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Dr. Sharif Mukul
Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia

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0 Climate Change
0 Ecosystem Services
0 Forestry
0 Ecology and Conservation

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Commentary
Published: 03 June 2021 in Journal of Applied Ecology
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1. Forest restoration targets are often planned, implemented, measured, and reported based on few short-term lagging indicators (i.e. indicators of realised outcomes), such as the number of seedlings and area planted. 2. We propose the use of leading indicators, which denote likelihood of a certain outcome (e.g. odds that seedlings are of quality and properly planted) to complement lagging indicators and describe how this construct differs from the current practice and how they can be used in conjunction with available frameworks for forest restoration. 3. Leading indicators have great promise to complement lagging indicators because they address the near-term factors more likely to influence the progress and performance of restoration efforts. For example, secure land tenure (leading indicator) can increase the likelihood of long-term maintenance and protection (lagging indicator), and the use of best practices in quality seedling production (leading indicator) can increase survival rate (lagging indicator). 4. By observing near-term leading indicators, management can be adapted towards a goal. Long-term impacts cannot be verified in the early stages of forest restoration, hence claiming success within the length of project cycles is often unrealistic. Reporting on leading indicators can inform the likelihood that forest restoration goals will be achieved in the longer term. 5. Synthesis and applications: Leading indicators complement lagging indicators and can be used in forest restoration beyond monitoring and evaluation. Indicators can also be used in the design, adaptive management and reporting of restoration interventions. Leading indicators can be used to identify issues that might prevent success in a timely manner so they can be addressed.

ACS Style

Liz Ota; Jennifer Firn; Robin L. Chazdon; Nestor Gregorio; Sharif A. Mukul; Ricardo A. G. Viani; Claudia Romero; John Herbohn. Using leading and lagging indicators for forest restoration. Journal of Applied Ecology 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Liz Ota, Jennifer Firn, Robin L. Chazdon, Nestor Gregorio, Sharif A. Mukul, Ricardo A. G. Viani, Claudia Romero, John Herbohn. Using leading and lagging indicators for forest restoration. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liz Ota; Jennifer Firn; Robin L. Chazdon; Nestor Gregorio; Sharif A. Mukul; Ricardo A. G. Viani; Claudia Romero; John Herbohn. 2021. "Using leading and lagging indicators for forest restoration." Journal of Applied Ecology , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 07 May 2021 in Sustainability
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Deforestation and forest degradation mostly caused by human interventions affect the capacity of the forest ecosystem to provide ecosystem services and livelihood benefits. Forest and landscape restoration (FLR) is an emerging concept that focuses on the improvement of the ecosystem as well as the livelihood of the people at the landscape level. Nepal has successfully recovered degraded forest land mainly from the hilly region through forest restoration initiatives, especially community-based forestry. However, the Tarai region is still experiencing deforestation and forest degradation. This study navigated the gaps related to forest restoration in the existing policies and practices and revealed that the persistence of deforestation and forest degradation in Tarai is a result of a complex socioeconomic structure, the limitations of the government in implementing appropriate management modality, unplanned infrastructure, and urban development. We suggest that forest restoration should focus on ecological and social wellbeing pathways at the landscape level to reverse the trend of deforestation and forest degradation in the Tarai regions of Nepal. The study provides critical insight to the policymakers and practitioners of Nepal and other countries (with similar context) who are engaged in forest/ecosystem restoration enterprise.

ACS Style

Sushma Bhattarai; Basant Pant; Hari Laudari; Rajesh Rai; Sharif Mukul. Strategic Pathways to Scale up Forest and Landscape Restoration: Insights from Nepal’s Tarai. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5237 .

AMA Style

Sushma Bhattarai, Basant Pant, Hari Laudari, Rajesh Rai, Sharif Mukul. Strategic Pathways to Scale up Forest and Landscape Restoration: Insights from Nepal’s Tarai. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):5237.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sushma Bhattarai; Basant Pant; Hari Laudari; Rajesh Rai; Sharif Mukul. 2021. "Strategic Pathways to Scale up Forest and Landscape Restoration: Insights from Nepal’s Tarai." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 5237.

