Plastic waste poses a serious threat to the environment and it has been increasing at an alarming rate. In 2022, global plastic waste generation was reported to be around 380 million tonnes as compared to 353 million tonnes in 2019. Production of liquid fuel from plastic waste is regarded as a viable method for disposing of the plastic and utilizing its energy. Currently, a wide range of technologies have been explored for turning plastic waste into fuel, including the conventional pyrolysis, incineration, gasification and advanced oxidation. However, a systematic summary and comparative analysis of various technologies has still not reported. Traditional non-biodegradable plastic waste (NPW) treatment methods include landfilling and incineration, but these methods encounter bottlenecks and are unable to adequately address NPW issues. This review attempts to present a thorough summary of treatment methods for plastic waste (both conventional and novel treatment technologies that have recently been reported), examine their mechanism and their current state of development. Furthermore, the superiority and drawbacks of each technology are analysed and the prospects of technology application are proposed. By tackling the problems of white pollution and energy scarcity, this review intends to inspire the use of solid waste as a source of energy.

This communication presents a performance analysis of an improved cookstove model with various types of woody biomass such as sheesham (Dalbergia sissoo), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globus), bakana neem (Persian lilac) and shahtoot (melbari), in varying quantities from 1 to 5 kg. The cookstove model was designed, fabricated and analyzed based on energy, exergy and power output and following the standard testing protocol, i.e. the water boiling test (WBT). The results exhibit different trends with different types and quantities of wood and are found to be consistent and comparable with each other. The results also exhibit that the cookstove model performed better than the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) permissible limit and hence provides new scientific insights into the design and evaluation of improved biomass cookstoves. The variation of energy and exergy efficiencies against the operating time was found to be in the range of 25.83–30.53% for sheesham wood, and 3.83–5.01% for eucalyptus wood. The present models are found to be superior with respect to the important performance parameters when compared with the already existing models following the same standard test protocols.

This article presents the design, development, experimental evaluation and parametric study of different biomass cookstove models using different feedstock having typical characteristics. This study is based on the emission reduction potential, energy, exergy, and power output by varying the quantity of different fuel wood while following the water boiling test protocols. Although the results obtained in this article exhibits several trends, with different types and quantity of wood yet are found to be consistent and comparable with one another. However, some trends are found to be very interesting and different from those already available in the literature. These results also exhibit that a specific model performs better than others in one condition, while the other does so for other set of operating conditions. This study presented here also explores the possibility for new scientific insights in the design, development and dissemination of improved biomass cookstoves in the field of sustainable development of society.