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Dr. Rainer Rawer
Novotec Medical GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany

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0 Cognitive training
0 Jumping Mechanography
0 Leonardo Mechanography
0 Galileo Training
0 Vibration Training

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Vibration Training
Mechanography
Jumping Mechanography
pQCT

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Short Biography

Since 2008 CEO, Stratec Medizintechnik GmbH Since 2005 Director of Research & Development Division, Novotec Medical GmbH and Stratec Medizintechnik GmbH 2000 – 2004 Dr.-Ing. electrical engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 1992 – 1999 Engineering degree electrical engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

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Chapter
Published: 24 May 2020 in Manual of Vibration Exercise and Vibration Therapy
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Vibration training and therapy devices differ significantly in oscillation parameters like amplitude, frequency, and also in quality and durability. The main reasons for these differences are the used movement principle (side-alternating, vertical, circular horizontal) and the mechanical driving mechanism used by a specific device. Oscillation parameters have an essential impact on training and therapy goals as well as on the performance of the device. As a consequence, significant differences are found between different quality and price categories, which can be relevant for application and safety. The consequences of decreased production effort not only influence the usability and durability of a device, but also the quality of movement of the platform, namely the extent of high-frequency components related to potential health hazards. Most of these aspects interfere since the used mechanical principle design not only affects durability but also impacts on possible oscillation parameters as well as potential health hazards. The marketing of devices, unfortunately, often uses incorrect and misleading performance parameters. Many manufacturers are referencing research which used completely different device types, with different oscillation parameters and movement principles. Altogether, this often implies a functionality that in fact is not possible with a specific device. Quality aspects, therefore, not only include basic oscillation parameters like frequency, amplitude and movement principle but also their reproducibility, oscillation quality (high-frequency components), effects of loads (e.g., caused by intense exercise), durability, maintainability, device classification (training or medical), research performed with the actual device, and also professional support and product training.

ACS Style

Rainer Rawer. Design Principles of Available Machines. Manual of Vibration Exercise and Vibration Therapy 2020, 39 -54.

AMA Style

Rainer Rawer. Design Principles of Available Machines. Manual of Vibration Exercise and Vibration Therapy. 2020; ():39-54.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rainer Rawer. 2020. "Design Principles of Available Machines." Manual of Vibration Exercise and Vibration Therapy , no. : 39-54.

Review
Published: 22 May 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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COVID-19 is a highly infectious respiratory disease which leads to several clinical conditions related to the dysfunction of the respiratory system along with other physical and psychological complaints. Severely affected patients are referred to intensive care units (ICUs), limiting their possibilities for physical exercise. Whole body vibration (WBV) exercise is a non-invasive, physical therapy, that has been suggested as part of the procedures involved with pulmonary rehabilitation, even in ICU settings. Therefore, in the current review, the World Association of Vibration Exercise Experts (WAVEX) reviewed the potential of WBV exercise as a useful and safe intervention for the management of infected individuals with COVID-19 by mitigating the inactivity-related declines in physical condition and reducing the time in ICU. Recommendations regarding the reduction of fatigue and the risk of dyspnea, the improvement of the inflammatory and redox status favoring cellular homeostasis and the overall improvement in the quality of life are provided. Finally, practical applications for the use of this paradigm leading to a better prognosis in bed bound and ICU-bound subjects is proposed.

ACS Style

Borja Sañudo; Adérito Seixas; Rainer Gloeckl; Jörn Rittweger; Rainer Rawer; Redha Taiar; Eddy A. Van Der Zee; Marieke J.G. Van Heuvelen; Ana Cristina Lacerda; Alessandro Sartorio; Michael Bemben; Darryl Cochrane; Trentham Furness; Danúbia De Sá-Caputo; Mario Bernardo-Filho. Potential Application of Whole Body Vibration Exercise for Improving the Clinical Conditions of COVID-19 Infected Individuals: A Narrative Review from the World Association of Vibration Exercise Experts (WAVex) Panel. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3650 .

AMA Style

Borja Sañudo, Adérito Seixas, Rainer Gloeckl, Jörn Rittweger, Rainer Rawer, Redha Taiar, Eddy A. Van Der Zee, Marieke J.G. Van Heuvelen, Ana Cristina Lacerda, Alessandro Sartorio, Michael Bemben, Darryl Cochrane, Trentham Furness, Danúbia De Sá-Caputo, Mario Bernardo-Filho. Potential Application of Whole Body Vibration Exercise for Improving the Clinical Conditions of COVID-19 Infected Individuals: A Narrative Review from the World Association of Vibration Exercise Experts (WAVex) Panel. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (10):3650.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Borja Sañudo; Adérito Seixas; Rainer Gloeckl; Jörn Rittweger; Rainer Rawer; Redha Taiar; Eddy A. Van Der Zee; Marieke J.G. Van Heuvelen; Ana Cristina Lacerda; Alessandro Sartorio; Michael Bemben; Darryl Cochrane; Trentham Furness; Danúbia De Sá-Caputo; Mario Bernardo-Filho. 2020. "Potential Application of Whole Body Vibration Exercise for Improving the Clinical Conditions of COVID-19 Infected Individuals: A Narrative Review from the World Association of Vibration Exercise Experts (WAVex) Panel." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10: 3650.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2019 in Bone Abstracts
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ACS Style