Book chapter
Published: 23 April 2021 in Invasive Alien Species
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Bangladesh has a history of species introduction from different geographic regions. The country was a major trade route during the early‐modern era and under British colonial rule until 1947. Many species of plants and animals are either domesticated or cultivated at different times that were brought into the country by the settlers, seamen, and traders. The deliberate preferences of fast‐growing, high‐yielding exotics in recent decades also threaten the existence of native species and their genetic resources in the country. Here, we provide an overview of the invasive alien species (IAS) in Bangladesh, likely pathways of their introduction, their impacts on ecosystem and people, and strategies for their effective management and regulation. Many exotic plants and animals both terrestrial and aquatic have found to be invasive in the country with negative impacts on local ecosystems, biodiversity, and livelihoods. Collectively, those species possess serious threats to country's agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sector. Although initially introduced to favor primary productivity or other environmental benefits, many of these are now regarded as obnoxious pest or weed in Bangladesh. A comprehensive list of invasive species both for native and exotics and a framework to characterize them is also absent in the country. We recommend for a separate statutory body and appropriate rules and policies for the introduction, monitoring, and management of alien species in the country. Community awareness, advocacy, surveillance, capacity building of relevant government staff, and agreement with neighboring countries for transboundary management of IAS is also necessary.

ACS Style

Sharif Mukul; Mohammed Abu Sayed Arfin‐Khan; Mohammad Belal Uddin. Invasive Alien Species of Bangladesh. Invasive Alien Species 2021, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Sharif Mukul, Mohammed Abu Sayed Arfin‐Khan, Mohammad Belal Uddin. Invasive Alien Species of Bangladesh. Invasive Alien Species. 2021; ():1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sharif Mukul; Mohammed Abu Sayed Arfin‐Khan; Mohammad Belal Uddin. 2021. "Invasive Alien Species of Bangladesh." Invasive Alien Species , no. : 1-15.

Preprint
Published: 09 April 2021
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Deforestation and forest degradation mostly caused by human interventions affects the capacity of forest ecosystem to provide ecosystem services and livelihood benefits. Forest Land Restoration (FLR) is an emerging concept which focuses on the improvement of ecosystem as well as livelihood of the people at the landscape level. Nepal has successfully recovered degraded forest land mainly from the hilly region through forest restoration initiatives especially community based forestry. However, the Terai region is still experiencing deforestation and forest degradation. This study navigated the gaps related to forest restoration in the existing policies and practices and revealed that the persistence of deforestation and forest degradation in Terai is a result of a complex socio-economic structure, limitation of government to implement appropriate management modality, unplanned infrastructure, and urban development. We suggest that forest restoration should focus on ecological and social wellbeing pathways at the landscape level, to reverse the trend of deforestation and forest degradation in the Terai regions of Nepal. The study provides a critical insight to the policy makers and practitioners of Nepal and other countries (with similar context) who are engaged in forest/ecosystem restoration enterprise.

ACS Style

Sushma Bhattarai; Basant Pant; Hari Krishna Laudari; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Sharif A. Mukul. Strategic Pathways to Scale Up Forest and Landscape Restoration: Insights From Nepal’s Terai. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Sushma Bhattarai, Basant Pant, Hari Krishna Laudari, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Sharif A. Mukul. Strategic Pathways to Scale Up Forest and Landscape Restoration: Insights From Nepal’s Terai. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sushma Bhattarai; Basant Pant; Hari Krishna Laudari; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Sharif A. Mukul. 2021. "Strategic Pathways to Scale Up Forest and Landscape Restoration: Insights From Nepal’s Terai." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 25 March 2021 in Forest Ecology and Management
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Mangroves are recognised for their diverse set of ecosystem services, including protection from tropical cyclones and tidal surges. Mangroves are also adapted to withstand disturbances across a range of climatic conditions, and the frequency and severity of disturbances are projected to increase in the coming years due to climate change and sea-level rise. The Sundarbans of Bangladesh and India is one of the most frequently affected mangrove forests in South Asia. We investigated the effect of cyclone disturbance and stand characteristics on the survival of two dominant mangrove tree species – Heritiera fomes and Excoecaria agallocha. Data was collected through field surveys after cyclone Sidr, a category 5 cyclone that struck in the area in 2007, creating substantial forest damage. We used a Generalized Additive Mixed Model to analyse the effect of tree species, stem diameter at breast height (dbh), and tree spatial position in the forest stand on the degree of cyclonic damage. We find that cyclonic damage in the Sundarbans forest is sensitive to species and dbh. At similar tree size, Heritiera fomes was more vulnerable to cyclonic damage than Excoecaria agallocha. In Heritiera fomes the intensity of wind damage during cyclone increase with increasing dbh. In Sundarbans, cyclonic damage also depended on stand factors such as proximity to the riverbank or forest edges. We suggest silvicultural treatments, such as increasing the tapering of crown or decreasing height/dbh ratios of valuable species, could minimise future cyclonic damage in the area. Further investigations are necessary to improve the management of mangroves in the Sundarbans in the face of climate change, sea-level rise, and novel anthropogenic pressures.

