Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16–30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77–0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50–0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80–0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54–0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11 827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long-term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services. National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit, Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, Medtronic, Sarcoma UK, The Urology Foundation, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research.

On March 11, 2020, the novel Corona virus disease (COVID-19), was described as a pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO). Globally, the COVID-19 has not only affected the public health socially but also has rigorously affected economically. Substantial declines in income, increase in unemployment, and distractions in the transportation, amenities, and industrial sectors are amongst the major concerns of the pandemic disease extenuation. Furthermore, the governments of most of the countries underestimated the menaces of COVID-19 spread and were typically responsive for the calamities in their respective countries. As outbreak of this pandemic is not likely to wane in the nearby future, preventive actions are prerequisite to prevent infection spread, save people lives and also to save the economic affluence. In this review, based on the present knowledge and available literature, we have demonstrated the various aspects of pre-and post-COVID-19 effects over the social and economic phases worldwide. Moreover, the evidence based data have been summarized regarding threats, social influences, scientific upgrades, moral dynamics, stress and adapting in the pre- and post- COVID-19 situations.

Spirulina, a polyphyletic group of algae, is known for its economically significant products and is widely used as a dietary supplement. It is rich in essential elements and compounds, including proteins, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, making it a valuable nutritional resource. Spirulina platensis, in particular, has been extensively studied for its nutritional richness and antioxidant properties. This article reviews Spirulina's biochemical composition from 2005 to 2023, using data from databases like Medline and PubMed. It focuses on keywords such as spirulina, habitat, species, pharmacological action, toxicities, and medicinal uses. Spirulina stands out for its exceptional protein content, amino acid composition, and unique status as a plant-based source of vitamin B12 and essential fatty acids. It also contains a comprehensive micronutrient profile, including easily absorbable minerals like iron, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. Spirulina has various health benefits, including anti-diabetic, cardio-protective, hepatoprotective, anti-viral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. The research on spirulina highlights its potential as a valuable dietary supplement with diverse health benefits. Its rich nutritional composition and pharmacological actions make it a promising candidate for managing various ailments and enhancing overall health. Further studies are warranted to explore its full therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action.

Aim: This study aimed to explore the advancements, methodologies, and applications of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology, emphasizing its transformative impact on genomic research. Study Design: The research involved an in-depth review of RNA-seq technology, focusing on the steps of sample preparation, sequencing, and data analysis. Place and Duration of Study: Conducted through a detailed literature review over six months, at Hygia college of Pharmacy the study sourced information from various molecular biology and genomics publications. Methodology: Advanced computational techniques were utilized to map and quantify RNA sequences, facilitating a comprehensive analysis of gene expression patterns, alternative splicing, and novel transcript discovery. High-throughput sequencing platforms like Illumina and PacBio generated extensive datasets from diverse biological samples, including tissues, single cells, and environmental microbiomes. Results: The results highlighted RNA-seq's ability to provide a high-resolution view of the transcriptome, surpassing previous technologies in both sensitivity and accuracy. RNA-seq uncovered critical insights into differential gene expression, identifying significant pathways involved in development, disease, and environmental responses. The technology also discovered numerous previously unannotated transcripts and isoforms, contributing to the expansion of existing genomic databases. Conclusion: The study concludes that RNA-seq is a crucial advancement in molecular biology, offering unprecedented insights into gene regulation and expression. Its adoption has facilitated significant breakthroughs in understanding cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and therapeutic targets. As RNA-seq technology continues to evolve, it promises to drive further innovations and applications across diverse fields in the life sciences.

Clarithromycin (CTM) is a semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin that have been reported to exhibit potential antibiotic activities mostly against the gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, lower/upper respiratory tract and skin infection causing pathogens. It is widely used for the prevention and management of infections due to Mycobacterium avium complexes and peptic ulcers due to Helicobacter pylori. Various marketed formulation of CTM in the form of tablets, capsules and other conventional dosage forms is available as anti-infective, however the drug itself has several limitations. These limitations include low oral bioavailability, rapid metabolism, poor targeting to infected sites and toxicity to normal cells/tissues. Also, the CTM-based therapy has been reported for several gastrointestinal adverse effects, including diarrhea, stomach upset, gastric distress, atypical taste, and others. Thus, to overcome these issue, various novel strategies including nanotechnology or nanocarrier-based approaches have showed significant effects and have been immensely considered worldwide. In recent years, the various nanocarriers or nanocarrier-based delivery systems, particularly the polymeric nanocarrier have played significant role in effective drug targeting. Thus, in this review, the various polymeric nanocarrier-based delivery systems of CTM that effective reduced the dosing frequency, improved the patient compliance and potentially enhanced the therapeutic efficiency of CTM has been summarized.

Nanotechnology is the most interesting and advance area of research field in the current date. Nanoparticles are defined as a substance whose particle size varies between 1-100nm.This review focus on the potential of gold nanoparticlesto be used as an alternative to available neuromedicines due to their various unique properties. This paper also deals with advantages of gold nanoparticlesover available neuromedicines along with various bottlenecks in the translation of gold nanoparticles into effective neuromedicinesand the future perspective or scope of gold nanoparticles to be used as neuromedicines.©2022iGlobal Research and PublishingFoundation. All rights reserved.