Sonal Palande; Veena Ekbote; Shashi Chiplonkar; Raja Padidela; Zulf Mughal; Smruti Vispute; Rainer Rawer; Anuradha Khadilkar; Vaman Khadilkar. Gender specific paediatric reference data for muscle function parameters assessed using jumping mechanography. Bone Abstracts 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Sonal Palande, Veena Ekbote, Shashi Chiplonkar, Raja Padidela, Zulf Mughal, Smruti Vispute, Rainer Rawer, Anuradha Khadilkar, Vaman Khadilkar. Gender specific paediatric reference data for muscle function parameters assessed using jumping mechanography. Bone Abstracts. 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sonal Palande; Veena Ekbote; Shashi Chiplonkar; Raja Padidela; Zulf Mughal; Smruti Vispute; Rainer Rawer; Anuradha Khadilkar; Vaman Khadilkar. 2019. "Gender specific paediatric reference data for muscle function parameters assessed using jumping mechanography." Bone Abstracts , no. : 1.

Comparative study
Published: 22 June 2017 in Neuropediatrics
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Objective This study aims to compare mechanography, measuring force in jumping, and rising, with the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and time function tests in pediatric patients with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies. Methods A cohort of 23 patients performed the 6MWT and time function tests (time to run 10 m, to rise from a supine position, and to climb four stairs), as well as the chair rising test (CRT) and the single two-legged jump (S2LJ) on a mechanography ground reaction force platform. Results were correlated calculating linear regression. Results Correlation revealed high or moderate correlation between mechanography and the 6MWT and the time function tests: S2LJ/6MWT = 0.64; CRT/6MWT = 0.52; S2LJ/rising from floor = 0.63; CRT/rising from floor = 0.67; S2LJ/10 m run = 0.74; CRT/10 m run = 0.66; S2LJ/climb four stairs = 0.56; CRT/climb four stairs = 0.47. Conclusion Jumping mechanography is a good additional tool for the assessment of pediatric patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and might be used for primary outcome measures. It was not feasible in more advanced stages of the disease. In less disabled children, the S2LJ, which quantifies force generated by proximal and distal muscles, might be superior to other tests.

ACS Style

Lena Ille; Astrid Blaschek; Rainer Rawer; Mirjam N. Landgraf; Lucia Gerstl; Sebastian A. Schroeder; Wolfgang Müller-Felber; Katharina Vill. Jumping Mechanography as a Complementary Testing Tool for Motor Function in Children with Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy. Neuropediatrics 2017, 48, 420 -425.

AMA Style

Lena Ille, Astrid Blaschek, Rainer Rawer, Mirjam N. Landgraf, Lucia Gerstl, Sebastian A. Schroeder, Wolfgang Müller-Felber, Katharina Vill. Jumping Mechanography as a Complementary Testing Tool for Motor Function in Children with Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy. Neuropediatrics. 2017; 48 (6):420-425.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lena Ille; Astrid Blaschek; Rainer Rawer; Mirjam N. Landgraf; Lucia Gerstl; Sebastian A. Schroeder; Wolfgang Müller-Felber; Katharina Vill. 2017. "Jumping Mechanography as a Complementary Testing Tool for Motor Function in Children with Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy." Neuropediatrics 48, no. 6: 420-425.

Original article
Published: 03 April 2017 in European Journal of Applied Physiology
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In this study, we investigated the effects of vibration of the whole lower leg on the content and the oxygenation of hemoglobin in the unloaded relaxed lateral gastrocnemius muscle. Vibration was applied orthogonal to and in parallel with leg axis to examine whether the extrusion of blood depends on an alignment of main vessel direction, axis of vibration and gravity.

ACS Style

Halil Ibrahim Çakar; Serfiraz Doğan; Sadık Kara; Jörn Rittweger; Rainer Rawer; Jochen Zange. Vibration-related extrusion of capillary blood from the calf musculature depends upon directions of vibration of the leg and of the gravity vector. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2017, 8, 1107 -1117.

AMA Style

Halil Ibrahim Çakar, Serfiraz Doğan, Sadık Kara, Jörn Rittweger, Rainer Rawer, Jochen Zange. Vibration-related extrusion of capillary blood from the calf musculature depends upon directions of vibration of the leg and of the gravity vector. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2017; 8 (6):1107-1117.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Halil Ibrahim Çakar; Serfiraz Doğan; Sadık Kara; Jörn Rittweger; Rainer Rawer; Jochen Zange. 2017. "Vibration-related extrusion of capillary blood from the calf musculature depends upon directions of vibration of the leg and of the gravity vector." European Journal of Applied Physiology 8, no. 6: 1107-1117.