ACS Style

Nirmol Kumar Halder; Andrew Merchant; Khaled Misbahuzzaman; Sven Wagner; Sharif A. Mukul. Why some trees are more vulnerable during catastrophic cyclone events in the Sundarbans mangrove forest of Bangladesh? Forest Ecology and Management 2021, 490, 119117 .

AMA Style

Nirmol Kumar Halder, Andrew Merchant, Khaled Misbahuzzaman, Sven Wagner, Sharif A. Mukul. Why some trees are more vulnerable during catastrophic cyclone events in the Sundarbans mangrove forest of Bangladesh? Forest Ecology and Management. 2021; 490 ():119117.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nirmol Kumar Halder; Andrew Merchant; Khaled Misbahuzzaman; Sven Wagner; Sharif A. Mukul. 2021. "Why some trees are more vulnerable during catastrophic cyclone events in the Sundarbans mangrove forest of Bangladesh?" Forest Ecology and Management 490, no. : 119117.

Preprint content
Published: 08 March 2021
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The valuation of natural ecosystems helps policymakers in allocate adequate resources for the provision of ecosystem services they provide. Cultural ecosystem services are the non-material benefits we obtain from nature, which include but are not limited to recreation, aesthetic enjoyment, physical and mental health benefits. They are essential for a proper sense of a place, human health, and wellbeing. We quantified the recreational and other non-material benefits of Lawachara National Park (LNP), one of the oldest and most diverse forest protected area and touristic attractions in northeast Bangladesh. A Modified Travel Cost Method (MTCM) was applied for quantifying the recreational and other non-material values of LNP. Altogether 309 respondents were interviewed, covering both peak season and slack season. In our MTCM, we considered several additional factors, unlike the commonly used Travel Cost Method (TCM). The value of cultural ecosystem services of LNP was estimated to be Taka 1 476.70 million and Taka 476.44 million per annum using MTCM and TCM, respectively. The value estimated using MTCM was marginally higher than the value estimated using TCM and was due to the additional variables we considered in our modified approach. We believe our estimates using MTCM will guide policymakers to properly value natural ecosystems and facilitate adequate resource allocation for ecotourism in LNP and elsewhere.

ACS Style

Narayan Saha; Sharif A. Mukul. Visitor’s willingness to pay for cultural ecosystem services in Bangladesh: an assessment for Lawachara National Park, a biodiversity hotspot. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Narayan Saha, Sharif A. Mukul. Visitor’s willingness to pay for cultural ecosystem services in Bangladesh: an assessment for Lawachara National Park, a biodiversity hotspot. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Narayan Saha; Sharif A. Mukul. 2021. "Visitor’s willingness to pay for cultural ecosystem services in Bangladesh: an assessment for Lawachara National Park, a biodiversity hotspot." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 26 November 2020 in Environmental Advances
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The importance of local climate and biodiversity in tropical forest's ability to provide critical ecosystem services is well documented, whereas the relationship among local climatic factors and biodiversity with soil ecosystem function largely remain unclear. We investigated the importance of local rainfall regime and indicators of plant (tree, herb, and shrub) diversity (richness and abundance) on soil ecosystem functions in two tropical forest ecosystems of north-east Bangladesh. We considered six soil parameters, i.e. soil water regulation (SWR), soil physical stability (SPS), soil microbial habitat (SMH), soil pH (pH), medium of plant growth (MPG), and soil aggregate stability (SAS) as indicators of soil ecosystem functions. Our study finds four rainfall parameters having significant (p < 0.05) positive effects on soil water regulation, soil physical stability, microbial habitat, soil pH, medium of plant growth, and soil aggregate stability. Tree species abundance had positive effects on SPS (p < 0.001) and MPG (p < 0.05), while tree species richness had negative effects on SMH (p < 0.001) and MPG (p < 0.01). Soil aggregate stability was negatively (p < 0.05) affected by tree species abundance, whereas tree species richness positively (p < 0.0001) affected SAS. We found no significant effects of tree species abundance and richness on pH and SWR. The abundance of herbaceous species had positive impacts on MPG (p <0.01) and negative impact on SAS (p < 0.001). In contrast, the richness of herbaceous species had significant negative effects on SMH (p < 0.01) and SPS (p < 0.05). Shrub abundance had no significant effects on six soil ecosystem functions in our two study sites, but shrub species richness had a significant (p < 0.05) negative effect on SPS. Our study provides critical insights into the synergistic role of local climate and biodiversity on soil ecosystem functions that can guide actions to restore degraded soils in tropical forest ecosystems.

