Arctic coasts, which feature land-ocean transport of freshwater, sediments, and other terrestrial material, are impacted by climate change, including increased temperatures, melting glaciers, changes in precipitation and runoff. These trends are assumed to affect productivity in fjordic estuaries. However, the spatial extent and temporal variation of the freshwater-driven darkening of fjords remain unresolved. The present study illustrates the spatio-temporal variability of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the Adventfjorden estuary, Svalbard, using in-situ field campaigns and ocean colour remote sensing (OCRS) via high-resolution Sentinel-2 imagery. To compute SPM concentration ($C_{{\mathrm{SPM}}_{\mathrm{sat}}}$), a semi-analytical algorithm was regionally calibrated using local in-situ data, which improved the accuracy of satellite-derived SPM concentration by ~20% (MRD). Analysis of SPM concentration for two consecutive years (2019, 2020) revealed strong seasonality of SPM in Adventfjorden. Highest estimated SPM concentrations and river plume extent (% of fjord with $C_{{\mathrm{SPM}}_{\mathrm{sat}}}$ > 30 ${\mathrm{mg} \mathrm{L}}^{-1}$) occurred during June, July, and August. Concurrently, we observed a strong relationship between river plume extent and average air temperature over the 24 h prior to the observation (R² = 0.69). Considering predicted changes to environmental conditions in the Arctic region, this study highlights the importance of the rapidly changing environmental parameters and the significance of remote sensing in analysing fluxes in light attenuating particles, especially in the coastal Arctic Ocean.

Remote fieldwork is an important component of polar research across both physical and social sciences. There is increasing recognition that the inherent logistical, physical, psychological, and interpersonal challenges of remote polar fieldwork are not felt equally across the polar research community, with minority groups often disproportionately affected. Although historically lacking diversity, the demographics of polar researchers have shifted, and the way polar research is conducted has been changing in response. However, there are still barriers to equal participation. Removing these barriers would attract scientists from more diverse backgrounds and improve scientific outcomes. We explored the lived experiences of those who identify as women in polar fieldwork through a review of current literature and an anonymous survey, using existing networks to connect with women working in polar research. We synthesised survey responses with regards to topics such as harassment, hygiene, inefficient communication, gendered work expectations and responsibilities to form a holistic understanding of the key fieldwork challenges faced by women. The majority of survey respondents (79%, n = 320) had encountered negative experiences during fieldwork, with the most common and impactful issues relating to field team dynamics and communication, sexism, rest, and weather. Many other issues including fieldwork preparation, work expectations, harassment, and personal space and privacy were also raised by respondents. We identify critical points of action from the survey results and in literature and propose strategies to remove barriers to participation and improve the experiences of women in polar fieldwork. These include individual- and organisational-level strategies for pre, during, and post fieldwork. A diverse polar research community is imperative in order to address the challenges presented by current unprecedented climate change. Though this study focussed on women’s experiences, we seek to advance the discourse on challenges faced by all minorities in polar research.

Global declines in coastal habitats and wildlife have devastating consequences for Indigenous Peoples. In some places, hydropower development has environmental impacts that contribute significantly to coastal habitat loss. As development is rejuvenated for the carbon-neutral transition, mitigation of further coastal habitat impacts depends on assessing the relative and interactive effects of climate change and hydropower development. Here, we follow a detection and attribution framework to understand the collapse and limited recovery of a social-ecological system including eelgrass (Zostera marina, shikaapaashkw), geese (Branta spp., nisk and iyiwaapuwaau), and Cree (Eeyou) in subarctic eastern James Bay, Canada (Eeyou Istchee). Informed by historical observations, Indigenous knowledge, and scientific research, we attribute the collapse of eelgrass and shifts in the associated social-ecological system to ecological effects of hydroelectric development (1978-1996), which degraded local environments causing eelgrass declines. Climate-driven extreme events (1998 onward) compounded losses and ecological feedbacks extended eelgrass declines all along the coast. Eelgrass recovery today appears limited by poor water clarity, altered sediments, hydrologic changes from development, and a new climate regime. Eeyou have adapted by shifting their relationships with the coastal habitat. Comprehensive assessments for hydropower developments should explicitly consider coastal social-ecological dynamics and the possible compounding impacts of climate change.