.70) were the predictors of HP and DP hindrances among medical doctors and allied health workers respectively. Our work indicates the need for an operational strategy designed considering enabling and hindering factors to HP and DP practices for empowering HCWs and enhancing health outcomes.

ACS Style

Herbert I. Melariri; Chester Kalinda; Moses J. Chimbari. Enablers and hindrances to health promotion and disease prevention practices among healthcare workers in Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality, South Africa. Preventive Medicine Reports 2021, 23, 101462 .

AMA Style

Herbert I. Melariri, Chester Kalinda, Moses J. Chimbari. Enablers and hindrances to health promotion and disease prevention practices among healthcare workers in Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality, South Africa. Preventive Medicine Reports. 2021; 23 ():101462.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Herbert I. Melariri; Chester Kalinda; Moses J. Chimbari. 2021. "Enablers and hindrances to health promotion and disease prevention practices among healthcare workers in Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality, South Africa." Preventive Medicine Reports 23, no. : 101462.

Data article
Published: 11 June 2021 in Data in Brief
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Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer diagnosed among women globally. Effective screening routines and early detection are vital in reducing its disease burden and mortality. Several factors can influence the timely detection and treatment of cervical cancer, especially in low middle-income countries where the burden of this disease is highest. The data presented in this paper relates to the research article “Cervical cancer diagnosis and treatment delays in the developing world: Evidence from a hospital-based study in Zambia”. The raw and analysed data include the studied patients’ social demographic factors, clinical data concerning the stage and histological subtype of cancer, dates at which the various activities within the cancer treatment pathway occurred and delays to definitive treatment of cervical cancer at Zambia's only cancer treatment facility. Detailing delays to the treatment of cervical cancer allows recognition of specific points in the cancer treatment pathway requiring intervention to effectively improve cancer care and reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease.

ACS Style

Jane Mwamba Mumba; Lackson Kasonka; Okola Basil Owiti; John Andrew; Mwansa Ketty Lubeya; Lufunda Lukama; Charlotte Kasempa; Susan C. Msadabwe; Chester Kalinda. Dataset evaluating the treatment timeliness of cervical cancer in Zambia. Data in Brief 2021, 37, 107201 .

AMA Style

Jane Mwamba Mumba, Lackson Kasonka, Okola Basil Owiti, John Andrew, Mwansa Ketty Lubeya, Lufunda Lukama, Charlotte Kasempa, Susan C. Msadabwe, Chester Kalinda. Dataset evaluating the treatment timeliness of cervical cancer in Zambia. Data in Brief. 2021; 37 ():107201.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jane Mwamba Mumba; Lackson Kasonka; Okola Basil Owiti; John Andrew; Mwansa Ketty Lubeya; Lufunda Lukama; Charlotte Kasempa; Susan C. Msadabwe; Chester Kalinda. 2021. "Dataset evaluating the treatment timeliness of cervical cancer in Zambia." Data in Brief 37, no. : 107201.

Journal article
Published: 13 May 2021 in Gynecologic Oncology Reports
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Expedited diagnostic processes for all suspected cervical cancer cases remain essential in the effort to improve clinical outcomes of the disease. However, in some developing countries like Zambia, there is paucity of data that assesses factors influencing diagnostic and treatment turnaround time (TAT) and other metrics vital for quality cancer care. We conducted a retrospective hospital-based study at the Cancer Diseases Hospital (CDH) for cervical cancer cases presenting to the facility between January 2014 and December 2018. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic characteristics while a generalized linear model of the negative binomial was used to assess determinants of overall TAT. Our study included 2121 patient case files. The median age was 49 years (IQR: ±17) and most patients (n=634, 31%) were aged between 41–50 years. The International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Cancer stage II (n =941, 48%) was the most prevalent while stage IV (n=103, 5.2%) was the least. The average diagnostic TAT in public laboratories was 1.48 (95%CI: 1.21–1.81) times longer than in private laboratories. Furthermore, referral delay was 55 days (IQR: 24–152) and the overall TAT (oTAT) was 110 days (IQR: 62–204). The age of the patient, HIV status, stage of cancer and histological subtype did not influence oTAT while marital status influenced oTAT. The observed longer oTAT may increase irreversible adverse health outcomes among cervical cancer patients. There is a need to improve cancer care in Zambia through improved health expenditure especially in public health facilities.

ACS Style

Jane Mwamba Mumba; Lackson Kasonka; Okola Basil Owiti; John Andrew; Mwansa Ketty Lubeya; Lufunda Lukama; Charlotte Kasempa; Susan C. Msadabwe; Chester Kalinda. Cervical cancer diagnosis and treatment delays in the developing world: Evidence from a hospital-based study in Zambia. Gynecologic Oncology Reports 2021, 37, 100784 .

AMA Style

Jane Mwamba Mumba, Lackson Kasonka, Okola Basil Owiti, John Andrew, Mwansa Ketty Lubeya, Lufunda Lukama, Charlotte Kasempa, Susan C. Msadabwe, Chester Kalinda. Cervical cancer diagnosis and treatment delays in the developing world: Evidence from a hospital-based study in Zambia. Gynecologic Oncology Reports. 2021; 37 ():100784.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jane Mwamba Mumba; Lackson Kasonka; Okola Basil Owiti; John Andrew; Mwansa Ketty Lubeya; Lufunda Lukama; Charlotte Kasempa; Susan C. Msadabwe; Chester Kalinda. 2021. "Cervical cancer diagnosis and treatment delays in the developing world: Evidence from a hospital-based study in Zambia." Gynecologic Oncology Reports 37, no. : 100784.