Journal article
Published: 07 February 2017 in Experimental Hematology & Oncology
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Chemotherapy-induced polyneuropathy (CIPN) is a common toxicity after chemotherapy, immunomodulatory drugs or proteasome inhibitors, which is difficult to treat and may also have impact on quality of life. The objective of the study was to evaluate whole-body vibration (WBV) on the background of an integrated program (IP) including massage, passive mobilization and physical exercises on CIPN. In an exploratory phase-2 study patients with CIPN (NCI CTC grade 2/3) were randomized for WBV plus IP (experimental) to IP alone (standard). 15 training sessions within 15 weeks were intended. As primary endpoint we used chair-rising test (CRT) to assess physical fitness and coordination. In addition, locomotor and neurological tests and self-assessment tools were performed. A total 131 patients with CIPN were randomized (standard, n = 65; experimental, n = 66). The median age was 60 (range 24–71) years; 44 patients had haematological neoplasms and 87 solid tumors. At baseline, all patients presented with an abnormal CRT. Fifteen (standard) and 22 (experimental) patients left the program due to progression/relapse or concomitant disease. There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients with normal CRT (<10 s) at follow up between experimental (68%) and standard (56%) (p = 0.20). All patients experienced less symptoms and pain (p < 0.001) and had improved CRT (p < 0.001) over time. WBV was significantly associated with a higher reduction of time needed for CRT (p = 0.02) and significantly improved warm-detection-threshold comparing baseline to follow-up assessment (p = 0.02). Whole-body vibration on the background of an IP may improve physical fitness and coordination in patients suffering from CIPN. Trial registration Retrospectively registered at http://www.iscrtn.com (ISRCTN 51361937) and http://www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02846844).

ACS Style

Stefan S. Schönsteiner; Heidi Bauder Mißbach; Axel Benner; Silja Mack; Thomas Hamel; Michael Orth; Bernhard Landwehrmeyer; Sigurd D. Süßmuth; Carolin Geitner; Regine Mayer-Steinacker; Anneliese Riester; Andrea Prokein; Elfriede Erhardt; Jelena Kunecki; Anna M. Eisenschink; Rainer Rawer; Hartmut Döhner; Elisabeth Kirchner; Richard F. Schlenk. A randomized exploratory phase 2 study in patients with chemotherapy-related peripheral neuropathy evaluating whole-body vibration training as adjunct to an integrated program including massage, passive mobilization and physical exercises. Experimental Hematology & Oncology 2017, 6, 5 .

AMA Style

Stefan S. Schönsteiner, Heidi Bauder Mißbach, Axel Benner, Silja Mack, Thomas Hamel, Michael Orth, Bernhard Landwehrmeyer, Sigurd D. Süßmuth, Carolin Geitner, Regine Mayer-Steinacker, Anneliese Riester, Andrea Prokein, Elfriede Erhardt, Jelena Kunecki, Anna M. Eisenschink, Rainer Rawer, Hartmut Döhner, Elisabeth Kirchner, Richard F. Schlenk. A randomized exploratory phase 2 study in patients with chemotherapy-related peripheral neuropathy evaluating whole-body vibration training as adjunct to an integrated program including massage, passive mobilization and physical exercises. Experimental Hematology & Oncology. 2017; 6 (1):5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stefan S. Schönsteiner; Heidi Bauder Mißbach; Axel Benner; Silja Mack; Thomas Hamel; Michael Orth; Bernhard Landwehrmeyer; Sigurd D. Süßmuth; Carolin Geitner; Regine Mayer-Steinacker; Anneliese Riester; Andrea Prokein; Elfriede Erhardt; Jelena Kunecki; Anna M. Eisenschink; Rainer Rawer; Hartmut Döhner; Elisabeth Kirchner; Richard F. Schlenk. 2017. "A randomized exploratory phase 2 study in patients with chemotherapy-related peripheral neuropathy evaluating whole-body vibration training as adjunct to an integrated program including massage, passive mobilization and physical exercises." Experimental Hematology & Oncology 6, no. 1: 5.

