The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of hippotherapy (therapy with horses) on posture and body function among children with cerebral palsy. A case–control study included forty-five children aged 6–12 years, classified as Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level I or II, with spastic diplegia or hemiplegia. The participants were randomly divided into three groups: study I (n = 15), study II (n = 15) and control (n = 15). The children from the study groups attended 30min hippotherapy sessions for 12 consecutive weeks, twice (study group I) or once (study group II) a week. The Sitting Assessment Scale (SAS) was used. A comparison of SAS showed an improvement in almost all the assessed categories among the children who participated in hippotherapy. In study group I, statistically significant differences were noted in the assessment of head position control, arm function (in both cases, p = 0.012) and trunk control (p = 0.005) and in study group II in the assessment of trunk control (p = 0.028). Hippotherapy has a positive influence on the body posture and function of individual body parts in a sitting position among children with cerebral palsy.

Thoracic outlet syndrome is a group of disorders that affect the upper extremity and neck, resulting in compression of the neurovascular bundle that exits the thoracic outlet. Depending on the type of compressed structure, the arterial, venous, and neurogenic forms of TOS are distinguished. In some populations, e.g., in certain groups of athletes, some sources report incidence rates as high as about 80 cases per 1000 people, while in the general population, it is equal to 2–4 per 1000. Although the pathogenesis of this condition appears relatively simple, there are a very large number of overlapping risk factors that drive such a high incidence in certain risk groups. Undoubtedly, a thorough knowledge of them and their etiology is essential to estimate the risk of TOS or make a quick and accurate diagnosis.

The diagnostic process that allows pronator syndrome to be differentiated reliably from carpal tunnel syndrome remains a challenge for clinicians, as evidenced by the most common cause of pronator syndrome misdiagnosis: carpal tunnel syndrome. Pronator syndrome can be caused by compression of the median nerve as it passes through the anatomical structures of the forearm, while carpal tunnel syndrome refers to one particular topographic area within which compression occurs, the carpal tunnel. The present narrative review is a complex clinical comparison of the two syndromes with their anatomical backgrounds involving topographical relationships, morphology, clinical picture, differential diagnosis, and therapeutic options. It discusses the most frequently used diagnostic techniques and their correct interpretations. Its main goal is to provide an up-to-date picture of the current understanding of the disease processes and their etiologies, to establish an appropriate diagnosis, and introduce relevant treatment benefiting the patient.

The tibialis anterior muscle originates on the lateral condyle of the tibia, on the upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of this bone, on the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane and on the deep surface of the fascia cruris. The distal attachment is typically at the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal. However, the tibialis anterior tendon can vary morphologically in both adults and fetuses. Different authors have created new classification systems for it. The main aim of this review is to present condensed information about the tibialis anterior tendon based on the available literature. Another aim is to compare classification systems and the results of previous studies.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the Pavlik harness treatment in patients with bilaterally dislocated hips, and to compare them with cases with unilaterally dislocated hips. Twenty-nine patients (58 hips) were identified who presented with bilateral dislocated hips with no earlier treatment and received dynamic ultrasound examination. The comparison group consisted of 38 patients (38 hips) with unilateral hip dislocation treated with the same protocol. Successful treatment was defined as relocation/reduction of the hips within 3 weeks of Pavlik harness application. Seventeen of 29 patients (59%) in the bilateral group (7 bilateral, 10 unilateral) and 22 of 38 patients (58%) in the unilateral group failed the harness treatment. There was no difference in the duration of harness wear for successful patients regardless of presentation. Patients presenting with bilaterally dislocated hips treated with the Pavlik harness are at no greater risk for failure than patients presenting with unilateral hip dislocation. Level 3.