Original articles
Published: 20 March 2021 in Clinical Nuclear Medicine
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Purpose This prospective study was aimed at assessing the ability of 99mTc-PSMA scan to detect bone metastases in prostate cancer (PCa) against 99mTc-MDP scan as a standard and assess the correlation of these modalities in PCa staging of bone involvement. Patients and Methods Forty-one patients (41) with histologically confirmed PCa were scanned using both methods. Planar imaging was performed with additional regional SPECT/CT 3 to 4 hours posttracer injection. Scans were reported as positive, negative, or equivocal. In the case of positive scans, lesions were quantified by each of the 3 reporters separately. Planar and SPECT/CT images were reported together to obtain the final report on each scan. Results Our preliminary results showed no significant difference in the detection of bone metastases between the 2 scans. 99mTc-PSMA detected 52 of the 55 bone lesions detected on 99mTc-MDP. However, 99mTc-PSMA provided extra information by reporting lymph nodal metastases in 7 patients and residual disease in the prostate in 2 patients with biochemical progression after radical therapy. In 1 patient, the PSMA scan resulted in change in management with patient now on 177Lu-PSMA radioligand therapy. Equivocal findings were reported in 4 patients on 99mTc-MDP and none on 99mTc-PSMA. Conclusions 99mTc-PSMA was comparable to 99mTc-MDP in detection of bone metastases and demonstrated an additional benefit of providing information on visceral disease. 99mTc-PSMA may be a better alternative to 99mTc-MDP in staging, restaging, and assessment of patients with biochemical progression after radical therapy of PCa in a resource-limited setup like ours while also assisting to detect patients eligible for PSMA-labeled radioligand therapy.

ACS Style

Joseph Kabunda; Lerato Gabela; Chester Kalinda; Colleen Aldous; Venesen Pillay; Nozipho Nyakale. Comparing 99mTc-PSMA to 99mTc-MDP in Prostate Cancer Staging of the Skeletal System. Clinical Nuclear Medicine 2021, 46, 562 -568.

AMA Style

Joseph Kabunda, Lerato Gabela, Chester Kalinda, Colleen Aldous, Venesen Pillay, Nozipho Nyakale. Comparing 99mTc-PSMA to 99mTc-MDP in Prostate Cancer Staging of the Skeletal System. Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2021; 46 (7):562-568.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joseph Kabunda; Lerato Gabela; Chester Kalinda; Colleen Aldous; Venesen Pillay; Nozipho Nyakale. 2021. "Comparing 99mTc-PSMA to 99mTc-MDP in Prostate Cancer Staging of the Skeletal System." Clinical Nuclear Medicine 46, no. 7: 562-568.

Review
Published: 29 December 2020 in PLOS ONE
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Introduction Following the adoption of the World Health Assembly Resolution WHA 65.21 and Neglected Tropical Diseases road map 2021–2030, schistosomiasis control programmes have shifted from morbidity control to disease elimination. However, several gaps continue to be observed in the implementation of control programmes with certain age groups omitted from these campaigns increasing health inequalities and risks of reinfections to previously treated groups. We used the Inverse Variance Heterogeneity (IVhet) model to estimate the prevalence of schistosomiasis infection among preschool-aged children. Methods We did a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature on schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa for the period January 1, 2000 to November 30, 2020. Quantitative data for cases of schistosomiasis infection were extracted, including country and region where the studies were done, year of publication and specific schistosome species observed. The IVhet model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence estimate (PPE), the heterogeneity and publication bias. Results We screened 2601 articles to obtain 47 eligible studies containing quantitative data on preschool-aged children. Of the selected studies, 44.7% (n = 22) were from East Africa while the least number of studies obtained (2.1%, n = 1) was from Central Africa. 21712 subjects were screened for infection due to Schistosoma spp; 13924 for S. mansoni and 7788 for S. haematobium. The PPE for schistosomiasis among PreSAC was 19% (95% CI: 11–28). Infection due to S. mansoni (IVhet PPE: 22% (95% CI: 9–36) was higher than that due to S. haematobium (15%; 95% CI: 6–25). A Luis Furuya–Kanamori index of 1.83 indicated a lack of publication bias. High level of heterogeneity was observed (I2 > 90%) and this could not be reduced through subgroup analysis. Conclusion Schistosomiasis infection among pre-school aged children 6 years old and below is high. This indicates the importance of including this age group in treatment programmes to reduce infection prevalence and long-term morbidities associated with prolonged schistosome infection.

ACS Style

Chester Kalinda; Tafadzwa Mindu; Moses John Chimbari. A systematic review and meta-analysis quantifying schistosomiasis infection burden in pre-school aged children (PreSAC) in sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2000–2020. PLOS ONE 2020, 15, e0244695 .

AMA Style

Chester Kalinda, Tafadzwa Mindu, Moses John Chimbari. A systematic review and meta-analysis quantifying schistosomiasis infection burden in pre-school aged children (PreSAC) in sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2000–2020. PLOS ONE. 2020; 15 (12):e0244695.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chester Kalinda; Tafadzwa Mindu; Moses John Chimbari. 2020. "A systematic review and meta-analysis quantifying schistosomiasis infection burden in pre-school aged children (PreSAC) in sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2000–2020." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12: e0244695.