Clinical trial
Published: 01 February 2016 in Bone
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We evaluated which aspects of neuromuscular performance are associated with bone mass, density, strength and geometry. 417 women aged 60-94years were examined. Countermovement jump, sit-to-stand test, grip strength, forearm and calf muscle cross-sectional area, areal bone mineral content and density (aBMC and aBMD) at the hip and lumbar spine via dual X-ray absorptiometry, and measures of volumetric vBMC and vBMD, bone geometry and section modulus at 4% and 66% of radius length and 4%, 38% and 66% of tibia length via peripheral quantitative computed tomography were performed. The first principal component of the neuromuscular variables was calculated to generate a summary neuromuscular variable. Percentage of total variance in bone parameters explained by the neuromuscular parameters was calculated. Step-wise regression was also performed. At all pQCT bone sites (radius, ulna, tibia, fibula), a greater percentage of total variance in measures of bone mass, cortical geometry and/or bone strength was explained by peak neuromuscular performance than for vBMD. Sit-to-stand performance did not relate strongly to bone parameters. No obvious differential in the explanatory power of neuromuscular performance was seen for DXA aBMC versus aBMD. In step-wise regression, bone mass, cortical morphology, and/or strength remained significant in relation to the first principal component of the neuromuscular variables. In no case was vBMD positively related to neuromuscular performance in the final step-wise regression models. Peak neuromuscular performance has a stronger relationship with leg and forearm bone mass and cortical geometry as well as proximal forearm section modulus than with vBMD.

ACS Style

Daniel L. Belavý; Gabriele Armbrecht; Tilo Blenk; Oliver Bock; Hendrikje Börst; Emine Kocakaya; Franziska Luhn; Timo Rantalainen; Rainer Rawer; Frederike Tomasius; Johannes Willnecker; Dieter Felsenberg. Greater association of peak neuromuscular performance with cortical bone geometry, bone mass and bone strength than bone density: A study in 417 older women. Bone 2016, 83, 119 -126.

AMA Style

Daniel L. Belavý, Gabriele Armbrecht, Tilo Blenk, Oliver Bock, Hendrikje Börst, Emine Kocakaya, Franziska Luhn, Timo Rantalainen, Rainer Rawer, Frederike Tomasius, Johannes Willnecker, Dieter Felsenberg. Greater association of peak neuromuscular performance with cortical bone geometry, bone mass and bone strength than bone density: A study in 417 older women. Bone. 2016; 83 ():119-126.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel L. Belavý; Gabriele Armbrecht; Tilo Blenk; Oliver Bock; Hendrikje Börst; Emine Kocakaya; Franziska Luhn; Timo Rantalainen; Rainer Rawer; Frederike Tomasius; Johannes Willnecker; Dieter Felsenberg. 2016. "Greater association of peak neuromuscular performance with cortical bone geometry, bone mass and bone strength than bone density: A study in 417 older women." Bone 83, no. : 119-126.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 01 August 2014 in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a short-duration (5-6 min, 3 d·wk) resistive exercise program with (RVE) or without (RE) whole-body vibration in reducing muscle atrophy in the lower limb during prolonged inactivity when compared with that in an inactive control group. METHODS: As part of the second Berlin BedRest Study, 24 male subjects underwent 60 d of head-down tilt bed rest. Using magnetic resonance imaging, muscle volumes of the individual muscles of the lower limb were calculated before and at various intervals during and after bed rest. Pain levels and markers of muscle damage were also evaluated during and after bed rest. Adjustment of P values to guard against false positives was performed via the false discovery rate method. RESULTS: On the "intent-to-treat" analysis, RE reduced atrophy of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius, soleus, vasti, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, and flexor digitorum longus (P ≤ 0.045 vs control group) and RVE reduced atrophy of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius and tibialis posterior (P ≤ 0.044). Pain intensity reports after bed rest were lower in RE at the foot (P ≤ 0.033) and whole lower limb (P = 0.01) and in RVE at the thigh (P ≤ 0.041), lower leg (P ≤ 0.01), and whole lower limb (P ≤ 0.036). Increases in sarcomere-specific creatine kinase after bed rest were less in RE (P = 0.020) and RVE (P = 0.020). No differences between RE and RVE were observed. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, a short-duration RVE or RE can be effective in reducing the effect of prolonged bed rest on lower extremity muscle volume loss during bed rest and muscle damage and pain after bed rest. Copyright © 2014 by the American College of Sports Medicine

ACS Style

Tanja Miokovic; Gabriele Armbrecht; Ulf Gast; Rainer Rawer; Heinz J. Roth; Martin Runge; Dieter Felsenberg; Daniel Belavy. Muscle Atrophy, Pain, and Damage in Bed Rest Reduced by Resistive (Vibration) Exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2014, 46, 1506 -1516.

AMA Style

Tanja Miokovic, Gabriele Armbrecht, Ulf Gast, Rainer Rawer, Heinz J. Roth, Martin Runge, Dieter Felsenberg, Daniel Belavy. Muscle Atrophy, Pain, and Damage in Bed Rest Reduced by Resistive (Vibration) Exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2014; 46 (8):1506-1516.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanja Miokovic; Gabriele Armbrecht; Ulf Gast; Rainer Rawer; Heinz J. Roth; Martin Runge; Dieter Felsenberg; Daniel Belavy. 2014. "Muscle Atrophy, Pain, and Damage in Bed Rest Reduced by Resistive (Vibration) Exercise." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46, no. 8: 1506-1516.

