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Mining activities at the Portuguese sector of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) have been responsible for the pollution of water, sediments, and biota, caused by the acid mine drainage (AMD) from the tailing deposits. The impact has been felt for years in the rivers and streams receiving AMD from the Aljustrel mine (SW sector of the IPB, Portugal), such as at the Água Forte stream, a tributary of the Roxo stream (Sado and Mira Hydrographic Region). To evaluate the extent of that environmental impact prior to the remediation actions, surface water, sediments, and the macrophyte Scirpus holoschoenus L. were sampled at the Água Forte and the Roxo streams, upstream and downstream from the confluence. The surface water and the sediments were extremely acidic at the Água Forte stream (pH ranges 2.22–2.92 for the water and 2.57–3.32 for the sediment), with high As, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations of 2.1, 120, 0.21, and 421 mg kg−1, respectively, in the water, and 661, 1746, 539, and 1994 mg kg−1, respectively, in the sediment, in the location closer to the mine. Two aquatic bioassays evidenced the high ecotoxicity of the Água Forte water at that site, with very low EC50 values for Vibrio fischeri luminescence inhibition (<3.1% v/v) and Daphnia magna 48-hour immobilization/mortality assays (<6.3% v/v). The impact of the AMD was also evident in the sediments of the Roxo stream, but not so marked in the water, with circa neutral pH and lower As, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations. Consistently, the ecotoxicological response was only felt in the sampling point closer to the confluence of the Água Forte with the Roxo stream, with an EC20 of 27.0% (v/v) towards the V. fischeri. One of the dominant and well adapted macrophytes, S. holoschoenus L., presented low bioaccumulation factors for Cu (0.04) and Zn (0.15) in their emerging parts, and very low concentrations for As and Pb, making this plant a potential candidate to be used in phytoremediation actions to treat and control AMD in the IPB.
Paula Alvarenga; Nádia Guerreiro; Isabel Simões; Maria Imaginário; Patrícia Palma. Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Acid Mine Drainage on Surface Water, Stream Sediments, and Macrophytes Using a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Indicators. Water 2021, 13, 1436 .
AMA StylePaula Alvarenga, Nádia Guerreiro, Isabel Simões, Maria Imaginário, Patrícia Palma. Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Acid Mine Drainage on Surface Water, Stream Sediments, and Macrophytes Using a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Indicators. Water. 2021; 13 (10):1436.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaula Alvarenga; Nádia Guerreiro; Isabel Simões; Maria Imaginário; Patrícia Palma. 2021. "Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Acid Mine Drainage on Surface Water, Stream Sediments, and Macrophytes Using a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Indicators." Water 13, no. 10: 1436.
To assess environmental risks related to the mobility and toxicity of AgNPs, the chemical availability of AgNPs and polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs (PVP-AgNPs) in three agricultural soils was quantified in a pot experiment. Porewater collection and soil extractions with 0.01 M CaCl2, 0.4 M Glycine (pH 1.5) and 0.05 M NH4-EDTA were performed. The effect on soil exoenzyme activities was also assessed. Porewater concentration was low (+ ions into porewater). The effect of variation in organic matter on soil enzymatic activity was larger than that of AgNPs, as no significant additional inhibitory effect from Ag could be observed. Only at low pH and in the presence of complexing ligands that form very stable Ag complexes (0.4 M Glycine extraction at pH 1.5) up to 58% of the Ag added to soil was released (independently of PVP coating). An extraction with glycine is proposed as a useful indicator of potentially available Ag in soils.
Nuno Cruz; Márcia Farto; Clarisse Mourinha; Daniela Tavares; Armando Duarte; Tito Trindade; Eduarda Pereira; Paul Römkens; Paula Alvarenga; Sónia Rodrigues. Dissolution of Ag Nanoparticles in Agricultural Soils and Effects on Soil Exoenzyme Activities. Environments 2021, 8, 22 .
AMA StyleNuno Cruz, Márcia Farto, Clarisse Mourinha, Daniela Tavares, Armando Duarte, Tito Trindade, Eduarda Pereira, Paul Römkens, Paula Alvarenga, Sónia Rodrigues. Dissolution of Ag Nanoparticles in Agricultural Soils and Effects on Soil Exoenzyme Activities. Environments. 2021; 8 (3):22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNuno Cruz; Márcia Farto; Clarisse Mourinha; Daniela Tavares; Armando Duarte; Tito Trindade; Eduarda Pereira; Paul Römkens; Paula Alvarenga; Sónia Rodrigues. 2021. "Dissolution of Ag Nanoparticles in Agricultural Soils and Effects on Soil Exoenzyme Activities." Environments 8, no. 3: 22.
Sanitization by pH adjustment of dairy and pig slurries was evaluated for potential use as organic fertilizer in horticulture. This requires absence of Salmonella in 25 g of slurry and less than 1000 Escherichi coli colony-forming unit per gram of fresh slurry (Regulation (EU) 2019/1009). Additives used in the alkalinization and acidification treatments, included hydroxide-salts and nitrogen-based reactants to increase slurry pH to a basic range (9.0–11.0) and concentrated H2SO4 to decrease slurry pH to an acidic range (5.5–3.5). While low-cost urea was unable to increase the slurry pH above 9.5, ammonia efficiently increased slurry pH to the targeted values (but enhanced the emissions risk), whereas the effect of Ca(OH)2 was hindered by its low solubility. Slurry sanitization by alkalinization was achieved at a pH of 9.5 for both slurries, using similar quantities of KOH or NaOH. KOH was selected for further tests since it provides a plant macronutrient. Acidification with concentrated H2SO4 was able to achieve sanitization by lowering the pH to 5.0. After a 60-d storage experiment with raw and treated slurries, the level of E. coli was below the sanitization limit for all samples. Storage had no significant impact on slurry characteristics, except for ammonium-nitrogen content. Acidification treatment minimized ammonia losses.
Joana Rodrigues; Paula Alvarenga; Ana Silva; Luísa Brito; Jorge Tavares; David Fangueiro. Animal Slurry Sanitization through pH Adjustment: Process Optimization and Impact on Slurry Characteristics. Agronomy 2021, 11, 517 .