Journal article
Published: 29 September 2020 in African Journal of Aquatic Science
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Changes in the inflow of water into the Thamalakane River had been predicted to alter snail population dynamics and influence the risk of schistosomiasis transmission in Maun. We determined the abundance of schistosome intermediate host snails along the Thamalakane River and evaluated the risk of schistosomiasis infection within Maun. A retrospective study utilised snail survey data previously collected from the Thamalakane River in Maun between June 2009 and July 2012. A total of 3 563 freshwater snails were collected from 10 sentinel sites along Thamalakane River. The snails collected were Bulinus globosus, Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Lymnaea natalensis, Bellamya capillata, Pila occidentalis and Lanistes ovum. Bulinus globosus snails were more abundant than B. pfeifferi. None of the intermediate host snails (IHS) collected shed cercariae. The absence of infected IHS suggests that there was no active transmission of schistosomiasis during the study period. Furthermore, the presence of B. globosus in the Thamalakane River suggests the potential risks of Schistosoma haematobium infection when transmission conditions become conducive.

ACS Style

Mj Chimbari; C Kalinda; N Siziba. Changing patterns of Schistosoma host snail population densities in Maun, Botswana. African Journal of Aquatic Science 2020, 45, 1 -7.

AMA Style

Mj Chimbari, C Kalinda, N Siziba. Changing patterns of Schistosoma host snail population densities in Maun, Botswana. African Journal of Aquatic Science. 2020; 45 (4):1-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mj Chimbari; C Kalinda; N Siziba. 2020. "Changing patterns of Schistosoma host snail population densities in Maun, Botswana." African Journal of Aquatic Science 45, no. 4: 1-7.

Research article
Published: 24 March 2020 in BioMed Research International
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Background. Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) diseases are an oft overlooked global health concern. Despite their high prevalence and associated morbidity and mortality, ENT diseases have remained neglected in health care delivery. In Zambia and many other low-income countries, ENT services are characterized by poor funding, unavailable surgical procedures, and erratic supply of essential drugs. Objective. To investigate ENT service provision in Zambia with regard to availability of surgical procedures and supply of essential drugs. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted using a piloted structured questionnaire between 17 January 2017 and 2 January 2018. Included in the study were the 109 hospitals registered with the Ministry of Health (MoH) across the 10 provinces of Zambia. Results. Of the participating hospitals, only 5.9% ( n = 1 ) and 40% ( n = 2 ) of Second-Level Hospitals (SLH) and Third-Level Hospitals (TLH), respectively, carried out tympanoplasty, myringotomy, and grommet insertion (M+G). Frontal trephination and external ethmoidectomy were offered in 11.7% ( n = 2 ) and 40% ( n = 2 ) of SLH and TLH, respectively. While tracheostomy (39.3%, n = 24 ), tonsillectomy (27.9%, n = 17 ), and adenoidectomy (27.9%, n = 17 ) were the most widely performed head and neck procedures, laryngectomy was carried out by 1 hospital. Between 14.8% ( n = 9 ) and 36.1% ( n = 22 ) of hospitals lacked antibiotic and/or antiseptic ear drops. Despite 96.7% ( n = 59 ) of the respondents acknowledging ENT as an important branch of clinical practice, only 15.3% ( n = 4 ) of the hospitals had a budget for ENT. Also, 6.6% ( n = 4 ) of the respondents thought the discipline of ENT had received enough attention. Conclusion. ENT service delivery in Zambia is limited with regard to performed surgical procedures and availability of essential drugs, necessitating urgent intervention. The findings from this study may be used to direct national policy on the improvement of provision of ENT services in Zambia.

ACS Style

Lufunda Lukama; Chester Kalinda; Warren Kuhn; Colleen Aldous. Availability of ENT Surgical Procedures and Medication in Low-Income Nation Hospitals: Cause for Concern in Zambia. BioMed Research International 2020, 2020, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Lufunda Lukama, Chester Kalinda, Warren Kuhn, Colleen Aldous. Availability of ENT Surgical Procedures and Medication in Low-Income Nation Hospitals: Cause for Concern in Zambia. BioMed Research International. 2020; 2020 ():1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lufunda Lukama; Chester Kalinda; Warren Kuhn; Colleen Aldous. 2020. "Availability of ENT Surgical Procedures and Medication in Low-Income Nation Hospitals: Cause for Concern in Zambia." BioMed Research International 2020, no. : 1-8.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: Schistosomiasis is a public health problem that affects over 240 million people worldwide. It is mostly prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical areas among communities with limited access to clean water and adequate sanitation. This study was conducted in uMkhanyakude District in rural South Africa, where water resources are limited. In this community, individuals frequently come into contact with freshwater bodies for various reasons. The objective of the study was to identify critical contextual and psychosocial factors for behaviour change to reduce risk of schistosomiasis transmission in Madeya Village, uMkhanyakude district. Methods: Structured household interviews were held with 57 primary caregivers to assess their thoughts and attitudes towards collecting water from a safe source. We used the Risk, Attitude, Norm, Ability, and Self-regulation model (RANAS) to estimate the intervention potential for each factor by analysing differences in means between groups of current performers and nonperformers who use safe water sources. Results: The subscale vulnerability belonging to the risk factor on the RANAS was scored as low. Furthermore, attitudinal factors towards the use of safe water sources were found to be low. Ability factors (confidence in performance and confidence in recovery) towards the use of safe water sources were low as well, indicating that these factors should be the target of the intervention in the study area. Discussion: Based on this study, it is recommended that a community-based empowerment intervention strategy it appropriate. The strategy should prompt behavioural practice and public commitment, use persuasive language to boost self-efficacy and target younger low-income caregivers between 18 and 35 years of age.

ACS Style

Chanelle Mulopo; Chester Kalinda; Moses J. Chimbari. Contextual and Psychosocial Factors Influencing the Use of Safe Water Sources: A Case of Madeya Village, uMkhanyakude District, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1349 .

