By systematic review with a three-level, mixed-effects meta-analysis, this paper examines the prevalence of sexting experiences among youths aimed at analyzing conceptual and methodological moderators that might explain its heterogeneity. A search was conducted of five bibliographic databases and grey literature up until February 2020. The risk of bias in primary studies was assessed. A total of seventy-nine articles met the set inclusion criteria. Mean prevalences for sending, receiving and forwarding sexts were .14 (95% CI: .12, .17), .31 (95% CI: .26, .36) and .07 (95% CI: .05, .09), respectively, expressed as fractions over one. Moderator analyses showed that all sexting experiences increased with age (e.g., the mean prevalence for sending sexts at the age of 12 was .04, whereas, at the age of 16, it was .21) and year of data collection (e.g., the mean prevalence for sending sexts in studies collecting data in 2009 was .07, whereas, in studies collecting data in 2018, it was .33). Subgroup analysis revealed that studies with probabilistic samples led to significantly lower mean prevalences for the sexting experiences of sending (.08, 95% CI: .06, .11), receiving (.19, 95% CI: .15, .24) and forwarding sexts (.04, 95% CI: .03, .07). Self-reported administration procedures also led to more homogeneous prevalence estimates than interviews. Prevalence estimates also varied according to the type of media content (e.g., the mean prevalence for sending sexual text messages was .22, whereas, for sending sexual images or videos, it was .12). Overall, our meta-analysis results suggest high and increasing prevalences of sending and receiving sexts among youths.

“Sexting” is generally defined as the exchange of sexual media content via the internet. However, research on this topic has underscored the need to seek greater consensus when considering different conceptual elements that make up this definition. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an instrument for measuring sexting among adolescents, in order to cover a gap identified in the previous literature. The Adolescent Sexting Scale (A-SextS for short) was developed for validation on a sample of 579 Spanish secondary school pupils between the ages of 11 and 18. Evidence for face, content, concurrent, and criterion validity were assessed. A comprehensive set of 64 items, covering six defining characteristics of sexting (e.g., actions, recipient, media format, degree of sexual explicitness), was constructed after conducting an extensive literature review, two discussion groups, and a pilot study. Sexting prevalence rates measured by A-SextS were mostly concurrent with those found in previous studies. A-SextS subscales produced statistically significant positive associations with pornography consumption and physical sexual intercourse. The study shows that A-SextS can be an integrating instrument that facilitates a rigorous and comprehensive assessment of adolescent sexting experiences, as well as the formulation of an operationalized definition of the practice of sexting.

The present work seeks to deepen the impact of factors linked to the characteristics of teaching practices and students’ attitudes towards the use of technology on their performance in mathematics in the process of teaching-learning in the Spanish context. In this sense, this study is a secondary analysis of the PISA 2012 data. Therefore, it is an ex post facto design. Regarding the attitudes and the contextual variables, the results do coincide with the accumulated evidence. However, once these contextual effects have been controlled for, the negative relationship found between the pedagogic strategies used by the teachers and the mathematics score cannot but convey perplexity, since the results relative to student-oriented, formative assessment and teacher-directed instruction are clearly contradictory to the solid previous evidence. The data do not allow us to explain this paradoxical result. We dare to point to a conjecture that we find plausible. All these complex variables are informed through questionnaires responded to by students and require a great degree of inference in the answers. Future studies must consider the complexity of the measured variables as well as the students’ perception and understanding of them.

The aim of this research is to examine associations of adolescent sexting with gender, being in a romantic relationship, and other online or offline sexual behaviors, using the adolescent sexting scale A-SextS as a standardized measure. Data were collected from a sample of 579 Spanish secondary school pupils (47.3% girls), between the ages of 11 and 18 (interquartile range: 13–15 years; median = 14 years). Multinomial regression models revealed that having had sexual intercourse was the most relevant predictor variable, especially for high-frequency sexting. Adolescents involved in a romantic relationship were more likely to engage in high-frequency sexting with someone known in person. Pornography consumption was mainly associated with high-frequency explicit sexting with someone known only on the internet. Lastly, females were more likely to engage in low-frequency, non-explicit sexting as well as high-frequency explicit sexting with someone known only on the internet.

INTRODUCCIÓN. Se presenta un estudio censal sobre la eficacia escolar en los centros educativos de primaria de la comunidad autónoma de La Rioja, un análisis secundario de una evaluación diagnóstica (ED) previa en esa comunidad. Se valoró el impacto de variables contextuales en los rendimientos de las asignaturas evaluadas no usando las puntuaciones medias brutas obtenidas en la ED, sino las puntuaciones medias ajustadas una vez controlado el efecto de variables contextuales. MÉTODO. El control se realizó por modelización estadística multinivel con modelos jerárquicos lineales en dos niveles: estudiantes y centros. Los residuos de los modelos se usaron como criterio de eficacia escolar. RESULTADOS. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo por niveles de las variables contextuales y de los rendimientos, además de un análisis detallado de los modelos jerárquicos por asignaturas. A partir de los residuos de los modelos se logró una ordenación de los centros según su eficacia. DISCUSIÓN. Los modelos jerárquicos lineales resultaron ser una herramienta adecuada para conocer el impacto de las variables contextuales en el aprendizaje escolar, más allá del rendimiento de los centros aportado previamente en la ED. Los modelos posibilitaron conocer los centros escolares con los mejores y peores resultados de eficacia controlado el efecto del contexto. La estrategia jerárquica detectó que en la relación de centros se encuentran escuelas de ambas redes y de muy diverso nivel socioeconómico, así como que en centros en los que en una asignatura obtienen un residuo muy alto (o muy bajo) no les ocurre lo mismo en otras asignaturas, informaciones imposibles de lograr con herramientas de análisis más convencionales.