AMA StyleJoana Rodrigues, Paula Alvarenga, Ana Silva, Luísa Brito, Jorge Tavares, David Fangueiro. Animal Slurry Sanitization through pH Adjustment: Process Optimization and Impact on Slurry Characteristics. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (3):517.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoana Rodrigues; Paula Alvarenga; Ana Silva; Luísa Brito; Jorge Tavares; David Fangueiro. 2021. "Animal Slurry Sanitization through pH Adjustment: Process Optimization and Impact on Slurry Characteristics." Agronomy 11, no. 3: 517.
Nowadays, the Mediterranean freshwater systems face the threat of water scarcity, along with multiple other stressors (e.g., organic and inorganic contamination, geomorphological alterations, invasive species), leading to the impairment of their ecosystem services. All these stressors have been speeding up, due to climate variability and land cover/land use changes, turning them into a big challenge for the water management plans. The present study analyses the physicochemical and phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll-a) dynamics of a large reservoir, in the Mediterranean region (Alqueva reservoir, Southern Portugal), under diverse meteorological conditions and land cover/land use real scenarios (2017 and 2018). The most important stressors were identified and the necessary tools and information for a more effective management plan were provided. Changes in these parameters were further related to the observed variations in the meteorological conditions and in the land cover/land use. The increase in nutrients and ions in the water column, and of potentially toxic metals in the sediment, were more obvious in periods of severe drought. Further, the enhancement of nutrients concentrations, potentially caused by the intensification of agricultural activities, may indicate an increased risk of water eutrophication. The results highlight that a holistic approach is essential for a better water resources management strategy.
Patrícia Palma; Alexandra Penha; Maria Novais; Sofia Fialho; Ana Lima; Clarisse Mourinha; Paula Alvarenga; Anabela Rosado; Maksim Iakunin; Gonçalo Rodrigues; Miguel Potes; Maria Costa; Manuela Morais; Rui Salgado. Water-Sediment Physicochemical Dynamics in a Large Reservoir in the Mediterranean Region under Multiple Stressors. Water 2021, 13, 707 .
AMA StylePatrícia Palma, Alexandra Penha, Maria Novais, Sofia Fialho, Ana Lima, Clarisse Mourinha, Paula Alvarenga, Anabela Rosado, Maksim Iakunin, Gonçalo Rodrigues, Miguel Potes, Maria Costa, Manuela Morais, Rui Salgado. Water-Sediment Physicochemical Dynamics in a Large Reservoir in the Mediterranean Region under Multiple Stressors. Water. 2021; 13 (5):707.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatrícia Palma; Alexandra Penha; Maria Novais; Sofia Fialho; Ana Lima; Clarisse Mourinha; Paula Alvarenga; Anabela Rosado; Maksim Iakunin; Gonçalo Rodrigues; Miguel Potes; Maria Costa; Manuela Morais; Rui Salgado. 2021. "Water-Sediment Physicochemical Dynamics in a Large Reservoir in the Mediterranean Region under Multiple Stressors." Water 13, no. 5: 707.
Animal manure management is a real challenge to minimize environmental impacts and ensure that this valuable material is efficiently used in a circular economy context. One of the main limitations for larger use of animal manure as fertilizer is the availability of land to receive it in an area close to the farm. Indeed, animal manure is traditionally used for cereals and animal feed growth, but the soil area occupied with these crops might not be enough to receive all the manure produced and/or part of this soil might have nutrient contents, namely phosphorous, that do not permit further application of manure. Hence, extra land used for other agricultural activities might be an option. The main objective of the present review was to analyse the constraints and solutions to increase the use of manure in horticulture and orchards. Emphasis was given to the legal framework for manure utilization in the EU that might stimulate or restrain such a solution. The main characteristics of manure that might limit or stimulate manure reuse were also described, and the potential of some treatments to valorise manure was analysed. Several examples of alternative uses of manure in horticulture and orchards were examined, and the society and farmers' acceptance of the proposed solution was addressed.
David Fangueiro; Paula Alvarenga; Rita Fragoso. Horticulture and Orchards as New Markets for Manure Valorisation with Less Environmental Impacts. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1436 .
AMA StyleDavid Fangueiro, Paula Alvarenga, Rita Fragoso. Horticulture and Orchards as New Markets for Manure Valorisation with Less Environmental Impacts. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1436.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Fangueiro; Paula Alvarenga; Rita Fragoso. 2021. "Horticulture and Orchards as New Markets for Manure Valorisation with Less Environmental Impacts." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1436.
Salinization and sodification are important processes of soil degradation affecting irrigated lands. A large proportion of the global irrigated area is affected by some degree of soil salinity or sodicity caused by the intensification of irrigation. The increase of the frequency of adverse climatic conditions, like high temperatures and variations in precipitation patterns caused by climate change, will potentially amplify these processes in arid, semi-arid, and Mediterranean areas. The use of integrated approaches for the spatial and temporal prediction of the risk of salinization and sodification in irrigated areas is of great value, helping in the decision-making regarding land uses and choice of more suitable agricultural practices. In this study, based on key criteria for the assessment of irrigation-related salinization processes (e.g., climate, topography, soil drainage, water quality for irrigation, and crop irrigation method), we developed a methodology for the prediction of soil salinity and sodicity risk in irrigated lands, using two composite indices, the Salinization Risk (RSA) index and the Sodification Risk (RSO) index. The application of these indices to a real scenario (a Mediterranean area in Southern Portugal) showed that 67% of the potentially irrigated area presented a low risk of salinity development, 68% had a moderate risk of sodification, and 16% was of high risk of sodicity development. Areas under moderate risk of salinization (26%) were mostly characterized by low slopes and fine-textured soils, like Luvisols and Vertisols, with limited drainage conditions. Areas with high risk of soil sodification presented a large incidence of low slope terrain, moderate-to-restricted soil drainage, in high clay content Luvisols, Vertisols and Cambisols, and land use dominated by annual crops irrigated with surface or sprinkler systems. These risk prediction tools have the potential to be used for resource use planning by policymakers and on-farm management decision by farmers, contributing to the sustainability of irrigated agriculture in Mediterranean regions.