AMA Style

Chanelle Mulopo, Chester Kalinda, Moses J. Chimbari. Contextual and Psychosocial Factors Influencing the Use of Safe Water Sources: A Case of Madeya Village, uMkhanyakude District, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (4):1349.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chanelle Mulopo; Chester Kalinda; Moses J. Chimbari. 2020. "Contextual and Psychosocial Factors Influencing the Use of Safe Water Sources: A Case of Madeya Village, uMkhanyakude District, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4: 1349.

Review
Published: 26 November 2019 in Parasitology Research
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Schistosomiasis affects more than 4 million school-aged children in Zambia, mostly in rural communities due to unsafe water and inadequate sanitation facilities. Although several studies were done in Zambia between 1976 and 2019, empirical estimates of the disease burden remain unavailable. Therefore, appraisal of the current schistosomiasis burden is pertinent in the re-evaluation of schistosomiasis-control strategies in Zambia. A random-effect model was used to estimate the prevalence of schistosomiasis infection in Zambia across different age groups for the period between 1976 and 2019. A literature search was done in the following databases: PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and African Journals Online. Twenty-eight studies with relevant prevalence data were identified and included in the analysis. The pooled prevalence estimate of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni across studies for the entire period was 35.5% (95% CI: 25.8–45.9) and 34.9% (95% CI: 20.7–50.6), respectively. Prevalence estimates among school-aged children for S. haematobium and S. mansoni were 32.2% (95% CI: 21.1–44.7) and 18.1% (95% CI: 3.0–38.4), respectively. The reported pooled prevalence estimate for S. haematobium among the adults was 54% (95% CI: 23.2–83.7). Only two studies collected information from preschool aged children. Substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 100%, p < 0.0001) was observed among the studies. Although a reduction in disease prevalence was observed from 1990 to 2010, this was not sustained after 2010. In this meta-analysis, S. haematobium was more prevalent compared to S. mansoni, with more cases observed among school-aged children (SAC). Thus, control programs should target age groups that are highly infected or are at high risk of infection.

ACS Style

Chester Kalinda; Mable Mutengo; Moses Chimbari. A meta-analysis of changes in schistosomiasis prevalence in Zambia: implications on the 2020 elimination target. Parasitology Research 2019, 119, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Chester Kalinda, Mable Mutengo, Moses Chimbari. A meta-analysis of changes in schistosomiasis prevalence in Zambia: implications on the 2020 elimination target. Parasitology Research. 2019; 119 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chester Kalinda; Mable Mutengo; Moses Chimbari. 2019. "A meta-analysis of changes in schistosomiasis prevalence in Zambia: implications on the 2020 elimination target." Parasitology Research 119, no. 1: 1-10.

Review
Published: 04 November 2019 in Journal of Helminthology
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Toxocariasis is an emerging zoonotic disease caused byToxocara canisandT.cati. Toxocariasis and its etiological agents are of global public health importance, whose burden appears underestimated, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The diversity in the transmission routes of these parasites contributes to disease prevalence and often hinders disease control measures. This study aimed to review the epidemiological distribution ofToxocarainfections in SSA region. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis). We identified 94 relevant, peer-reviewed articles, out of which, 75 articles were found eligible based onToxocarainfections in dogs, cats and humans. Overall, 27,102 samples were examined forT. canisin dogs,T. catiin cats andToxocaraserology in humans, out of which 6142 were positive forToxocarainfection: 3717 (13.7%) in dogs (faecal, 3487; necropsy, 180; hair, 50); 266 (1%) in cats (faecal, 101; necropsy, 165); and 2159 (8%) in humans (serology). Overall mean prevalences of 19% (95% confidence interval (CI): 14–23%), 9% (95% CI: 0–28%) and 36% (95% CI: 24–49%) were recorded in dogs, cats and humans, respectively. Substantial heterogeneity was observed between studies and subgroups (I 2= 99%,P< 0.01). Findings from the review showed that studies on the epidemiology ofToxocarainfections in the SSA region are limited. We strongly recommend focused, collaborative and coordinated studies to determineToxocaraspp. prevalence in various hosts, including food animals and the environment, through a ‘One Health’ approach across SSA countries.

ACS Style

A.O. Omonijo; Chester Kalinda; S. Mukaratirwa. A systematic review and meta-analysis of canine, feline and humanToxocarainfections in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Helminthology 2019, 94, e96 .

AMA Style

A.O. Omonijo, Chester Kalinda, S. Mukaratirwa. A systematic review and meta-analysis of canine, feline and humanToxocarainfections in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Helminthology. 2019; 94 ():e96.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A.O. Omonijo; Chester Kalinda; S. Mukaratirwa. 2019. "A systematic review and meta-analysis of canine, feline and humanToxocarainfections in sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Helminthology 94, no. : e96.

