Este trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar diferentes métodos de control de enfermedades de la mazorca de Theobroma cacao ‘CCN-51’ en Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador. Los tratamientos fueron una mezcla de dos pesticidas químicos (Clorotalonil y Pyraclostrobin) y uno biológico (Bacillus subtilis) con y sin fertilizantes. En total se evaluaron 16 tratamientos con 3 repeticiones, instalados en una plantación comercial de cacao ‘CCN-51’ y bajo un Diseño de Bloques Completos al Azar (DBCA). Los resultados mostraron que el uso de fungicidas (químicos y biológicos), disminuyó la incidencia de la “moniliasis” (Moniliophthora roreri), “mancha parda” (Phytophthora spp.) y “cherelle wilt”; pero la aplicación de fertilizantes no aumentó la efectividad de estos productos. El tratamiento solo con labores culturales, no disminuyó la incidencia final de la “moniliasis”, tampoco de la “pudrición parda”; en cambio aumentó la incidencia final del “cherelle wilt”. El número de mazorcas y el rendimiento no estuvieron directamente relacionados y el mayor rendimiento de cacao fermentado y seco, correspondió al T2 [Labores Culturales + Clorotalonil (1 kg ha-1) (c/15 días) + Pyraclostrobin (0.5 kg ha-1) (c/90 días) + Fertilizante (0,4 kg. ha-1) + Abono (2 kg/planta)], tratamiento que también tuvo el mayor ingreso neto/ha.

This study was carried out with bryophyte populations in order to study the presence of populations and how they change over altitudinal gradients. Mosses were chosen as a model to do this study because they have a high sensitivity to climatic conditions and wide distribution. The western region of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, Boyacá, Colombia has a wide range of climate and ecosystems due to its complex topography. Plots were sampled every 200 m from the peak of Mount Mahoma at 4,200 m a.s.l. south to the Chicamocha River canyon at 1,200 m a.s.l. Diversity and cover are analyzed in each plot from soil, rock and bark substrates. We found 80 species distributed in 29 families, with Pottiaceae and Brachytheciaceae the most diverse families. Ours results show a tendency of the diversity and the coverage to increase with altitude, and we observed five altitudinal belts with three populations defined by mosses species. The Páramo and Superpáramo belts are the richest ones.

Introduction. Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is an important crop in producing countries like Peru, where approximately two million families depend on its production, distribution, and marketing. But in recent years, climate change has increased the presence of coffee leaf rust - CLR (H. vastatrix), a disease that has decreased Peruvian production by up to 27%. Objective. Monitor the severity of CLR in different genotypes of coffee cv. Typica from April-2017 to March-2018. Material and methods. The experiment was carried out in the coffee germplasm bank at the Development Regional Institute (IRD)-Selva of the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. The severity and the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) in the lower, middle, and upper part of coffee trees were quantified. Result. There was high severity and AUDPC in the dry season (low precipitation) compared to the rainy season (high precipitation). Severity and AUDPC gradually decreased from the bottom to the top of the plant (lower>middle>upper). Also, UNACAF-24A, UNACAF-16, UNACAF-158, and UNACAF-162 genotypes stood out by showing lowest severity (0-1.1 %) and AUDPC (0-714) in the experiment. Conclusion. In this experiment, the genotypes in dry season presented high peaks of severity and UDPC of CLR, meanwhile, in rainy season the presence of CLR was lower. However, in both seasons, severity and AUDPC gradually decreased from the lower third to the upper thirf of the plant. Finally, UNACAF-24A, UNACAF-16, UNACAF-158, and UNACAF-162 presented the lowest degrees of severity of CLR.

Coffee leaf rust (CLR), a fungal disease caused by Hemileia vastatrix, represents Peru’s most significant threat to coffee production. The CLR epidemic (2012–2013) led Peru to implement an emergency plan under which coffee plantations underwent renewal using rust-resistant varieties derived from a Timor hybrid (HDT; Coffea arabica × canephora hybrid) like Catimors. Nevertheless, new pathogenic rust races capable of infecting these varieties have been recorded. Eighteen rust samples from coffee genotypes, such as Caturra, Typica, and Catimor, were collected in various Peruvian regions and sent to CIFC/ISA/UL (Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro/Instituto Superior de Agronomia/Universidade de Lisboa) in Portugal for race characterization. Assessing the virulence spectra of rust samples on a set of 27 coffee differentials resulted in the identification of 5 known and 2 new races. This study emphasizes the significance of conducting surveys on the diversity of H. vastatrix races in Peru for effective disease management. Moreover, Catimor lines, widely cultivated in coffee-growing countries, are susceptible to the 2 new races and to races XXXIV and XXXV identified in this study. Thus, coffee farmers need to know the resistance spectrum of new varieties before introducing them to CLR-affected regions.

The objective of this research was to know the behavior of ten coffee cultivars against Hemileia vastatrix in San Ramón (Chanchamayo, Peru). The test was carried out from April 2017 to March 2018 at the Coffee Germplasm Bank, at the Regional Development Institute “La Génova” (San Ramón, Chanchamayo) of La Molina National Agrarian University. 10 cultivars were selected (Catimor, Pache, Mundo Novo, Pacamara, Caturra, Catuaí, Bourbon, Typica, Maragogype and Geisha), each one with 5 plants (2 × 1 m) of seven years of age, installed under the shade of trees of Inga sp. (12 × 12 m). For the statistical analysis, it was worked as a Completely Random Design, considering each cultivar as a treatment and each plant as a repetition. The severity was evaluated throughout a year, in the lower, middle and upper third of each plant, using a graphic scale. For the months with high severity, a comparison of means obtained in each third of the plant and for each variety was made. Then, the severity means obtained in each cultivar were compared. The results showed that the severity was different in each of the ten cultivars evaluated. Throughout the year, the highest severity values corresponded to the months of April, May and June 2017. The severity was greater in the lower third and was decreasing until the upper third of the plant, presenting statistically significant differences. Maragogype, presented the highest severity (15.9%) and Pacamara the lowest (1.3%), values that were also statistically different.

El Perú, cuenta con más de 425 000 ha cultivadas de café, distribuidas entre más de 25 variedades comerciales. Lamentablemente, estas fueron introducidas casi siempre de manera informal; pero en los últimos años, esta situación parece cambiar. Nuestro país, no cuenta con una entidad dedicada a desarrollar variedades mejoradas de café. Por eso, la importancia de introducir variedades mejoradas a nuestro país; pero de manera ordenada y siguiendo los protocolos establecidos por las entidades oficiales. Este documento tiene como objetivo presentar una revisión sobre las características de estas variedades y algunas experiencias de su comportamiento en nuestro país, información importante para una especie introducida que se cultiva hace más de 100 años en la selva peruana. En el germoplasma colectado en nuestro país (“germoplasma peruano”), se encontraron variedades con rendimiento mayores al promedio nacional, con incidencia baja de roya y con puntajes en taza iguales o mayores a los 80 puntos. Destacan los genotipos pertenecientes al grupo de los Catimores, como la UNACAF-90, UNACAF-135. En los próximos años, se espera tener información disponible en nuestro país, del comportamiento de las 35 variedades como Ruiru, Paraíso, Kartila 1, Batian, Andungsari, Catiga MG2, USDA 762, que vienen siendo evaluadas en el marco del ensayo mundial de variedades, ejecutada por WCR y que en nuestro país coordina la JNC. De igual manera de las 46 variedades introducidas en el 2021 por el INIA desde el CATIE de Costa Rica y que se encuentran bajo cuarentena en la EE Pichanaki en la selva central, para su posterior evaluación en el campo.