ACS Style

Rezaul Karim; Fahmida Sultana; Shamim Reza Saimun; Sharif A. Mukul; Mohammed A.S. Arfin-Khan. Plant diversity and local rainfall regime mediate soil ecosystem functions in tropical forests of north-east Bangladesh. Environmental Advances 2020, 2, 100022 .

AMA Style

Rezaul Karim, Fahmida Sultana, Shamim Reza Saimun, Sharif A. Mukul, Mohammed A.S. Arfin-Khan. Plant diversity and local rainfall regime mediate soil ecosystem functions in tropical forests of north-east Bangladesh. Environmental Advances. 2020; 2 ():100022.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rezaul Karim; Fahmida Sultana; Shamim Reza Saimun; Sharif A. Mukul; Mohammed A.S. Arfin-Khan. 2020. "Plant diversity and local rainfall regime mediate soil ecosystem functions in tropical forests of north-east Bangladesh." Environmental Advances 2, no. : 100022.

Book chapter
Published: 25 November 2020 in Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals
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ACS Style

Sharif A. Mukul; Abdul Halim; John Herbohn. Forest Carbon Stock and Fluxes: Distribution, Biogeochemical Cycles, and Measurement Techniques. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals 2020, 361 -376.

AMA Style

Sharif A. Mukul, Abdul Halim, John Herbohn. Forest Carbon Stock and Fluxes: Distribution, Biogeochemical Cycles, and Measurement Techniques. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. 2020; ():361-376.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sharif A. Mukul; Abdul Halim; John Herbohn. 2020. "Forest Carbon Stock and Fluxes: Distribution, Biogeochemical Cycles, and Measurement Techniques." Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals , no. : 361-376.

Book chapter
Published: 27 October 2020 in Managing soil health for sustainable agriculture Volume 1
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ACS Style

Liz Ota; Sharif Mukul; Nestor Gregorio; John Herbohn. Community-based management of tropical forests: lessons learned and implications for sustainable forest management. Managing soil health for sustainable agriculture Volume 1 2020, 369 -390.

AMA Style

Liz Ota, Sharif Mukul, Nestor Gregorio, John Herbohn. Community-based management of tropical forests: lessons learned and implications for sustainable forest management. Managing soil health for sustainable agriculture Volume 1. 2020; ():369-390.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liz Ota; Sharif Mukul; Nestor Gregorio; John Herbohn. 2020. "Community-based management of tropical forests: lessons learned and implications for sustainable forest management." Managing soil health for sustainable agriculture Volume 1 , no. : 369-390.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2020 in Forests
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Forest and landscape restoration (FLR) is being carried out across the world to meet ambitious global goals. However, the scale of these efforts combined with the timeframe in which they are supposed to take place may compromise the quality of restoration, and thus limit the persistence of restoration on the landscape. This paper presents a synthesis of ten case studies identified as FLR to critically analyse implemented initiatives, their outcomes, and main challenges, with an eye to improving future efforts. The identified FLR projects are diverse in terms of their spatial coverage, objectives; types of interventions; and initial socioeconomic, institutional, and environmental conditions. The six principles of FLR—which have been widely adopted in theory by large global organisations—are inadequately addressed across the initiatives presented here. The identified FLR project or interventions, although expected to offer diverse benefits, face many challenges including the lack of long-term sustainability of project interventions, limited uptake by regional and national agencies, limited monitoring, reporting and learning, poor governance structures, and technical barriers, which are mainly owing to institutional weaknesses. On the basis of these cases, we propose that the best pathway to achieving FLR is via an incremental process in which a smaller number of more achievable objectives are set and implemented over time, rather than setting highly ambitious targets that implementers struggle to achieve.