Comparative study
Published: 01 July 2013 in Gait & Posture
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To prevent falls in the elderly, especially those with low bone density, is it necessary to maintain muscle coordination and balance. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of classical balance training (BAL) and whole-body vibration training (VIB) on postural control in post-menopausal women with low bone density.

ACS Style

Nils Stolzenberg; Daniel L. Belavý; Rainer Rawer; Dieter Felsenberg. Whole-body vibration versus proprioceptive training on postural control in post-menopausal osteopenic women. Gait & Posture 2013, 38, 416 -420.

AMA Style

Nils Stolzenberg, Daniel L. Belavý, Rainer Rawer, Dieter Felsenberg. Whole-body vibration versus proprioceptive training on postural control in post-menopausal osteopenic women. Gait & Posture. 2013; 38 (3):416-420.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nils Stolzenberg; Daniel L. Belavý; Rainer Rawer; Dieter Felsenberg. 2013. "Whole-body vibration versus proprioceptive training on postural control in post-menopausal osteopenic women." Gait & Posture 38, no. 3: 416-420.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2013 in Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions
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ACS Style

I Lang; P Busche; N Rakhimi; Rainer Rawer; David Martin. Mechanography in childhood: references for grip force, multiple one-leg hopping force and whole body stiffness. Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions 2013, 13, 1 .

AMA Style

I Lang, P Busche, N Rakhimi, Rainer Rawer, David Martin. Mechanography in childhood: references for grip force, multiple one-leg hopping force and whole body stiffness. Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions. 2013; 13 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I Lang; P Busche; N Rakhimi; Rainer Rawer; David Martin. 2013. "Mechanography in childhood: references for grip force, multiple one-leg hopping force and whole body stiffness." Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions 13, no. 2: 1.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 01 September 2012 in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
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PURPOSE: The study\u27s purpose was to assess the effectiveness of a short-duration three-times-weekly high-load resistive exercise program on preventing deterioration in neuromuscular function after prolonged bed rest. METHODS: Twenty-four male subjects performed high-load resistive exercise (n = 8), high-load resistive exercise with whole-body vibration (n = 9), or no exercise (control, n = 9) during 60-d head-down tilt bed rest as part of the 2nd Berlin Bed Rest Study. Peak countermovement jump power and height, sit-to-stand performance, sprint time over 15 and 30 m, and leg press one-repetition maximum were measured before and after bed rest. RESULTS: The exercise interventions were capable of ameliorating losses of peak countermovement jump power (P < 0.001) and height (P < 0.001), deterioration of sit-to-stand time from 45-cm (P = 0.034) and 30-cm (P < 0.001) sitting positions, increases of 15-m (P = 0.037) and 30-m (P = 0.005) sprint time, and losses of leg press one-repetition maximum (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The short-duration (6-min time under tension per training session) exercise countermeasure program performed three times a week was capable of reducing the effect of prolonged bed rest on many neuromuscular function measures

ACS Style

Ulf Gast; Silke John; Martin Runge; Rainer Rawer; Dieter Felsenberg; Daniel Belavy. Short-Duration Resistive Exercise Sustains Neuromuscular Function after Bed Rest. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2012, 44, 1764 -1772.

AMA Style

Ulf Gast, Silke John, Martin Runge, Rainer Rawer, Dieter Felsenberg, Daniel Belavy. Short-Duration Resistive Exercise Sustains Neuromuscular Function after Bed Rest. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2012; 44 (9):1764-1772.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ulf Gast; Silke John; Martin Runge; Rainer Rawer; Dieter Felsenberg; Daniel Belavy. 2012. "Short-Duration Resistive Exercise Sustains Neuromuscular Function after Bed Rest." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 44, no. 9: 1764-1772.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2011 in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
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Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess maximum voluntary forefoot ground reaction force during multiple one-legged hopping (Fm1LH) and to determine the correlation between tibial volumetric bone mineral content (vBMC, a valid surrogate of bone strength) and Fm1LH. Methods: One hundred eighty-five females (8-82 yr old) and 138 males (8-71 yr old) performed multiple one-legged hopping to measure Fm1LH acting on the forefoot during landing. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography scans were obtained to assess vBMC at 4%, 14%, 38%, and 66% of tibia length and calf muscle cross-sectional area at the 66% site. Results: In all 323 participants, Fm1LH corresponded to 3-3.5 times body weight, and Fm1LH predicted vBMC14% by 84.0% (P < 0.001). vBMC14% was better correlated with Fm1LH than with the calf muscle cross-sectional area in both males (R2 = 0.841 vs R2 = 0.724) and females (R2 = 0.765 vs R2 = 0.597). Fm1LH and vBMC14% both increased during growth and afterward remained constant or decreased with age but never increased above the values reached at the end of puberty. Fm1LH decreased by 23.6% between 21-30 and 61-82 yr in females and by 14.0% between 31-40 and 51-71 yr in males. vBMC14% decreased by 13.7% in females between 21-30 and 61-82 yr but remained unchanged in adult males. Conclusions: Multiple one-legged hopping yields the highest (i.e., maximum) ground reaction force relative to other jumping maneuvers. Because bone strength is strongly governed by maximum muscle force, the concurrent assessment of peripheral quantitative computed tomography-derived bone strength and Fm1LH might represent a new approach for the operational evaluation of musculoskeletal health.

