In cancer, T cells become dysfunctional owing to persistent antigen exposure. Dysfunctional T cells are characterized by reduced proliferative capacity, decreased effector function, and overexpression of multiple inhibitory receptors. Due to the presence of various inhibitory signals in the complex tumor microenvironment, tumor-specific T cells have distinct dysfunction states. Therapeutic reactivation of tumor-specific T cells has yielded good results in cancer patients. Here, we review the hallmarks of T cell dysfunction in cancer. Also, we discuss the relationship between T cell dysfunction and cancer immunotherapy.

Objective: To assess whether vaginal secretions and breast milk of women with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) contain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2).Design: Single centre cohort study.Setting: Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei province, China.Population: We studied 13 SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected pregnant women diagnosed between 31 January and 9 March 2020.Methods: We collected clinical data, vaginal secretions, stool specimens and breast milk from SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected women during different stages of pregnancy and collected neonatal throat and anal swabs.Main outcomes and measures: We assessed viral presence in different biosamples.Results: Of the 13 women with COVID‐19, five were in their first trimester, three in their second trimester and five in their third trimester. Of the five women in their third trimester who gave birth, all delivered live newborns. Among these five deliveries, the primary adverse perinatal outcomes included premature delivery (n = 2) and neonatal pneumonia (n = 2). One of nine stool samples was positive; all 13 vaginal secretion samples, and five throat swabs and four anal swabs collected from neonates, were negative for the novel coronavirus. However, one of three samples of breast milk was positive by viral nucleic acid testing.Conclusions: In this case series of 13 pregnant women with COVID‐19, we observed negative viral test results in vaginal secretion specimens, suggesting that a vaginal delivery may be a safe delivery option. However, additional research is urgently needed to examine breast milk and the potential risk for viral contamination.Tweetable New evidence for the safety of vaginal delivery and breastfeeding in pregnant women infected with SARS‐CoV‐2, positive viral result in a breast‐milk sample.

Rationale: Emerging evidence demonstrates that insufficient migration and invasion of trophoblasts play critical roles in the pathogenesis of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Cell-to-cell communication at the maternal-fetal interface is essential to maintain the invasion and migration of trophoblasts. M1 macrophages, important immune cellular components at the maternal-fetal interface, have been reported to be elevated in decidua tissues from patients with RSA. Recent studies indicate that M1 macrophages modulate trophoblast biological behaviors; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common reproductive endocrine disorder affecting women, which can lead to infertility. Infertility, obesity, hirsutism, acne, and irregular menstruation are just a few of the issues that PCOS can be linked to. PCOS has a complicated pathophysiology and a range of clinical symptoms. Chronic low-grade inflammation is one of the features of PCOS. The inflammatory environment involves immune and metabolic disturbances. Numerous organ systems across the body, in addition to the female reproductive system, have been affected by the pathogenic role of immunological dysregulation in PCOS in recent years. Insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism are associated with immune cell dysfunction and cytokine imbalance. More importantly, obesity is also involved in immune dysfunction in PCOS, leading to an inflammatory environment in women with PCOS. Hormone, obesity, and metabolic interactions contribute to the pathogenesis of PCOS. Hormone imbalance may also contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. The aim of this review is to summarize the pathophysiological role of immune dysregulation in various organ systems of PCOS patients and provide new ideas for systemic treatment of PCOS in the future.

Hyperspectral image (HSI) contains complex multiple structures. Therefore, the key problem analyzing the intrinsic properties of an HSI is how to represent the structure relationships of the HSI effectively. Hypergraph is very effective to describe the intrinsic relationships of the HSI. In general, Euclidean distance is adopted to construct the hypergraph. However, this method cannot effectively represent the structure properties of high-dimensional data. To address this problem, we propose a sparse-adaptive hypergraph discriminant analysis (SAHDA) method to obtain the embedding features of the HSI in this letter. SAHDA uses the sparse representation to reveal the structure relationships of the HSI adaptively. Then, an adaptive hypergraph is constructed by using the intraclass sparse coefficients. Finally, we develop an adaptive dimensionality reduction mode to calculate the weights of the hyperedges and the projection matrix. SAHDA can adaptively reveal the intrinsic properties of the HSI and enhance the performance of the embedding features. Some experiments on the Washington DC Mall hyperspectral data set demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed SAHDA method, and SAHDA achieves better classification accuracies than the traditional graph learning methods.

Trophoblasts are important parts of the placenta and exert vital roles in the maternal‐foetal crosstalk, and sufficient trophoblasts migration and invasion is critical for embryo implantation and normal pregnancy. Macrophages, as the major components of decidual microenvironment at maternal‐foetal interface, can interact with trophoblasts to participate in the regulation of normal pregnancy. Previously, our group have demonstrated that trophoblasts could induce macrophages polarization to M2 subtype by secreting interleukin‐6 (IL‐6); however, the understanding of macrophages regulating the migration and invasion of trophoblasts is limited. In the present study, we used the co‐cultured model to further investigate the effects of macrophages on trophoblasts migration and invasion. Our results showed that co‐culture with macrophages promoted epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) of trophoblasts, thereby enhancing their migrative and invasive abilities. Further experiments revealed that M2 macrophage‐derived G‐CSF was a key factor, which promoted the EMT, migration and invasion of trophoblasts via activating PI3K/Akt/Erk1/2 signalling pathway. Clinically, G‐CSF was highly expressed in placental villous tissues of normal pregnancy patients compared to patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion, and its expression level was significantly correlation with EMT markers. Taken together, these findings indicate the important role of M2 macrophages in regulating trophoblasts EMT, migration and invasion, contributing to a new insight in concerning the crosstalk between macrophages and trophoblasts in the establishment and maintenance of normal pregnancy.