ACS Style

Liz Ota; Robin L. Chazdon; John Herbohn; Nestor Gregorio; Sharif A. Mukul; Sarah J. Wilson. Achieving Quality Forest and Landscape Restoration in the Tropics. Forests 2020, 11, 820 .

AMA Style

Liz Ota, Robin L. Chazdon, John Herbohn, Nestor Gregorio, Sharif A. Mukul, Sarah J. Wilson. Achieving Quality Forest and Landscape Restoration in the Tropics. Forests. 2020; 11 (8):820.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liz Ota; Robin L. Chazdon; John Herbohn; Nestor Gregorio; Sharif A. Mukul; Sarah J. Wilson. 2020. "Achieving Quality Forest and Landscape Restoration in the Tropics." Forests 11, no. 8: 820.

Review article
Published: 17 July 2020 in Global Ecology and Conservation
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Bangladesh has a long history of species introductions from different geographic regions. The country was a major international trade route during the early-modern era and was under British colonial rule until 1947. During this time, many invasive alien species (IAS) that now threaten the country's native flora, fauna and ecosystems were inadvertently introduced. In recent years, deliberate preferences for fast-growing, high-yielding exotic species has also threatened the existence of native species in the country. Here, we provide an overview of IAS in Bangladesh, their suspected origin, the purpose of their introduction, and their impacts on ecosystems and people. Based on a literature review, we identified 69 IAS reported to occur in Bangladesh. The majority of these species were plants (46 species), followed by fish (16 species), and insects (5 species). The identified species were introduced from South America, Asia, Africa and Australia, primarily to provide food and timber. Although initially introduced to favor the productivity of food and timber, and to provide certain environmental benefits, the identified IAS are increasingly threatening native flora, fauna and ecosystems in Bangladesh. We recommend a need for appropriate policies and legislation to address the introduction, monitoring, and regulation of IAS in the country. A comprehensive list of IAS and a robust protocol to differentiate harmful from advantageous species is also necessary. Community awareness, advocacy, surveillance, capacity building of government officials, and cooperation with neighboring countries for transboundary management and monitoring of IAS is also important to minimize the risks posed by IAS in Bangladesh.

ACS Style

Sharif A. Mukul; Mohammed Abu Sayed Arfin Khan; Mohammad Belal Uddin. Identifying threats from invasive alien species in Bangladesh. Global Ecology and Conservation 2020, 23, e01196 .

AMA Style

Sharif A. Mukul, Mohammed Abu Sayed Arfin Khan, Mohammad Belal Uddin. Identifying threats from invasive alien species in Bangladesh. Global Ecology and Conservation. 2020; 23 ():e01196.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sharif A. Mukul; Mohammed Abu Sayed Arfin Khan; Mohammad Belal Uddin. 2020. "Identifying threats from invasive alien species in Bangladesh." Global Ecology and Conservation 23, no. : e01196.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2020 in Sustainability
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Swidden or shifting cultivation is a widespread yet controversial land-use in the tropical forest–agriculture frontier. In recent years, the extent of land under swidden and the people who rely on it for subsistence and income have declined. We report swidden land-use changes in two central hill districts of Nepal by indigenous Chepang communities—a stronghold of swidden cultivation in mountainous Nepal. Despite a common trend of swidden decline, as in other parts of South and Southeast Asia, we found that swidden is important in the life and livelihoods of smallholder rural Chepang farmers in the area. Swidden cultivation was found to be more important to farmers with limited off-farm opportunities and in areas where alternative land-uses were scarce. We discuss biophysical, socio-economic, institutional, and other key drivers affecting farmers’ decision to shift away from or continue with swidden in the area. Using linear mixed effect models, we also examined households’ attributes that may expedite swidden decisions in the area. Our study recommends greater access to alternative land-use(s) and other income-generating options for the wellbeing of smallholder indigenous Chepang farmers, as well as the sustainability of this age-old land-use practice.