Journal article
Published: 02 July 2019 in BMC Health Services Research
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Diseases of the ear, nose and throat (ENT) are common and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In many low income countries like Zambia, the high ENT disease burden has not received the required resources for treatment. We investigated ENT service provision in hospitals in Zambia by documenting the profile of hospitals offering ENT services and examining the country’s ENT services with regards to human resource, infrastructure and availability of equipment based on the levels of care of various hospitals. The study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey conducted using a structured and piloted questionnaire which was administered to the 109 Ministry of Health (MoH) registered hospitals across the country. Ethical clearance was granted by University of KwaZulu-Natal and the Zambia National Health Research Authority. Participation in the study was voluntary and all respondents signed informed consent. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Of the 109 hospitals approached to participate in the study, 61 (55.9%) hospitals responded. This represented 83.3% (n = 5) of Third Level Hospitals (TLH), 89.5% (n = 17) of Second Level Hospitals (SLH) and 41.7% (n = 35) of First Level Hospitals (FLH) countrywide. Of the participating hospitals, 6.6% (n = 4) were unclassified. Within this sample, 8.6% (n = 3) FLH, 11.8% (n = 2) SLH and 60.0% (n = 3) TLH had an ENT examination room. Only 2.9% (n = 4) hospitals had an audiology booth and 1.6% (n = 1) had a speech therapy room. Of the second and third level hospitals, 9.1% (n = 2) had flexible rhinolaryngoscopes, 18.2% (n = 4) had operating microscopes and 68.2% (n = 15) adenotonsillectomy sets. The data revealed that there were 4 ENT surgeons, 1 Audiologist and no Speech Therapists across the country. Zambia’s ENT services were deficient at all levels of hospital care. There were deficiencies in infrastructure, human resource and equipment in hospitals. With the current burden of disease, critical intervention is required. These findings should be used to direct national policy on the improvement of ENT service provision in Zambia.

ACS Style

Lufunda Lukama; Chester Kalinda; Colleen Aldous. Africa’s challenged ENT services: highlighting challenges in Zambia. BMC Health Services Research 2019, 19, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Lufunda Lukama, Chester Kalinda, Colleen Aldous. Africa’s challenged ENT services: highlighting challenges in Zambia. BMC Health Services Research. 2019; 19 (1):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lufunda Lukama; Chester Kalinda; Colleen Aldous. 2019. "Africa’s challenged ENT services: highlighting challenges in Zambia." BMC Health Services Research 19, no. 1: 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 16 June 2019 in Infectious Diseases of Poverty
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Despite efforts to control neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases remain widely prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. Recent data suggest that these infections are prevalent among preschool aged children (PSAC) in poor communities. Evidence of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infection patterns and prevalence among PSAC is essential for effective treatment and control programmes. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence, intensity and risk factors of schistosomiasis and STH infection among PSAC in the Ingwavuma area of uMkhanyakude District, South Africa. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1143 PSAC aged 1-5 years in 34 preschools and early childhood development (ECD) centres. Data on risk factors was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the differences in infection intensity with age. Pearson Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were performed to assess the association between PSAC infection status, sociodemographic, household, water and sanitation variables and hygiene practices of PSAC and their caregivers. We observed a low prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium (1.0%) and S. mansoni (0.9%). The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides (18.3%) was high compared to Trichuris trichiura (1.2%), hookworms (1.6%) and Taenia (6.4%). The odds of schistosome infection were lowest among PSAC under younger (15-24 years) caregivers (0.1, 95% CI: 0.02-0.54) and those who used tap water (0.3, 95% CI: 0.09-0.78) for domestic purposes. Schistosome infection was however higher among PSAC who bathed in river water (17.4, 95% CI: 5.96-51.04). STH infection on the other hand was lowest among PSAC who did not play in soil (0.1, 95% CI: 0.51-0.28), were from households that used tap water for domestic purposes (0.5, 95% CI: 0.27-0.80) and PSAC under the care of younger (25-35 years) caregivers (0.3, 95% CI: 0.10-0.75). The risk of STH infection was highest among PSAC who did not wash their hands with soap (3.5, 95% CI: 1.04-11.67) and PSAC whose nails were not trimmed (3.6, 95% CI: 1.75-7.26). The findings show low prevalence and infection intensity of schistosomiasis and STH infection except A. lumbricoides among PSAC. Factors predicting schistosomiasis and STH infection among PSAC were related to caregivers' age, educational status, water and hygiene practices. STH infection was exclusively associated with PSAC playing and handwashing habits. These findings highlight the need to include PSAC caregivers in schistosomiasis and STH prevention and control programmes.

ACS Style

Hlengiwe Sacolo-Gwebu; Moses Chimbari; Chester Kalinda. Prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases among preschool aged children (1–5 years) in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a cross-sectional study. Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2019, 8, 47 .

AMA Style

Hlengiwe Sacolo-Gwebu, Moses Chimbari, Chester Kalinda. Prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases among preschool aged children (1–5 years) in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a cross-sectional study. Infectious Diseases of Poverty. 2019; 8 (1):47.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hlengiwe Sacolo-Gwebu; Moses Chimbari; Chester Kalinda. 2019. "Prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases among preschool aged children (1–5 years) in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a cross-sectional study." Infectious Diseases of Poverty 8, no. 1: 47.

Journal article
Published: 03 December 2018 in Biosystems
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Schistosomiasis, the most common water-borne infection worldwide, continues to pose a serious public health challenge in developing nations and to travellers who visit these endemic regions. We apply optimal control on a temperature dependent schistosomiasis model. Our optimal control aims to minimize the pre-patent and patent human population at minimal costs. Our analysis and results throughout the paper highlight the impact of optimal control shaping the future patterns of the disease. Our results show that optimal control can significantly reduce the schistosomiasis burden in the community and in some instance by more than three-folds. In addition, our results show that with low costs the optimal strategy will be carried out at or close to its maximum strength for a sufficiently long period of time, so as minimize the exposure and infection. With high costs, however, the control have to be implemented with reduce or even minimum, strength, to achieve an optimal balance between the costs and effects of control. Our findings suggests that optimal control theory can be useful on minimizing the infected host and vector. The study and its findings can provide a useful framework for designing cost-effective control for schistosomiasis.

ACS Style

Chester Kalinda; Steady Mushayabasa; Moses J. Chimbari; Samson Mukaratirwa. Optimal control applied to a temperature dependent schistosomiasis model. Biosystems 2018, 175, 47 -56.

