China is a large agricultural country, where agricultural activities and rural life cause a large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the process of crop growth, production, and processing, a large number of crop straws and agricultural wasted products are produced, which become one of the important sources of biomass resources. However, few detailed studies focused on the potential of China’s agricultural biomass energy conversion and carbon emission reduction, and fewer studies proposed GHG emission reduction strategies from the perspective of making full use of China’s agricultural waste resources. In this study, the quantity calculation index of agricultural biomass energy was given, and the GHG emission reduction potential calculation index of agricultural biomass energy was constructed, with which the amount of GHG emissions caused by agricultural waste use in China was measured and the potential of GHG emission reduction caused by agricultural waste use would be easily speculated. Based on the statistical data of China, the quantity and GHG emission reduction potential of agricultural biomass resources in China in the recent 10 years (2009∼2018) were clarified. According to the research, the amount of agricultural waste equivalent to standard coal in China from 2009 to 2018 reached 280,0711 million tons. If all these resources were used to replace coal, a total of 4,474,483 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions could be saved. Assuming that these wastes are anaerobic, carbonized, or fully burned as fuel, CH₄ emissions could be reduced by up to 12.024 million tons and N₂O emissions by up to 185,000 tons. It can be seen that the effective utilization of agricultural biomass resources can replace coal, reduce backwardness such as land burning, and then reduce CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, and other greenhouse gas emissions, and promote the realization of carbon peak and carbon neutrality.

Biomass energy can alleviate global warming and solve energy depletion, which is increasingly concerned by the world. Due to the different emission reduction benefits and growth potential of different regions and biomass power generation technologies, analyzing the suitability of these technologies combined with regional conditions can more accurately guide the long- and short-term development of biomass power industry. However, there is no comprehensive evaluation of the benefits and potential of several biomass power generation technologies in different regions. Therefore, this paper introduces development suitability indexes and constructs life-cycle environmental impact and time-value economic impact assessment models, and a growth potential dynamic assessment model based on Gaussian process and particle swarm optimization to illustrate the greenhouse gas emission reduction benefits and growth potential of biomass power generation technologies. The empirical research of China shows that biomass gasification and direct combustion power generation can bring the best environmental benefits, and biogas power generation can bring the best economic benefits. For regions with abundant biomass resources and bad air condition, it is more suitable to develop gasification and direct combustion power generation technology, while mixed-combustion and biogas power generation technology are more suitable in regions with high electricity consumption.