ACS Style

Sharif Mukul; Anja Byg. What Determines Indigenous Chepang Farmers’ Swidden Land-Use Decisions in the Central Hill Districts of Nepal? Sustainability 2020, 12, 5326 .

AMA Style

Sharif Mukul, Anja Byg. What Determines Indigenous Chepang Farmers’ Swidden Land-Use Decisions in the Central Hill Districts of Nepal? Sustainability. 2020; 12 (13):5326.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sharif Mukul; Anja Byg. 2020. "What Determines Indigenous Chepang Farmers’ Swidden Land-Use Decisions in the Central Hill Districts of Nepal?" Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5326.

Conference report
Published: 18 June 2020 in Forests
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Globally, Forest and Landscape Restoration (FLR) is gaining widespread recognition from governments and policymakers for its potential to restore key ecosystem services and to improve human wellbeing. We organized an international conference on FLR, titled—Forest and Landscape Restoration: Making it Happen, between 25–27 February 2019 in Manila, the Philippines with 139 participants from 22 countries. The Forest and Landscape Restoration Standards (FLoRES) task force also met prior to the conference, which included a field visit to a pilot community-based forest reforestation site in Biliran Island, the Philippines. Based on the three-day conference, case study presentations, and FLoRES task force meeting, we prepared the Manila Declaration on Forest and Landscape Restoration to highlight the need to support quality of FLR efforts and outcomes in the tropics. Here we provide a synthesis of the main messages of the conference, with key outcomes including the Manila Declaration on Forest and Landscape Restoration, and ways forward to make quality FLR happen on the ground.

ACS Style

Robin L. Chazdon; John Herbohn; Sharif A. Mukul; Nestor Gregorio; Liz Ota; Rhett D. Harrison; Patrick B. Durst; Rafael B. Chaves; Arturo Pasa; James G. Hallett; J. David Neidel; Cathy Watson; Victoria Gutierrez. Manila Declaration on Forest and Landscape Restoration: Making It Happen. Forests 2020, 11, 685 .

AMA Style

Robin L. Chazdon, John Herbohn, Sharif A. Mukul, Nestor Gregorio, Liz Ota, Rhett D. Harrison, Patrick B. Durst, Rafael B. Chaves, Arturo Pasa, James G. Hallett, J. David Neidel, Cathy Watson, Victoria Gutierrez. Manila Declaration on Forest and Landscape Restoration: Making It Happen. Forests. 2020; 11 (6):685.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robin L. Chazdon; John Herbohn; Sharif A. Mukul; Nestor Gregorio; Liz Ota; Rhett D. Harrison; Patrick B. Durst; Rafael B. Chaves; Arturo Pasa; James G. Hallett; J. David Neidel; Cathy Watson; Victoria Gutierrez. 2020. "Manila Declaration on Forest and Landscape Restoration: Making It Happen." Forests 11, no. 6: 685.