AMA Style

Chester Kalinda, Steady Mushayabasa, Moses J. Chimbari, Samson Mukaratirwa. Optimal control applied to a temperature dependent schistosomiasis model. Biosystems. 2018; 175 ():47-56.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chester Kalinda; Steady Mushayabasa; Moses J. Chimbari; Samson Mukaratirwa. 2018. "Optimal control applied to a temperature dependent schistosomiasis model." Biosystems 175, no. : 47-56.

Research article
Published: 02 August 2018 in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
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Temperature is an important factor that influences the biology and ecology of intermediate host (IH) snails and the schistosome parasites they transmit. Although temperature shifts due to climate change has been predicted to affect the life history traits of IH snails and parasite production, the mechanisms of how this may affect parasite abundance and disease risks are still not clear. Using data from laboratory and field experiments, we developed a deterministic compartmental simulation model based on difference equations using a weekly time step that represented the life cycle of Bulinus globosus. We simulated snail population dynamics and the associated production of cercariae assuming current environmental temperatures as well as projected temperature increases of 1 °C and 2 °C. The model generated snail fecundity and survival rates similar to those observed in the laboratory and also produced reasonable snail population dynamics under seasonally varying temperatures representative of generally favorable environmental conditions. Simulated relative abundances of both snails and cercariae decreased with increasing environmental temperatures, with maximum snail abundances decreased by 14% and 27%, and maximum cercariae productions decreased by 8% and 17%, when temperatures were increased by 1 °C and 2 °C, respectively. The results indicate that future rise in temperature due to climate change may alter the abundance of B. globosus and impact on the prevalence of schistosomiasis. Furthermore, increased temperatures may not linearly influence the abundance of S. haematobium. These results may have important implications for schistosomiasis control programmes in view of temperature driven changes in the life history traits of B. globosus and S. haematobium. Our study recommends that the use of deterministic models incorporating the effects of temperature on the life history traits of IH snails would be vital in understanding the potential impact of climate change on schistosomiasis incidences and prevalence. The implementation of schistosomiasis control/elimination strategies depend on accurate estimations and predictions of the changes in the snail and parasite population. This is essential especially in the allocation of limited resources. The simulation model and the results presented here provide useful information on Bulinus globosus, the main intermediate host snail of Schistosoma haematobium in southern Africa. The predicted changes in the abundance of B. globosus and S. haematobium due to changes in temperature may be vital in the fight against schistosomiasis. The model predicts the current and future abundance of intermediate hosts snails by considering the future predicted temperature increases. These results may be useful in evaluating the snail-trematode interactions within the natural systems in which changes in the environmental conditions such a temperature may affect the population size of Bulinus globosus and disease incidences. These effects of temperature on B. globosus may play an important role in the implementation of snail control programmes.

ACS Style

Chester Kalinda; Moses J. Chimbari; William E. Grant; Hsiao-Hsuan Wang; Julius Nyerere Odhiambo; Samson Mukaratirwa. Simulation of population dynamics of Bulinus globosus: Effects of environmental temperature on production of Schistosoma haematobium cercariae. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2018, 12, e0006651 .

AMA Style

Chester Kalinda, Moses J. Chimbari, William E. Grant, Hsiao-Hsuan Wang, Julius Nyerere Odhiambo, Samson Mukaratirwa. Simulation of population dynamics of Bulinus globosus: Effects of environmental temperature on production of Schistosoma haematobium cercariae. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2018; 12 (8):e0006651.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chester Kalinda; Moses J. Chimbari; William E. Grant; Hsiao-Hsuan Wang; Julius Nyerere Odhiambo; Samson Mukaratirwa. 2018. "Simulation of population dynamics of Bulinus globosus: Effects of environmental temperature on production of Schistosoma haematobium cercariae." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 12, no. 8: e0006651.

Review
Published: 30 April 2018 in Infectious Diseases of Poverty
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The speedy rate of change in the environmental and socio-economics factors may increase the incidence, prevalence and risk of schistosomiasis infections in Zambia. However, available information does not provide a comprehensive understanding of the biogeography and distribution of the disease, ecology and population dynamics of intermediate host snails. The current study used an information-theoretical approach to understand the biogeography and prevalence schistosomiasis and identified knowledge gaps that would be useful to improve policy towards surveillance and eradication of intermediate hosts snails in Zambia. To summarise the existing knowledge and build on past and present experiences of schistosomiasis epidemiology for effective disease control in Zambia, a systematic search of literature for the period 2000-2017 was done on PubMed, Google Scholar and EBSCOhost. Using the key words: 'Schistosomiasis', 'Biomphalaria', 'Bulinus', 'Schistosoma mansoni', 'Schistosoma haematobium', and 'Zambia', in combination with Booleans terms 'AND' and 'OR', published reports/papers were obtained and reviewed independently for inclusion. Thirteen papers published in English that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected for the final review. The papers suggest that the risk of infection has increased over the years and this has been attributed to environmental, socio-economic and demographic factors. Furthermore, schistosomiasis is endemic in many parts of the country with infection due to Schistosoma haematobium being more prevalent than that due to S. mansoni. This review also found that S. haematobium was linked to genital lesions, thus increasing risks of contracting other diseases such as HIV and cervical cancer. For both S. haematobium and S. mansoni, environmental, socio-economic, and demographic factors were influential in the transmission and prevalence of the disease and highlight the need for detailed knowledge on ecological modelling and mapping the distribution of the disease and intermediate host snails for effective implementation of control strategies.