ACS Style

Elmar Anliker; Rainer Rawer; Urs Boutellier; Marco Toigo. Maximum Ground Reaction Force in Relation to Tibial Bone Mass in Children and Adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2011, 43, 2102 -2109.

AMA Style

Elmar Anliker, Rainer Rawer, Urs Boutellier, Marco Toigo. Maximum Ground Reaction Force in Relation to Tibial Bone Mass in Children and Adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2011; 43 (11):2102-2109.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elmar Anliker; Rainer Rawer; Urs Boutellier; Marco Toigo. 2011. "Maximum Ground Reaction Force in Relation to Tibial Bone Mass in Children and Adults." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 43, no. 11: 2102-2109.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2006 in Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
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ACS Style

Rainer Rawer. Reply : Imaging quality of intraocular lenses. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2006, 32, 546 .

AMA Style

Rainer Rawer. Reply : Imaging quality of intraocular lenses. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2006; 32 (4):546.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rainer Rawer. 2006. "Reply : Imaging quality of intraocular lenses." Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 32, no. 4: 546.

Comparative study
Published: 28 December 2005 in Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde
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Hintergrund: Nachdem sich faltbare Intraokularlinsen in der Ophthalmochirurgie etabliert haben, werden immer komplexere Optikdesigns für Intraokularlinsen (IOL) angeboten. Diese Studie untersucht mithilfe von elektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen und Modellrechungen vergleichend die unterschiedlichen Designs der Optiken von IOL sowie der aus dem Optikdesign resultierenden Abbildungsqualität. Methode: Untersucht wurden von jedem IOL-Typ jeweils zwei unterschiedliche Linsenstärken (i. d. R. + 13 D und + 26 D). Alle untersuchten faltbaren IOL wurden je nach ihrem Wassergehalt (wasserhaltige IOL bis 25 % Wassergehalt) entweder mit 2,5 % Glutaraldehyd in 0,1-molarem Phosphatpuffer (mPP) fixiert, dann mit 2 % OsO4 kontrastiert und in einer Alkoholreihe 30 - 100 % Propanol entwässert. Anschließend erfolgte das Einlegen in EPON (Epoxidharz) und Polymerisation bei 60 °C. Nach Aushärten wurden die Proben mit einer Laubsäge ausgesägt und halbiert, danach mit Glasmesser und Diamantmesser am Ultramikrotom glatt geschnitten (Ultracut von Rückert-Jung). Nach der Kohlebedampfung erfolgte die Vermessung im Rasterelektronenmikroskop (DSM 962 Zeiss). Bei den trocken gelagerten IOL erfolgte Besputterung mit Au-Pd 20 nm und danach Messung wie oben beschrieben. Die Messung der optischen Abbildungseigenschaften erfolgte bei den jeweils richtig bzw. falsch herum orientierten IOLs nach der Norm EN ISO 11979 - 2 mittels eines Messsystems, das auf der Analyse der Punktbildfunktion (PSF) bzw. der Modulationstransferfunktion (MTF) beruht. Hieraus wurde jeweils die Strehl-Ratio berechnet. Ergebnisse: Mithilfe der Korrelation der elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchung der Optiken unterschiedlicher IOL mit den Abbildungsqualitäten derselben (Strehl-Ratio) konnte gezeigt werden, dass das optische Design einer IOL wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Abbildungsqualität einer Intraokularlinse hat. Insbesondere ist bei nichtsymmetrischer Gestaltung der Optik (z. B. AR40 e; AMO) die Orientierung der IOL im Auge entscheidend; die Strehl-Ratio ändert sich hierdurch beispielsweise von 0,68 auf 0,87. Schlussfolgerungen: Beim Design von asymmetrischen Optiken sollte sorgfältig darauf geachtet werden, dass die Abbildungsqualität erheblich beeinflusst werden kann. Eine richtige Orientierung der Linse im Auge ist z. B. bei asymmetrischen Optiken sehr wichtig. Background: Foldable intraocular lenses (IOLs) are established in ophthalmic surgery and increasingly more complex geometries are available. This study investigates different designs of the optics of the IOL as well as the imaging quality of these optics utilizing electron microscopic photographs and mathematical approximations. Method: Included in this study were two different lens powers of common IOLs (+ 13 D and + 26 D). All studied IOLs were processed depending upon their water content: Aqueous IOLs with up to 25 % water content were fixed with 2.5 % glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (mPP), and then contrasted with 2 % OsO4 and processed in an alcohol series of 30 - 100 % propanol. Subsequently, the IOLs were transferred into EPON (epoxy resin) and polymerization took place at 60 °C. After hardening, the samples were cut out with a leaves saw and divided into halves. Afterwards these were polished with glass and diamond knifes at the ultramicrotom (Ultracut, Rückert-Jung). After coal vaporization measurement took place in the scanning electron microscope (DSM 962, Zeiss). In the case of dry stored IOLs, the samples were sputtered with Au-Pd 20 nm and afterwards measurement was performed as described above. The measurement of the optical imaging quality was performed with correctly and inversely oriented IOLs according to the standard EN ISO 11979 - 2 by means of a measuring system which works on the basis of the point spread function (PSF) and/or the modulation transfer function (MTF). From this the Strehl ratio was computed in each case. Results: Utilizing a correlation of the electron microscopic investigation of the optics of different IOLs with their imaging quality (Strehl ratio), we were able to show that the optical design of the IOL has substantial influence on the imaging quality of an intraocular lens. In particular, with non-symmetrical designs of the optics (e. g., AR40 e; AMO) the orientation of an IOL in the eye is crucial; i. e., the Strehl ratio increased thereby from 0.68 to 0.87. Conclusions: The design of asymmetrical optics is crucial and much attention should be paid to the fact that the imaging quality can substantially be affected. A correct orientation of the lens within the eye is very important with these asymmetrical optics.