Alexandra Tomaz; Patrícia Palma; Sofia Fialho; Ana Lima; Paula Alvarenga; Miguel Potes; Maria João Costa; Rui Salgado. Risk Assessment of Irrigation-Related Soil Salinization and Sodification in Mediterranean Areas. Water 2020, 12, 3569 .
AMA StyleAlexandra Tomaz, Patrícia Palma, Sofia Fialho, Ana Lima, Paula Alvarenga, Miguel Potes, Maria João Costa, Rui Salgado. Risk Assessment of Irrigation-Related Soil Salinization and Sodification in Mediterranean Areas. Water. 2020; 12 (12):3569.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexandra Tomaz; Patrícia Palma; Sofia Fialho; Ana Lima; Paula Alvarenga; Miguel Potes; Maria João Costa; Rui Salgado. 2020. "Risk Assessment of Irrigation-Related Soil Salinization and Sodification in Mediterranean Areas." Water 12, no. 12: 3569.
The Azores archipelago is the most suitable region for dairy production in Portugal, representing 30% of the overall Portuguese dairy production. It has a production system characterized by an average milk yield of 6216 kg/cow/year, and the predominance of pasture-based feeding and cows that have longer productive lives and lower incidence of metabolic/production diseases, such as acidosis or mastitis. The biggest problem with the Azores Islands dairy sector is the cost of transport, as the main markets are located in continental Portugal, over 1500 km away, and local dairy products have to compete with dairy products produced in mainland Portugal and in the rest of the European Union. Herein, the evolution of the dairy sector in the Azores Islands from 2007 to 2017 is presented. A SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) analysis was performed to find potential solutions to increase the value of the Azorean dairy sector. The most relevant solution considered was the valorization of the dairy production through three major aspects: higher milk quality, namely, better organoleptic properties; lower carbon footprint (not considering transport costs); and higher levels of animal welfare. Three examples are shown of such valorization: protected denomination of origin (PDO) cheeses, the “happy cows” program, and the production of an organic milk, from the Terceira Island. Some of these programs are relatively recent, so, it will be interesting to see how their sales and acceptance by consumers evolve, particularly under the current economic framework.
André M. de Almeida; Paula Alvarenga; David Fangueiro. The dairy sector in the Azores Islands: possibilities and main constraints towards increased added value. Tropical Animal Health and Production 2020, 53, 1 -9.
AMA StyleAndré M. de Almeida, Paula Alvarenga, David Fangueiro. The dairy sector in the Azores Islands: possibilities and main constraints towards increased added value. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2020; 53 (1):1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndré M. de Almeida; Paula Alvarenga; David Fangueiro. 2020. "The dairy sector in the Azores Islands: possibilities and main constraints towards increased added value." Tropical Animal Health and Production 53, no. 1: 1-9.
Four streams in the Guadiana watershed were followed up to assess hydrogeomorphological and physicochemical characteristics, and to analyze its correlation with land use/land cover (LULC), analyzing their possible influence in reservoir water quality and possible influence in the reservoir water quality. The highest amounts of organic descriptors and nutrients were quantified in streams with the major percentage of olive groves and vineyards and urban land cover classes. Streams more influenced by agro-silvo-pastoral class presented better water quality, as this type of LULC acts as a buffer of the contamination runoff. The results highlighted that the hydrogeomorphology of the streams may influence the transfer of pollutants loads to reservoirs. Hence, in intermittent streams characterized by coarse particles in the sediment, high amounts of pollutants are accumulated when the flow ceases, and are further transported to the reservoirs when the flow retakes. On the contrary, streams with sediments characterized by a great percentage of fine particles and organic matter do not induce so much stress in reservoirs, since these allow the adsorption of nutrients and trace elements, without their transfer to reservoirs.
Patrícia Palma; Sofia Fialho; Ana Lima; Clarisse Mourinha; Alexandra Penha; Maria Helena Novais; Anabela Rosado; Manuela Morais; Miguel Potes; Maria João Costa; Paula Alvarenga. Land-Cover Patterns and Hydrogeomorphology of Tributaries: Are These Important Stressors for the Water Quality of Reservoirs in the Mediterranean Region? Water 2020, 12, 2665 .
AMA StylePatrícia Palma, Sofia Fialho, Ana Lima, Clarisse Mourinha, Alexandra Penha, Maria Helena Novais, Anabela Rosado, Manuela Morais, Miguel Potes, Maria João Costa, Paula Alvarenga. Land-Cover Patterns and Hydrogeomorphology of Tributaries: Are These Important Stressors for the Water Quality of Reservoirs in the Mediterranean Region? Water. 2020; 12 (10):2665.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatrícia Palma; Sofia Fialho; Ana Lima; Clarisse Mourinha; Alexandra Penha; Maria Helena Novais; Anabela Rosado; Manuela Morais; Miguel Potes; Maria João Costa; Paula Alvarenga. 2020. "Land-Cover Patterns and Hydrogeomorphology of Tributaries: Are These Important Stressors for the Water Quality of Reservoirs in the Mediterranean Region?" Water 12, no. 10: 2665.
Under climatic changes, certain regions must deal with water scarcity, decrease in soil organic matter content, and increased erosion and desertification processes. Among others, the countries from the Mediterranean area face this reality and will have to adopt strategies to overcome these problems, to improve soil quality and fertility in a climate change scenario. Besides the adoption of some agronomic practices to minimize soil organic carbon (SOC) outputs and maintain their stocks, the application of organic amendments to agroecosystems can increase SOC pool and improve overall soil quality in a scenario of climatic change, where mineralization and soil organic matter depletion are already a problem. Using biowaste-based amendments, manures, and slurries as agricultural soil amendments, important objectives of the European Union, concerning waste management and sustainable development, will be achieved: recycling of organic wastes will avoid their landfilling, diminishing the production and emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) at the landfill, their nutrients are recycled, and SOC sequestration is enhanced. Besides highlighting the advantages of using exogenous organic carbon inputs to agroecosystems, this chapter will also deal with their constraints and with some of the strategies that can be adopted to allow this practice, avoiding soil contamination and a net positive GHG emission.
Paula Alvarenga; João Paulo Carneiro; David Fangueiro; Cláudia M.D.S. Cordovil; Maria Pilar Bernal. Managing organic amendments in agroecosystems to enhance soil carbon storage and mitigate climate change. Climate Change and Soil Interactions 2020, 89 -141.