ACS Style

Chester Kalinda; Moses J. Chimbari; Samson Mukaratirwa. Schistosomiasis in Zambia: a systematic review of past and present experiences. Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2018, 7, 41 .

AMA Style

Chester Kalinda, Moses J. Chimbari, Samson Mukaratirwa. Schistosomiasis in Zambia: a systematic review of past and present experiences. Infectious Diseases of Poverty. 2018; 7 (1):41.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chester Kalinda; Moses J. Chimbari; Samson Mukaratirwa. 2018. "Schistosomiasis in Zambia: a systematic review of past and present experiences." Infectious Diseases of Poverty 7, no. 1: 41.

Review
Published: 18 January 2018 in BMC Infectious Diseases
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Schistosomiasis remains a global health problem with an estimated 250 million people in 78 countries infected, of whom 85% live in Sub-Saharan Africa. Preventive chemotherapy remains the key public health strategy to combat schistosomiasis worldwide. Recently the WHO emphasized on the use of integrative approaches in the control and elimination of schistosomiasis. However, a detailed understanding of sociocultural factors that may influence the uptake of the intended health activities and services is vital. Thus, our study sought to understand the knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, beliefs and practices about schistosomiasis in various communities in Sub-Saharan Africa. A systematic search of literature for the period 2006–2016 was done on Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, Psych info and Google Scholar using the following key words “Schistosomiasis, S. mansoni, S. haematobium, knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, beliefs and practices in Sub-Saharan Africa” in combination with Bolean operators (OR, AND). In this context, we reviewed studies conducted among school children, community members and caregivers of preschool children. Thematic analysis was utilised for the overall synthesis of the selected studies. This was done after reading the articles in depth. Themes were identified and examined for similarities, differences and contradictions. Gaps in schistosomiasis related knowledge and sociocultural barriers towards the uptake of preventive and treatment services among communities in Sub-Saharan Africa were identified. In addition to limited knowledge and negative attitudes, risky water related practices among community members, school children and caregivers of preschool children were identified as key factors promoting transmission of the disease. The study concluded that a comprehensive health education programme using contextual and standardised training tools may improve peoples’ knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to schistosomiasis prevention and control. Findings also highlight the significance of including caregivers in the planning and implementation schistosomiasis control programs targeting pre-school children.

ACS Style

Hlengiwe Sacolo; Moses Chimbari; Chester Kalinda. Knowledge, attitudes and practices on Schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. BMC Infectious Diseases 2018, 18, 46 .

AMA Style

Hlengiwe Sacolo, Moses Chimbari, Chester Kalinda. Knowledge, attitudes and practices on Schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2018; 18 (1):46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hlengiwe Sacolo; Moses Chimbari; Chester Kalinda. 2018. "Knowledge, attitudes and practices on Schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review." BMC Infectious Diseases 18, no. 1: 46.

Articles
Published: 01 January 2018 in Journal of Freshwater Ecology
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Environmental changes are generally known to influence the distribution and abundance of schistosome intermediate host snails (IHs). However, the influence of hydrologic changes per ser on the length of survival of schistosome IHs is not fully understood. To explore how desiccation may influence the survival of Bulinus globosus, the main IHs of Schistosoma haematobium in southern Africa, we conducted a study under laboratory conditions where snails were subjected to periods of desiccation and their survival evaluated. Desiccation period from 28 to 49 days post-draining of water was associated with an increase in mortality of 33.2 and 42.4% in large (mean shell height 7.81 ± 0.44 mm) and small (mean shell height 5.94 ± 0.68 mm) B. globosus snails, respectively. Although the duration of desiccation had no effect on the depth of burrowing, large size snails burrowed deeper into the soil than small size snails. The LT50 and LT90 of snails designated as large (7.81 ± 0.44 mm) were 73.35 ± 10.32 and 110.61 ± 21.03 days, respectively. On the other hand, LT50 and LT90 for snails designated as small (5.94 ± 0.68 mm) were 59.64 ± 8.56 and 84.19 ± 12.09 days, respectively. The survival of B. globosus during desiccation depended on the size/age of the snail where large size snails aestivate and survive for a longer period by burrowing deeper into the soil. We therefore conclude that adult B. globosus may play a significant role in habitat recolonization after a period of drought which is a common phenomenon in schistosomiasis endemic areas when population crashes.

ACS Style

Chester Kalinda; Moses J. Chimbari; Mokgadi P. Malatji; Samson Mukaratirwa. Influence of desiccation on the survival of Bulinus globosus under laboratory conditions. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 2018, 33, 461 -473.

AMA Style

Chester Kalinda, Moses J. Chimbari, Mokgadi P. Malatji, Samson Mukaratirwa. Influence of desiccation on the survival of Bulinus globosus under laboratory conditions. Journal of Freshwater Ecology. 2018; 33 (1):461-473.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chester Kalinda; Moses J. Chimbari; Mokgadi P. Malatji; Samson Mukaratirwa. 2018. "Influence of desiccation on the survival of Bulinus globosus under laboratory conditions." Journal of Freshwater Ecology 33, no. 1: 461-473.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2017 in Infectious Diseases of Poverty
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Given that increase in temperature may alter host-parasite relationships, the anticipated rise in temperature due to global warming might change transmission patterns of certain diseases. However, the extent to which this will happen is not well understood. Using a host-parasite system involving Bulinus globosus and Schistosoma haematobium, we assessed the effect of temperature on snail fecundity, growth, survival and parasite development under laboratory conditions. Our results show that temperature may have a non-linear effect on snail fecundity and snail growth. Snails maintained at 15.5 °C and 36.0 °C did not produce egg masses while those maintained at 25.8 °C laid 344 and 105 more egg masses than snails at 31.0 °C and 21.2 °C, respectively. Attainment of patency led to a reduction in egg mass production among the snails. However, the reduction in fecundity for snails maintained at 21.2 °C occurred before snails started shedding cercariae. Parasite development was accelerated at high temperatures with snails maintained at 31.0 °C reaching patency after three weeks. Furthermore, snail growth rate was highest at 25.8 °C while it was inhibited at 15.5 °C and reduced at 31.0 °C. Increase in temperature increased snail mortality rates. Snails maintained at 36.0 °C had the shortest survival time while those maintained at 15.5 °C had the longest survival time. We concluded that temperature influences fecunxdity, growth, survival and parasite development in the snail and thus dictates the time it takes the parasite to complete the life cycle. This has implications on transmission of schistosomiasis in the context of global warming.