ACS Style

C. W. Spraul; R. Rawer; W. Stork; P. Walther; C. Lingenfelder; G. K. Lang. Spielt die Orientierung einer IOL im Auge eine Rolle? Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 2005, 222, 972 -976.

AMA Style

C. W. Spraul, R. Rawer, W. Stork, P. Walther, C. Lingenfelder, G. K. Lang. Spielt die Orientierung einer IOL im Auge eine Rolle? Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde. 2005; 222 (12):972-976.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C. W. Spraul; R. Rawer; W. Stork; P. Walther; C. Lingenfelder; G. K. Lang. 2005. "Spielt die Orientierung einer IOL im Auge eine Rolle?" Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 222, no. 12: 972-976.

Comparative study
Published: 01 August 2005 in Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
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To compare the imaging quality of several commercially available intraocular lenses (IOLs) using the modulation transfer function (MTF) method according to the requirements of the International Standard European Industrial Norm/International Organization for Standardization 11979. Universitat für Technik der Informationsverarbeitung, Universität Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe and Universitäts Augenklinik, Ulm, Ulm, Germany. Two refractive powers (+13 diopter [D] and +26 D) of each IOL type were tested. The imaging quality of all tested IOLs was measured before the injection test and in 5-minute intervals after the injection for 40 minutes. The measurement data were analyzed according to 2 quality criteria, Strehl ratio and the ISO condition. For analysis of the type of optical design, SEM images of the central cross section were taken of each IOL. Basic terms in optics such as MTF, resolution, and optical aberration are introduced, and their relevance for ophthalmology is discussed in detail. This paper represents an extensive study comparing the imaging quality of various IOLs including the comparison of measurements before and after injection through a cartridge as used for state-of-the-art implantation techniques. All measurements were performed using an MTF measurement system using a 546 nm optimized laser source and an effective aperture of 3.0 mm on the IOL according to ISO standard. An ISO standard eye model using an artificial cornea (spherical design) and a watery solution to simulate in vivo conditions was used. All IOLs apart from 1 +26 D lens complied with ISO standard requirements. However, the imaging quality varied up to 49% depending on the optical design and the manufacturing quality. When the methods and materials recommended by the manufacturer for IOL injection through a cartridge were used, no long-term effect on the imaging quality of the IOLs was observed. However, the basic imaging quality of different designs and different manufacturers varied significantly (up to 50% at +26 D) IOLs and should be considered when choosing an IOL.

ACS Style

Rainer Rawer; Wilhelm Stork; Christoph W. Spraul; Christian Lingenfelder. Imaging quality of intraocular lenses. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2005, 31, 1618 -1631.

AMA Style

Rainer Rawer, Wilhelm Stork, Christoph W. Spraul, Christian Lingenfelder. Imaging quality of intraocular lenses. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2005; 31 (8):1618-1631.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rainer Rawer; Wilhelm Stork; Christoph W. Spraul; Christian Lingenfelder. 2005. "Imaging quality of intraocular lenses." Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 31, no. 8: 1618-1631.