AMA StylePaula Alvarenga, João Paulo Carneiro, David Fangueiro, Cláudia M.D.S. Cordovil, Maria Pilar Bernal. Managing organic amendments in agroecosystems to enhance soil carbon storage and mitigate climate change. Climate Change and Soil Interactions. 2020; ():89-141.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaula Alvarenga; João Paulo Carneiro; David Fangueiro; Cláudia M.D.S. Cordovil; Maria Pilar Bernal. 2020. "Managing organic amendments in agroecosystems to enhance soil carbon storage and mitigate climate change." Climate Change and Soil Interactions , no. : 89-141.
Weather extreme events raise concerns about the sustainable use of resources in agriculture. Inter- and intra-annual variability in temperature and precipitation leads to increasing water scarcity. In fact, water is a scarce resource in Mediterranean regions, a problem that tends to intensify with global warming. Higher atmospheric evaporative demand conditions lead to the increment of crop water requirements, inducing larger use of irrigation water. One of the major threats to the sustainability of irrigated agriculture is the risk of land salinization, due to the reduction in water quality and to the increase of soil salt concentrations leading consequently to crop yield reductions and/or to soil degradation processes. Therefore monitoring salinity status is becoming increasingly important to prevent soil salinization processes. In this chapter, the following subjects will be addressed: (i) soil salinization processes; (ii) crops responses to salinity in a climate change scenario; (iii) water quality for irrigation criteria; (iv) modelling of soil salinity; (v) salinity management. At the end of the chapter, a case study will be presented with an evaluation of water quality for irrigation, and its potential effects on soil structure and on crop yields in a Mediterranean irrigated area.
Alexandra Tomaz; Patrícia Palma; Paula Alvarenga; Maria Conceição Gonçalves. Soil salinity risk in a climate change scenario and its effect on crop yield. Climate Change and Soil Interactions 2020, 351 -396.
AMA StyleAlexandra Tomaz, Patrícia Palma, Paula Alvarenga, Maria Conceição Gonçalves. Soil salinity risk in a climate change scenario and its effect on crop yield. Climate Change and Soil Interactions. 2020; ():351-396.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexandra Tomaz; Patrícia Palma; Paula Alvarenga; Maria Conceição Gonçalves. 2020. "Soil salinity risk in a climate change scenario and its effect on crop yield." Climate Change and Soil Interactions , no. : 351-396.
Water is a scarce resource in the Mediterranean region where adverse climatic conditions promoting water shortages tend to increase with climate change. Under water scarcity conditions and high atmosphere evaporative demand, the risks of decreased water quality, and land salinization are major threats to the sustainability of irrigated agriculture in this region. The assessment of the quality of irrigation water is increasingly important to ensure the maintenance of long-term salt balance at a crop, farm, and regional scale. This study is focused on the spatial and temporal variability of water quality for irrigation in the Alqueva reservoir (Southern Portugal). The assessment was performed every 2 months during a distinctive drought year (2017) and included inorganic ions (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, NH4+, Cl−, F−, SO42−, NO3−, and NO2−), pH, and electric conductivity (ECW) of water. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) was calculated, and potential soil permeability problems were estimated. The assessment showed significantly higher values of the physicochemical parameters in the most upstream sites, located near tributaries inflows, and an upward trend in ion concentrations throughout the year, with significantly higher concentrations of Na+, Mg2+, Cl−, and SO42, registered through May to November, reflecting the severe drought felt in the summer, autumn, and winter. The evaluation of water quality for irrigation indicated a slight to moderate risk of reduced infiltration rates, which should be considered whenever sprinkler irrigation is used, mainly in fine-textured soils, which are prevalent in the irrigated area. The multivariate statistical approach, using principal component analysis and factor analysis, identified two principal components related to salinity and nutrient concentrations. The cluster analysis revealed three groups of similarity between samples pointing to a more time- than space-controlled pattern. Overall, the temporal dynamics of the water physicochemical parameters could indicate that an abnormal annual distribution of precipitation and temperature may distort seasonal differences. To prevent water and soil degradation, a more frequent assessment of the water quality should be considered, allowing for the selection of appropriate soil and water management measures in irrigated areas.
Alexandra Tomaz; Patrícia Palma; Sofia Fialho; Ana Lima; Paula Alvarenga; Miguel Potes; Rui Salgado. Spatial and temporal dynamics of irrigation water quality under drought conditions in a large reservoir in Southern Portugal. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2020, 192, 93 .
AMA StyleAlexandra Tomaz, Patrícia Palma, Sofia Fialho, Ana Lima, Paula Alvarenga, Miguel Potes, Rui Salgado. Spatial and temporal dynamics of irrigation water quality under drought conditions in a large reservoir in Southern Portugal. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2020; 192 (2):93.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexandra Tomaz; Patrícia Palma; Sofia Fialho; Ana Lima; Paula Alvarenga; Miguel Potes; Rui Salgado. 2020. "Spatial and temporal dynamics of irrigation water quality under drought conditions in a large reservoir in Southern Portugal." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192, no. 2: 93.
The advent of the industrial revolution has boosted human and technological development, but at a price. Contaminants have been increasingly accumulating across wider areas scattered around the world, making pollution a major planetary issue. Among these pollutants, those related to industrial waste are perhaps the most threatening due to their broad variety and capacity to migrate through the air, water, and soil, enter the food chain, and cause a deleterious impact on life and the environment. Finding solutions to deter industrial pollution has thus become the need of the hour. However, conventional techniques have often proven unworkable due to their cost and harmful collateral effects to the environment. In this light, a plant-based technique with the capacity to stabilize, extract, and/or degrade pollutants known as phytoremediation, has emerged as a promising alternative due to its inexpensiveness and environment-friendly character. Here, we review the latest advances on phytoremediation of sites afflicted by industrial pollution and outline the future scope of this green technique.
Cassiano Augusto Rolim Bernardino; Claudio F. Mahler; Paula Alvarenga; Paula M. L. Castro; Eduardo Ferreira da Silva; Luís A. B. Novo. Recent Advances in Phytoremediation of Soil Contaminated by Industrial Waste: A Road Map to a Safer Environment. Bioremediation of Industrial Waste for Environmental Safety 2019, 207 -221.