ACS Style

Chester Kalinda; Moses J. Chimbari; Samson Mukaratirwa. Effect of temperature on the Bulinus globosus — Schistosoma haematobium system. Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2017, 6, 1 -7.

AMA Style

Chester Kalinda, Moses J. Chimbari, Samson Mukaratirwa. Effect of temperature on the Bulinus globosus — Schistosoma haematobium system. Infectious Diseases of Poverty. 2017; 6 (1):1-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chester Kalinda; Moses J. Chimbari; Samson Mukaratirwa. 2017. "Effect of temperature on the Bulinus globosus — Schistosoma haematobium system." Infectious Diseases of Poverty 6, no. 1: 1-7.

Review
Published: 13 January 2017 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Climate change has been predicted to increase the global mean temperature and to alter the ecological interactions among organisms. These changes may play critical roles in influencing the life history traits of the intermediate hosts (IHs). This review focused on studies and disease models that evaluate the potential effect of temperature rise on the ecology of IH snails and the development of parasites within them. The main focus was on IH snails of schistosome parasites that cause schistosomiasis in humans. A literature search was conducted on Google Scholar, EBSCOhost and PubMed databases using predefined medical subject heading terms, Boolean operators and truncation symbols in combinations with direct key words. The final synthesis included nineteen published articles. The studies reviewed indicated that temperature rise may alter the distribution, optimal conditions for breeding, growth and survival of IH snails which may eventually increase the spread and/or transmission of schistosomiasis. The literature also confirmed that the life history traits of IH snails and their interaction with the schistosome parasites are affected by temperature and hence a change in climate may have profound outcomes on the population size of snails, parasite density and disease epidemiology. We concluded that understanding the impact of temperature on the growth, fecundity and survival of IH snails may broaden the knowledge on the possible effects of climate change and hence inform schistosomiasis control programmes.

ACS Style

Chester Kalinda; Moses Chimbari; Samson Mukaratirwa. Implications of Changing Temperatures on the Growth, Fecundity and Survival of Intermediate Host Snails of Schistosomiasis: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2017, 14, 80 .

AMA Style

Chester Kalinda, Moses Chimbari, Samson Mukaratirwa. Implications of Changing Temperatures on the Growth, Fecundity and Survival of Intermediate Host Snails of Schistosomiasis: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14 (1):80.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chester Kalinda; Moses Chimbari; Samson Mukaratirwa. 2017. "Implications of Changing Temperatures on the Growth, Fecundity and Survival of Intermediate Host Snails of Schistosomiasis: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 1: 80.

Journal article
Published: 24 July 2015 in Sustainability
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Forest products, wood and non-wood, remain vital among smallholder households in Zambia with charcoal being the most sought after product. This has led to increased exploitation of forest trees to meet the needs for fuel wood, among others. However, Jatropha curcas plant has been identified as a potential fuel source. In the early 2000s, profit-making organizations encouraged smallholder households to grow Jatropha for use as an alternative fuel source. This paper reports on a study conducted in Solwezi between 2011 and 2014 to evaluate the impact of Jatropha cultivation for biofuel production. A sample of 100 small-scale farmers involved in Jatropha cultivation and key informants were interviewed to evaluate the impact of growing Jatropha at the small-scale level. Results show that farmers lost out on time; income from sale of edible non-wood forest products; and experienced reduction in maize (Zea mays) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production, worsening household economic conditions. Farmers attributed this loss to unclear policy alignment on biofuel production by government. We therefore recommend that project implementation should involve interactions of all legislative bodies and any other concerned stakeholders. There is also a need to promote the value chain, from production to marketing, which focuses on minimizing detrimental effects on the livelihood of small-scale farmers.

ACS Style

Chester Kalinda; Ziyaye Moses; Chama Lackson; Lwali A. Chisala; Zulu Donald; Phiri Darius; Chisha-Kasumu Exildah. Economic Impact and Challenges of Jatropha curcas L. Projects in North-Western Province, Zambia: A Case of Solwezi District. Sustainability 2015, 7, 9907 -9923.

AMA Style

Chester Kalinda, Ziyaye Moses, Chama Lackson, Lwali A. Chisala, Zulu Donald, Phiri Darius, Chisha-Kasumu Exildah. Economic Impact and Challenges of Jatropha curcas L. Projects in North-Western Province, Zambia: A Case of Solwezi District. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (8):9907-9923.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chester Kalinda; Ziyaye Moses; Chama Lackson; Lwali A. Chisala; Zulu Donald; Phiri Darius; Chisha-Kasumu Exildah. 2015. "Economic Impact and Challenges of Jatropha curcas L. Projects in North-Western Province, Zambia: A Case of Solwezi District." Sustainability 7, no. 8: 9907-9923.