Letter
Published: 11 June 2020 in Science
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The Padma Bridge construction project in Bangladesh is near completion ([ 1 ][1]). The 6.15-km-long bridge, costing nearly US$4 billion ([ 2 ][2]), will connect the northern and eastern parts of the country to the southwest Khulna division, which includes the Sundarbans—the world's largest mangrove forest stretching over 10,000 km2 in Bangladesh and India ([ 3 ][3]). The bridge, when commissioned, is expected to boost Bangladesh's gross domestic product by as much as 1.2% ([ 4 ][4]), but it will also put the fragile Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem at risk. Bangladesh has already lost the Chakaria Sundarbans, one of the oldest mangrove forests in South and Southeast Asia, as a result of the rise of commercially profitable shrimp farming ([ 5 ][5]). The same could happen in the Khulna division, where the bridge construction has exacerbated increasing land prices and expanding development of real estate, fisheries, tourism, and resorts near the Sundarbans ([ 6 ][6]). The bridge will also facilitate greater access to the busy Mongla Port and likely accelerate forest clearing and land grabbing in the area. Although economic gains are important, ecological and environmental issues must be considered in long-term development plans. The Sundarbans mangroves region is a UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization World Heritage Site, a Ramsar site, and a Class 3 tiger conservation landscape of global priority ([ 7 ][7]). At least 355 Edited by Jennifer Sills species of birds, 49 species of mammals (including the globally endangered Bengal tiger), 87 species of reptiles, 14 amphibians, 291 species of fish, and 334 species of plants have been recorded in the area ([ 3 ][3]). The Sundarbans region is situated on the highly active Ganges-Brahmaputra delta, the third largest river basin in the world after the Amazon and the Congo ([ 8 ][8]). One-third of the Sundarbans consists of rivers and streams, which act as a nursery for fish and other aquatic life, including Asia's last two remaining freshwater dolphin species: the Ganges river dolphin and Irrawaddy dolphin ([ 9 ][9]). More than 3.5 million people depend on the Sundarbans ecosystem for their livelihood and income ([ 10 ][10]). The world-renowned mangrove forest regularly protects human lives and habitation from cyclones and tidal surges ([ 11 ][11]). The Sundarbans region also plays an important role in regulating key ecological processes, including carbon sequestration, storage, and cycling ([ 12 ][12]). The Sundarbans forest already faces many challenges, including sea-level rise, salinity intrusion, habitat degradation, and biodiversity loss ([ 3 ][3]). The government's plan to establish a coal-based power plant has also threatened the region's sustainability ([ 11 ][11]). Once traffic begins entering Khulna by way of the Padma Bridge, the risks will only increase. The Government of Bangladesh should provide clear guidelines for development, including strict regulations on land clearing, landfilling, waste disposal, and wastewater discharge. To protect the Sundarbans, any development in the region should also comply with policies that conserve local ecosystems and livelihoods. 1. [↵][13]Government of Bangladesh, “Padma multipurpose bridge project” (2015); [www.padmabridge.gov.bd][14]. 2. [↵][15]1. J. J. Hamre et al ., “Padma bridge (construction)” (Reconnecting Asia, 2020). 3. [↵][16]1. S. A. Mukul et al ., Sci. Tot. Environ. 663, 830 (2019). [OpenUrl][17] 4. [↵][18]1. J. Islam , “Padma Bridge will up GDP by 1.2 pc,” The Daily Observer (2015). 5. [↵][19]1. S. R. Biswas et al ., Wetlands Ecol. Manage. 17, 365 (2009). [OpenUrl][20] 6. [↵][21]1. M. Anam et al ., “Padma bridge–new lifeline of development,” The Daily Star (2016). 7. [↵][22]1. M. M. H. Khan et al ., “Bangladesh tiger action plan, 2018–2017” (Bangladesh Forest Department, Dhaka, 2018). 8. [↵][23]1. G. Rasul , Int. J. River Basin Manage. 13, 387 (2015). [OpenUrl][24] 9. [↵][25]1. B. D. Smith et al ., Mar. Mammal Sci. 22, 527 (2006). [OpenUrl][26] 10. [↵][27]1. M. S. Uddin et al ., Ecosyst. Serv. 5, e88 (2013). [OpenUrl][28] 11. [↵][29]1. P. Schwartzstein , “This vanishing forest protects the coasts—and lives—of two countries,” National Geographic (2019). 12. [↵][30]1. D. C. Donato et al ., Nat. Geosci. 4, 293 (2011). [OpenUrl][31][CrossRef][32] [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-2 [3]: #ref-3 [4]: #ref-4 [5]: #ref-5 [6]: #ref-6 [7]: #ref-7 [8]: #ref-8 [9]: #ref-9 [10]: #ref-10 [11]: #ref-11 [12]: #ref-12 [13]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [14]: http://www.padmabridge.gov.bd [15]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [16]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text" [17]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DSci.%2BTot.%2BEnviron.%26rft.volume%253D663%26rft.spage%253D830%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [18]: #xref-ref-4-1 "View reference 4 in text" [19]: #xref-ref-5-1 "View reference 5 in text" [20]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DWetlands%2BEcol.%2BManage.%26rft.volume%253D17%26rft.spage%253D365%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [21]: #xref-ref-6-1 "View reference 6 in text" [22]: #xref-ref-7-1 "View reference 7 in text" [23]: #xref-ref-8-1 "View reference 8 in text" [24]:...