AMA StyleCassiano Augusto Rolim Bernardino, Claudio F. Mahler, Paula Alvarenga, Paula M. L. Castro, Eduardo Ferreira da Silva, Luís A. B. Novo. Recent Advances in Phytoremediation of Soil Contaminated by Industrial Waste: A Road Map to a Safer Environment. Bioremediation of Industrial Waste for Environmental Safety. 2019; ():207-221.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCassiano Augusto Rolim Bernardino; Claudio F. Mahler; Paula Alvarenga; Paula M. L. Castro; Eduardo Ferreira da Silva; Luís A. B. Novo. 2019. "Recent Advances in Phytoremediation of Soil Contaminated by Industrial Waste: A Road Map to a Safer Environment." Bioremediation of Industrial Waste for Environmental Safety , no. : 207-221.
Fly ash (FA) from biomass combustion and biological sludge (S), both wastes from the pulp and paper industry, were granulated in different proportions (90% FA + 10% S, and 70% FA + 30% S w/w, dry weight basis, dw) and used to recover the functionality of soils affected by mining activities (Aljustrel, Iberian Pyrite Belt), with and without the application of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC). Application doses of both mixtures were 2.5, 5.0 and 10% (w/w, dw). These materials corrected soil acidity to circumneutral values and increased extractable P and K concentrations. A significant increase in soil organic matter (from 0.6 to 0.8–1.5% w/w, dw) and N content (from 0.04 to 0.09–0.12% w/w, dw) was also observed, but only when MSWC was applied. The soil was already heavily contaminated with Cu, Pb and Zn and the application of amendments did not increase their pseudo-total concentrations. The CaCl2 extractable fractions of both Cu and Zn decreased to very low values. The improvement in soil quality, compared to fertilizer only treatment, was further evidenced by the increase in some soil enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase and cellulase), with a better response for the granules with the higher proportion of biological sludge, as well as by the decrease in the soil-water extract toxicity towards different organisms (Daphnia magna, Thamnocephalus platyurus, and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata). Agrostis tenuis germinated and grew during the first month only in the amended pots, but, after that, a considerable phytotoxic effect was evident. This was mainly attributed to salt stress or to some specific ionic toxicity. In conclusion, to establish a long-term plant cover in mining soils amended with biomass ash-based materials, the selection of plants with higher resistance to salinity and/or the stabilization of the amendments, to reduce their soluble salt content, is recommended.
Paula Alvarenga; Débora Rodrigues; Clarisse Mourinha; Patrícia Palma; Amarilis de Varennes; Nuno Cruz; Luís A.C. Tarelho; Sónia Rodrigues. Use of wastes from the pulp and paper industry for the remediation of soils degraded by mining activities: Chemical, biochemical and ecotoxicological effects. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 686, 1152 -1163.
AMA StylePaula Alvarenga, Débora Rodrigues, Clarisse Mourinha, Patrícia Palma, Amarilis de Varennes, Nuno Cruz, Luís A.C. Tarelho, Sónia Rodrigues. Use of wastes from the pulp and paper industry for the remediation of soils degraded by mining activities: Chemical, biochemical and ecotoxicological effects. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 686 ():1152-1163.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaula Alvarenga; Débora Rodrigues; Clarisse Mourinha; Patrícia Palma; Amarilis de Varennes; Nuno Cruz; Luís A.C. Tarelho; Sónia Rodrigues. 2019. "Use of wastes from the pulp and paper industry for the remediation of soils degraded by mining activities: Chemical, biochemical and ecotoxicological effects." Science of The Total Environment 686, no. : 1152-1163.
Using organic wastes as soil amendments can be an important measure to improve soil quality and reduce waste accumulation and landfilling. However, their potential contaminant loads, can be a source of environmental concern. Consequently, legislation has been developed to regulate the use of these wastes in agricultural soils but only considers chemical parameters which are insufficient to establish their level of environmental risk. A possible solution is the use of Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) to incorporate ecotoxicological data from test batteries in legislation. In this study, different hazardous concentrations (HC5 and HC50) were determined using ecotoxicological data (EC10 and EC50) for five different wastes. Results demonstrate that, as expected, current legislative thresholds do not translate to environmental risk/protection and that SSDs may be an important tool allowing the simple inclusion and interpretation of ecotoxicological data from test batteries in legislation. On the other hand, SSDs must be used with caution as there are still doubts on their actual risk and what estimates provide adequate protection. For instance, HC50EC10 values are not recommended and overlap with the more conservative HC5EC50 highlighting that using lower effect concentrations may not always provide the most protective approach. Also, hazardous concentrations need to be calibrated at the field or semi‐field level, to verify environmental protection in different soils/environments and the adequacy of standard test organisms. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Mathieu Renaud; Sonia Chelinho; Paula Alvarenga; Clarisse Mourinha; Patrícia Palma; José Paulo Sousa; Tiago Natal‐Da‐Luz. Exploring the Use of Species Sensitivity Distributions to Define Protective Limits for the Use of Organic Wastes as Soil Amendments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2019, 38, 1569 -1576.
AMA StyleMathieu Renaud, Sonia Chelinho, Paula Alvarenga, Clarisse Mourinha, Patrícia Palma, José Paulo Sousa, Tiago Natal‐Da‐Luz. Exploring the Use of Species Sensitivity Distributions to Define Protective Limits for the Use of Organic Wastes as Soil Amendments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2019; 38 (7):1569-1576.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMathieu Renaud; Sonia Chelinho; Paula Alvarenga; Clarisse Mourinha; Patrícia Palma; José Paulo Sousa; Tiago Natal‐Da‐Luz. 2019. "Exploring the Use of Species Sensitivity Distributions to Define Protective Limits for the Use of Organic Wastes as Soil Amendments." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 38, no. 7: 1569-1576.
