Summary: Molecular farming using edible plants offers a cost‐effective strategy for vaccine production because plants serve as both bioreactors and oral delivery systems. Owing to its rapid clonal propagation and high protein content, duckweed represents a promising platform for this purpose. Here, we developed an edible duckweed‐based vaccine targeting avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a highly contagious respiratory pathogen in poultry, and directly compared its efficacy to that of a commercial live‐attenuated H120 vaccine. Transgenic duckweed expressing the IBV antigen peptide EpiC was orally administered to chickens, followed by immunological assessment and viral challenge. Without an adjuvant, the EpiC duckweed vaccine elicited robust systemic IgG and mucosal sIgA responses, conferring 100% protection against lethal IBV challenge – which is comparable to or exceeds the efficacy of the H120 vaccine. Strikingly, co‐administration with duckweed expressing IL‐17B as an adjuvant synergistically enhanced immune responses, including elevated IBV‐specific IgGs in serum ( P < 0.001), increased IBV‐specific sIgAs in the trachea and kidney ( P < 0.05), and reduced tracheal viral loads ( P < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis revealed the upregulation of B‐cell receptors and enrichment of the IgA production pathway, indicating that sIgA‐mediated mucosal immunity is a key protective mechanism. Histopathological analysis confirmed protection against IBV‐induced tissue damage, whereas a reduced viral load in critical organs demonstrated systemic efficacy. By outperforming a licenced vaccine in head‐to‐head comparisons, this work highlights the readiness of duckweed for real‐world adoption, offering transformative potential for combating mucosa‐associated infections in the poultry industry and beyond.

Introduction: The heterogeneity of treatment response in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients poses great challenges for risk scoring and treatment stratification. Carbohydrate metabolism plays a crucial role in response to therapy in AML. In this multicohort study, we investigated whether carbohydrate metabolism related genes (CRGs) could improve prognostic classification and predict response of immunity and treatment in AML patients.Methods: Using univariate regression and LASSO-Cox stepwise regression analysis, we developed a CRG prognostic signature that consists of 10 genes. Stratified by the median risk score, patients were divided into high-risk group and low-risk group. Using TCGA and GEO public data cohorts and our cohort (1031 non-M3 patients in total), we demonstrated the consistency and accuracy of the CRG score on the predictive performance of AML survival.Results: The overall survival (OS) was significantly shorter in high-risk group. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the high-risk group compared to the low-risk group. GO and GSEA analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly involved in immune response signaling pathways. Analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells confirmed that the immune microenvironment was strongly suppressed in high-risk group. The results of potential drugs for risk groups showed that inhibitors of carbohydrate metabolism were effective.Discussion: The CRG signature was involved in immune response in AML. A novel risk model based on CRGs proposed in our study is promising prognostic classifications in AML, which may provide novel insights for developing accurate targeted cancer therapies.

This study evaluated the potential of duckweed as a human food, ethanol feedstock, and anticancer drug. First, the nutritional value of wild duckweed was reported for the first time. Its main composition was similar to that of artificially cultivated duckweed, and thus, wild duckweed can serve as a great human food source. In addition, high-starch duckweed induced by nutrient starvation was fermented into bioethanol. A yield of 0.262g/g, the highest duckweed-ethanol yield reported thus far, was achieved, indicating that duckweed is an excellent feedstock for ethanol production. Finally, the anticancer effects of duckweed flavonoids (DFs) were assessed for the first time using acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cells as models in vitro and in vivo. The results revealed that DFs possessed antileukaemia activity and were safe and effective for AML therapy. In conclusion, duckweed was demonstrated to be helpful for humans for food security, energy crisis remediation, and tumour treatment.

Due to the poor prognosis of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL), there is an urgent need to identify safer and more cost-effective drugs.This study evaluated the antitumour activity of Sh...