Journal article
Published: 16 February 2005 in Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde
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Zuletzt sind viel neue, von ihrem Konzept sehr unterschiedliche, intraokulare Multifokalinsen (MIOLs) auf den Markt gekommen. Ziel war es, an einem künstlichen Standardauge die Abbildungsqualität dieser neuen MIOLs zu untersuchen. An einem normierten Kunstauge (EN/ISO 11979–2) wurden folgende Multifokallinsen untersucht: das *Acri.Twin Set (Acritec), die ArrayII (AMO), die MF4 (IOLtech) und die ZM001 (AMO). Es wurde die Punktstreuungsfunktion (PSF) im Fern- und Nahbrennpunkt und die Lichtintensitätsverteilung entlang der optischen Achse (through focus response, TFR) bestimmt. Ferner wurde am tiefsten intermediären Punkt der TFR die Punktstreuungsfunktion und die Halointensität im Fern- und Nahbrennpunkt festgestellt. Die Modulationsübertragungsfunktionen (MTF) im Fern- und Nahbrennpunkt, die TFR, die MTF im niedrigsten intermediären Punkt der TFR, sowie die Halointensitäten im Fern und Nahbrennpunkt der untersuchten Linsen werden in Diagrammen gegenübergestellt. Linsen mit einer asymmetrischen Lichtverteilung zeigten Vorteile in dem jeweils stärker gewichteten Brennpunkt. Linsen mit einem diffraktiven Design wiesen Vorteile in der TFR gegenüber den untersuchten refarktiven Linsen auf. Bei den untersuchten Linsen führte die stärkere Gewichtung eines Brennpunktes als auch ein diffraktives Linsendesign zu einer besseren Abbildungsqualität.

ACS Style

S. Pieh; G. Schmidinger; W. Geitzenauer; R. Rawer; W. Stork. Vergleich der Abbildungsqualität von intraokularen Multifokallinsen der neuesten Generation. Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 2005, 222, V122 .

AMA Style

S. Pieh, G. Schmidinger, W. Geitzenauer, R. Rawer, W. Stork. Vergleich der Abbildungsqualität von intraokularen Multifokallinsen der neuesten Generation. Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde. 2005; 222 (S 1):V122.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Pieh; G. Schmidinger; W. Geitzenauer; R. Rawer; W. Stork. 2005. "Vergleich der Abbildungsqualität von intraokularen Multifokallinsen der neuesten Generation." Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 222, no. S 1: V122.

Journal article
Published: 19 November 2004 in Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
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Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common diseases in industrialized countries as well as in emerging economies such as India or China. One of the key technologies for diabetes therapy is semi-continuous monitoring of the glucose level of diabetics. Compared with skin-perforating techniques, optical measurement techniques promising good results bear the potential for high patient compliance with more frequent measurements. Due to its excellent optical properties, the anterior chamber and the aqueous humor (AH) contained therein offer promise for non-invasive in vivo glucose measurements. However, a number of strongly limiting factors, such as the precise optical properties of the eye, laser safety regulations and subconscious eye movements during the measurement period have to be considered for in vivo applications. This article presents a high-resolution polarimetric measurement system that utilizes the optical rotatory dispersion (optical activity) of the glucose molecule for measurements of the glucose concentration in AH. Based on this example of a suitable optical measurement system, the special limitations and conditions that have to be considered for in vivo glucose measurement at the human eye are presented and analyzed. This includes the optical properties of the cornea and the anterior chamber, the impact of typical eye movements during a measurement and laser safety regulations.

ACS Style

Rainer Rawer; Wilhelm Stork; Cristine F. Kreiner. Non-invasive polarimetric measurement of glucose concentration in the anterior chamber of the eye. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2004, 242, 1017 -1023.

AMA Style

Rainer Rawer, Wilhelm Stork, Cristine F. Kreiner. Non-invasive polarimetric measurement of glucose concentration in the anterior chamber of the eye. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2004; 242 (12):1017-1023.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rainer Rawer; Wilhelm Stork; Cristine F. Kreiner. 2004. "Non-invasive polarimetric measurement of glucose concentration in the anterior chamber of the eye." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 242, no. 12: 1017-1023.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2002 in Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik
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Due to the increasing lifespan in the industrialized world the number of senior Diabetes patients is growing rapidly. Using non-invasive techniques, measurements of the blood sugar level could be done more frequently and hence diagnosis as well as therapy of type II Diabetes Mellitus can be improved especially for this group of senior patients. Especially polarimetric techniques measuring at the human eye offer promising properties for non-invasive and painless measurement. This article discusses different approaches for utilizing the polarizing properties of the Aqueous Humour (AH) for quantitative glucose measurements.

ACS Style

R. Rawer; W. Stork; K.-D. Müller-Glaser. POLARIMETRIC METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT OF INTRA OCULAR GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION. Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 2002, 47, 186 -188.

AMA Style

R. Rawer, W. Stork, K.-D. Müller-Glaser. POLARIMETRIC METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT OF INTRA OCULAR GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION. Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik. 2002; 47 (s1a):186-188.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Rawer; W. Stork; K.-D. Müller-Glaser. 2002. "POLARIMETRIC METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT OF INTRA OCULAR GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION." Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 47, no. s1a: 186-188.