The mine abandonment is generally associated with the release of potentially toxic metals into the environment, which may depend on metals speciation, soil properties and climate conditions. The goal of the present work was to assess the environmental impact of the abandoned Pb-Zn mine “Las Musas” (Spain) using an integrative approach. The impact on soils and surface waters was performed using: chemical parameters, quantification of potentially toxic metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn), and ecotoxicological responses using lethal and sub-lethal bioassays with organisms' representative of different trophic level ((soil: Eisenia fetida (mortality and reproduction test); Latuca sativa and Lollium perenne (seedling emergence); and water: Vibrio fischeri (luminescence inhibition), Daphnia magna (immobility and reproduction test), Thamnocephalus platyurus (mortality), Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (growth inhibition)). The results showed soils with neutral to slight alkaline pH (7.64–8.18), low electric conductivity (125–953 μS/cm) and low organic matter levels (0.20–1.85%). For most of the soil samples, Pb was the only metal which surpassed the limit proposed by the Canadian soil quality guidelines, with values ranging from 42.2 to 181.4 mg/kg. The ecotoxicological results showed that the soils with the highest levels of Pb induced a decrease on E. fetida reproduction and on L. sativa germination, indicating negative impacts on the habitat function. The analysis of the surface waters showed levels of Zn surpassing the legal limit adopted from the Water Framework Directive (37.0 to 69.0 μg/L). The ecotoxicological results highlight the importance of bioassays that evaluate the behavior of species, when assessing the risk of mining areas with non-acid soils and waters with high nutrients/organic matter concentrations and low concentrations of potentially toxic metals. The results indicated a moderate environmental risk from potentially toxic metals, at the areas analyzed around the Azuaga mine.
Patrícia Palma; Rocío López-Orozco; Clarisse Mourinha; Ana Lourdes Oropesa; Maria Helena Novais; Paula Alvarenga. Assessment of the environmental impact of an abandoned mine using an integrative approach: A case-study of the “Las Musas” mine (Extremadura, Spain). Science of The Total Environment 2018, 659, 84 -94.
AMA StylePatrícia Palma, Rocío López-Orozco, Clarisse Mourinha, Ana Lourdes Oropesa, Maria Helena Novais, Paula Alvarenga. Assessment of the environmental impact of an abandoned mine using an integrative approach: A case-study of the “Las Musas” mine (Extremadura, Spain). Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 659 ():84-94.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatrícia Palma; Rocío López-Orozco; Clarisse Mourinha; Ana Lourdes Oropesa; Maria Helena Novais; Paula Alvarenga. 2018. "Assessment of the environmental impact of an abandoned mine using an integrative approach: A case-study of the “Las Musas” mine (Extremadura, Spain)." Science of The Total Environment 659, no. : 84-94.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of drinking-water treatment residuals (DWTR) in the amendment of a soil affected by mining activities (Aljustrel mine, Portuguese sector of the Iberian Pyrite Belt), considering the effects on its chemical, biochemical and ecotoxicological characteristics. The DWTR had neutral characteristics (pH 6.7) and an organic matter (OM) content of 575 g kg dry matter (DM), which makes them a potential amendment for the remediation of mine degraded soils, as they may correct soil acidity and reduce the extractable metal fraction. An incubation assay, with soil and DWTR, with or without lime, was carried out to test the doses to be used in the assisted-phytostabilization experiment. Based on the results obtained, the doses of DWTR used were the equivalent to 48, 96, and 144 t DM ha, with and without lime application (CaCO 11 t DM ha). Agrostis tenuis Sibth was used as the test plant. Some amendments doses were able to improve soil characteristics (pH and OM content), to decrease metal extractability by 0.01 M CaCl (especially for Cu and Zn), and to allow plant growth, that did not occur in the non-amended soil. Copper, Pb and Zn concentrations in the plant material were lower than the maximum tolerable level for cattle feed, used as an indicator of risk of entry of those metals into the human food chain. The simultaneous application of DWTR (96 and 144 t ha), with lime, allowed a reduction in the mine soil ecotoxicity, as evaluated by some lethal and sub-lethal bioassays, including luminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna acute immobilization test, mortality of Thamnocephalus platyurus, and 72-h growth inhibition of the green microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. However, DWTR were unable to increase soil microbial activity, evaluated by dehydrogenase activity, an important soil-health indicator. Also, OM content and N, concentrations increased slightly but remained low or very low (P and K extractable concentrations were not affected). In general, the bioassays highlighted a decrease in soil ecotoxicity with the presence of lime and DWTR (144 t DM ha). In conclusion, DWTR are recommended to amend acidic soils, with high concentrations of trace elements, but an additional application of organic or mineral fertilizers should be considered.
P. Alvarenga; C. Ferreira; C. Mourinha; Patrícia Palma; A. de Varennes. Chemical and ecotoxicological effects of the use of drinking-water treatment residuals for the remediation of soils degraded by mining activities. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2018, 161, 281 -289.
AMA StyleP. Alvarenga, C. Ferreira, C. Mourinha, Patrícia Palma, A. de Varennes. Chemical and ecotoxicological effects of the use of drinking-water treatment residuals for the remediation of soils degraded by mining activities. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2018; 161 ():281-289.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP. Alvarenga; C. Ferreira; C. Mourinha; Patrícia Palma; A. de Varennes. 2018. "Chemical and ecotoxicological effects of the use of drinking-water treatment residuals for the remediation of soils degraded by mining activities." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 161, no. : 281-289.
Carlos Manuel Almeida Santos; Paulo Morais; André Paixão; Eduardo Fortunato; Francisco Asseiceiro; Paula Alvarenga; Luís Gomes. An integrated monitoring system for continuous evaluation of railway tracks for efficient asset management. Road and Rail Infrastructure V 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleCarlos Manuel Almeida Santos, Paulo Morais, André Paixão, Eduardo Fortunato, Francisco Asseiceiro, Paula Alvarenga, Luís Gomes. An integrated monitoring system for continuous evaluation of railway tracks for efficient asset management. Road and Rail Infrastructure V. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Manuel Almeida Santos; Paulo Morais; André Paixão; Eduardo Fortunato; Francisco Asseiceiro; Paula Alvarenga; Luís Gomes. 2018. "An integrated monitoring system for continuous evaluation of railway tracks for efficient asset management." Road and Rail Infrastructure V , no. : 1.
The objective of the study was to assess the integrated use of macroinvertebrate indexes and ecotoxicological parameters in the evaluation of the ecological status of a temporary stream with a strong agricultural influence. Water quality was analysed at two sampling sites along the stream, considering: chemical supporting parameters; hazardous substances (pesticides); benthic macroinvertebrate communities, through quality (Iberian Biological Monitoring Working Party and Iberian Average Score Per Taxon) and multi-metric indices (Southern Portuguese Index of Invertebrates and Ecological Quality Ratio); and ecotoxicological responses using lethal and sub-lethal bioassays. The water chemical characterization showed high levels of organic matter and nutrients, mainly in the dry period ((biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5): 18.5–25.5 mg L−1, chemical oxygen demand (COD): 60.8–193.7 mg L−1; total phosphorus (TP): 0.17–0.33 mg L−1)), which may compromise the support of biological life. In accordance with the physicochemical results, the stream had an ecological status less than good. Of the 25 pesticides analysed, only five, namely terbuthylazine, 2-methyl-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, bentazone, mecoprop and metolachlor were quantified. In general, the concentrations of pesticides detected were low, except at the source of the stream in January 2012 (sum of pesticides 2.29 μg L−1), mainly due to the concentration of bentazone (1.77 μg L−1), both values surpassing the European Commission threshold values. The analysis of benthic macroinvertebrates showed low levels of abundance and family diversity, with communities dominated by resistant groups to organic pollution and pesticides, such as the Chironomidae family. In general, the reproduction ecotoxicological results showed a very marked decrease in the number of juveniles per female. The Spearman correlation identified pesticides, namely MCPA (R = −0.89; p < 0.05), as the main responsible for the observed effect. The results showed the linearity and complementarity of the two groups of biological responses, allowing to cover the interactions between the ecosystem's species and the different types of pollutants.
P. Palma; C. Matos; Paula Alvarenga; M. Köck-Schulmeyer; I. Simões; D. Barceló; M.J. López de Alda. Ecological and ecotoxicological responses in the assessment of the ecological status of freshwater systems: A case-study of the temporary stream Brejo of Cagarrão (South of Portugal). Science of The Total Environment 2018, 634, 394 -406.
AMA StyleP. Palma, C. Matos, Paula Alvarenga, M. Köck-Schulmeyer, I. Simões, D. Barceló, M.J. López de Alda. Ecological and ecotoxicological responses in the assessment of the ecological status of freshwater systems: A case-study of the temporary stream Brejo of Cagarrão (South of Portugal). Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 634 ():394-406.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP. Palma; C. Matos; Paula Alvarenga; M. Köck-Schulmeyer; I. Simões; D. Barceló; M.J. López de Alda. 2018. "Ecological and ecotoxicological responses in the assessment of the ecological status of freshwater systems: A case-study of the temporary stream Brejo of Cagarrão (South of Portugal)." Science of The Total Environment 634, no. : 394-406.
Maria M. Abreu; Oluranti Agboola; Jitendra Ahirwal; Paula Alvarenga; Lander De J. Alves; Diego Arán; Danijela Arsenov; Zhongke Bai; Avelino M.A. Balsinhas; Ritesh Banerjee; Bruno Barbosa; José M. Becerril; Peter Beckett; Mokgadi F. Bobape; Paulo S.F. Bomfim; Milan Borišev; Rosilaine Carrenho; José E.F. Castanheiro; Paula M.L. Castro; Tamara S. Chibrik; Rafael Clemente; Ronan Courtney; Irailde Da Silva Santos; Eduardo F. Da Silva; Amarílis De Varennes; Bhupinder Dhir; Xiang Fan; Paulo J.C. Favas; Ana L. Fernando; Elena I. Filimonova; Jan Frouz; Carlos Garbisu; Margarita A. Glazyrina; Priya Goswami; Anna Grobelak; Eduardo Gross; Sri Ramaraju Guvvala; Martin Haigh; Antonius Indarto; Irwan Iskandar; Małgorzata Kacprzak; Nobuyuki Kitajima; Paulina Kokot; Galina Koptsik; Sergey Koptsik; Vladimir Korotkov; Wojciech Krzaklewski; Adarsh Kumar; Xiaoyang Liu; Denise M. Loureiro; Natalia V. Lukina; Subodh K. Maiti; Pedro A.O. Mangabeira; Louis E. Martino; Hector H.S. Medrado; Bodin Mongkhonsin; Anita Mukherjee; Sangeeta Mukhopadhyay; Ruttanakorn Munjit; Woranan Nakbanpote; Ashwini Nangia; Nataša Nikolić; Luís A.B. Novo; Fábio C. Nunes; Maurice S. Onyango; Opeyemi A. Oyewo; Slobodanka Pajević; Natthawoot Panitlertumpai; Marcin Pietrzykowski; Andrej Pilipović; Ana P. Pinto; Patricia Popoola; Daniel Pramudita; Majeti N.V. Prasad; Eugene A. Rakov; Ladawan Rattanapolsan; Agnieszka Rorat; Erika S. Santos; Abin Sebastian; Bal R. Singh; Graeme Spiers; Ganapathi Sridevi; Palaniswamy Thangavel; Tripti; Palanisamy Vasudhevan; Munirathinam Velan; Aliyu A. Warra; Ronglei Yang; Chuxin Zhu; Milan Župunski. List of Contributors. Bio-Geotechnologies for Mine Site Rehabilitation 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleMaria M. Abreu, Oluranti Agboola, Jitendra Ahirwal, Paula Alvarenga, Lander De J. Alves, Diego Arán, Danijela Arsenov, Zhongke Bai, Avelino M.A. Balsinhas, Ritesh Banerjee, Bruno Barbosa, José M. Becerril, Peter Beckett, Mokgadi F. Bobape, Paulo S.F. Bomfim, Milan Borišev, Rosilaine Carrenho, José E.F. Castanheiro, Paula M.L. Castro, Tamara S. Chibrik, Rafael Clemente, Ronan Courtney, Irailde Da Silva Santos, Eduardo F. Da Silva, Amarílis De Varennes, Bhupinder Dhir, Xiang Fan, Paulo J.C. Favas, Ana L. Fernando, Elena I. Filimonova, Jan Frouz, Carlos Garbisu, Margarita A. Glazyrina, Priya Goswami, Anna Grobelak, Eduardo Gross, Sri Ramaraju Guvvala, Martin Haigh, Antonius Indarto, Irwan Iskandar, Małgorzata Kacprzak, Nobuyuki Kitajima, Paulina Kokot, Galina Koptsik, Sergey Koptsik, Vladimir Korotkov, Wojciech Krzaklewski, Adarsh Kumar, Xiaoyang Liu, Denise M. Loureiro, Natalia V. Lukina, Subodh K. Maiti, Pedro A.O. Mangabeira, Louis E. Martino, Hector H.S. Medrado, Bodin Mongkhonsin, Anita Mukherjee, Sangeeta Mukhopadhyay, Ruttanakorn Munjit, Woranan Nakbanpote, Ashwini Nangia, Nataša Nikolić, Luís A.B. Novo, Fábio C. Nunes, Maurice S. Onyango, Opeyemi A. Oyewo, Slobodanka Pajević, Natthawoot Panitlertumpai, Marcin Pietrzykowski, Andrej Pilipović, Ana P. Pinto, Patricia Popoola, Daniel Pramudita, Majeti N.V. Prasad, Eugene A. Rakov, Ladawan Rattanapolsan, Agnieszka Rorat, Erika S. Santos, Abin Sebastian, Bal R. Singh, Graeme Spiers, Ganapathi Sridevi, Palaniswamy Thangavel, Tripti, Palanisamy Vasudhevan, Munirathinam Velan, Aliyu A. Warra, Ronglei Yang, Chuxin Zhu, Milan Župunski. List of Contributors. Bio-Geotechnologies for Mine Site Rehabilitation. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria M. Abreu; Oluranti Agboola; Jitendra Ahirwal; Paula Alvarenga; Lander De J. Alves; Diego Arán; Danijela Arsenov; Zhongke Bai; Avelino M.A. Balsinhas; Ritesh Banerjee; Bruno Barbosa; José M. Becerril; Peter Beckett; Mokgadi F. Bobape; Paulo S.F. Bomfim; Milan Borišev; Rosilaine Carrenho; José E.F. Castanheiro; Paula M.L. Castro; Tamara S. Chibrik; Rafael Clemente; Ronan Courtney; Irailde Da Silva Santos; Eduardo F. Da Silva; Amarílis De Varennes; Bhupinder Dhir; Xiang Fan; Paulo J.C. Favas; Ana L. Fernando; Elena I. Filimonova; Jan Frouz; Carlos Garbisu; Margarita A. Glazyrina; Priya Goswami; Anna Grobelak; Eduardo Gross; Sri Ramaraju Guvvala; Martin Haigh; Antonius Indarto; Irwan Iskandar; Małgorzata Kacprzak; Nobuyuki Kitajima; Paulina Kokot; Galina Koptsik; Sergey Koptsik; Vladimir Korotkov; Wojciech Krzaklewski; Adarsh Kumar; Xiaoyang Liu; Denise M. Loureiro; Natalia V. Lukina; Subodh K. Maiti; Pedro A.O. Mangabeira; Louis E. Martino; Hector H.S. Medrado; Bodin Mongkhonsin; Anita Mukherjee; Sangeeta Mukhopadhyay; Ruttanakorn Munjit; Woranan Nakbanpote; Ashwini Nangia; Nataša Nikolić; Luís A.B. Novo; Fábio C. Nunes; Maurice S. Onyango; Opeyemi A. Oyewo; Slobodanka Pajević; Natthawoot Panitlertumpai; Marcin Pietrzykowski; Andrej Pilipović; Ana P. Pinto; Patricia Popoola; Daniel Pramudita; Majeti N.V. Prasad; Eugene A. Rakov; Ladawan Rattanapolsan; Agnieszka Rorat; Erika S. Santos; Abin Sebastian; Bal R. Singh; Graeme Spiers; Ganapathi Sridevi; Palaniswamy Thangavel; Tripti; Palanisamy Vasudhevan; Munirathinam Velan; Aliyu A. Warra; Ronglei Yang; Chuxin Zhu; Milan Župunski. 2018. "List of Contributors." Bio-Geotechnologies for Mine Site Rehabilitation , no. : 1.
There are a number of strategies employed for mine site rehabilitation that, in opposition to conventional remedial approaches, which involve the removal of contaminated soil or its capping with an impermeable layer, are based on in situ technologies of soil remediation. The aim of these in situ technologies is to reduce trace element's total concentration and mobility, which can be achieved by raising soil pH, adding amendments, and/or establishing a sustainable plant cover. The measurement of total metal concentrations has been, in the past, the main concern of remediation studies; however, nowadays, strategies to monitor mine soil rehabilitation should take into account the soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties. In this respect, the benefits and risks from the application of remediation approaches must be evaluated not only in terms of soil physicochemical characteristics but also regarding relevant bioassays that can assess contaminant bioavailability, soil health, and the restoration of soil processes and ecosystem services. This chapter describes different tests for the assessment of mine site rehabilitation, from traditional chemical and physical analyses to more recently proposed toxicological and biological assays that include a range of ecological receptors, endpoints, and relevant exposure pathways, which are recommended to be used in a complete soil health assessment. If ecological risk assessment is to be used as a suitable decision-making tool, it needs to be improved and addresses two main challenges: (1) to take into account not only the total concentration of contaminants but also their bioavailable fractions and (2) to incorporate data from ecological bioassays as well as from traditional toxicological tests.
Paula Alvarenga; Rafael Clemente; Carlos Garbisu; José M. Becerril. Indicators for Monitoring Mine Site Rehabilitation. Bio-Geotechnologies for Mine Site Rehabilitation 2018, 49 -66.
AMA StylePaula Alvarenga, Rafael Clemente, Carlos Garbisu, José M. Becerril. Indicators for Monitoring Mine Site Rehabilitation. Bio-Geotechnologies for Mine Site Rehabilitation. 2018; ():49-66.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaula Alvarenga; Rafael Clemente; Carlos Garbisu; José M. Becerril. 2018. "Indicators for Monitoring Mine Site Rehabilitation." Bio-Geotechnologies for Mine Site Rehabilitation , no. : 49-66.