ACS Style

Sharif A. Mukul; Saleemul Huq; John Herbohn; Nathalie Seddon; William F. Laurance. Saving the Sundarbans from development. Science 2020, 368, 1198.1 -1198.

AMA Style

Sharif A. Mukul, Saleemul Huq, John Herbohn, Nathalie Seddon, William F. Laurance. Saving the Sundarbans from development. Science. 2020; 368 (6496):1198.1-1198.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sharif A. Mukul; Saleemul Huq; John Herbohn; Nathalie Seddon; William F. Laurance. 2020. "Saving the Sundarbans from development." Science 368, no. 6496: 1198.1-1198.

Original research
Published: 05 June 2020 in Ecology and Evolution
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Span>Shifting cultivation is a widespread land‐use in the tropics that is considered a major threat to rainforest diversity and structure. In the Philippines, a country with rich biodiversity and high rates of species endemism, shifting cultivation, locally termed as kaingin, is a major land‐use and has been for centuries. Despite the potential impact of shifting cultivation on forests and its importance to many people, it is not clear how biodiversity and forest structure recover after kaingin abandonment in the country, and how well these post‐kaingin secondary forests can complement the old‐growth forests. We investigated parameters of forest diversity and structure along a fallow age gradient in secondary forests regenerating after kaingin abandonment in Leyte Island, the Philippines (elevation range: 445–650 m asl). We first measured the tree diversity and forest structure indices in regenerating secondary forests and old‐growth forest. We then measured the recovery of tree diversity and forest structure parameters in relation to the old‐growth forest. Finally, using linear mixed effect models (LMM), we assessed the effect of different environmental variables on the recovery of forest diversity and structure. We found significantly higher species density in the oldest fallow sites, while Shannon’s index, species evenness, stem number, basal area, and leaf area index were higher in the old‐growth forest. A homogeneous species composition was found across the sites of older fallow age. Multivariate analysis revealed patch size as a strong predictor of tree diversity and forest structure recovery after shifting cultivation. Our study suggests that, secondary forests regenerating after shifting cultivation abandonment can recover rapidly. Although recovery of forest structure was not as rapid as the tree diversity, our older fallow sites contained a similar number of species as the old‐growth forest. Many of these species are also endemic to the Philippines. Novel and emerging ecosystems like tropical secondary forests are of high conservation importance and can act as a refuge for dwindling tropical forest biodiversity.

ACS Style

Sharif A. Mukul. Rapid recovery of tropical forest diversity and structure after shifting cultivation in the Philippines uplands. Ecology and Evolution 2020, 10, 1 .

AMA Style

Sharif A. Mukul. Rapid recovery of tropical forest diversity and structure after shifting cultivation in the Philippines uplands. Ecology and Evolution. 2020; 10 (14):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sharif A. Mukul. 2020. "Rapid recovery of tropical forest diversity and structure after shifting cultivation in the Philippines uplands." Ecology and Evolution 10, no. 14: 1.

Reference work
Published: 28 April 2020 in Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals
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Forest carbon stock It is the amount of carbon sequestered from the atmosphere and stored in a forest ecosystem, mainly within living biomass and soil and, to a lesser extent, in deadwood and litter. ...

ACS Style

Sharif A. Mukul; Abdul Halim; John Herbohn. Forest Carbon Stock and Fluxes: Distribution, Biogeochemical Cycles, and Measurement Techniques. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals 2020, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Sharif A. Mukul, Abdul Halim, John Herbohn. Forest Carbon Stock and Fluxes: Distribution, Biogeochemical Cycles, and Measurement Techniques. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. 2020; ():1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sharif A. Mukul; Abdul Halim; John Herbohn. 2020. "Forest Carbon Stock and Fluxes: Distribution, Biogeochemical Cycles, and Measurement Techniques." Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals , no. : 1-16.

Preprint
Published: 02 March 2020
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The Philippines is both a biodiversity hotspot and a megadiverse country. The country also has experienced one of the highest rates of deforestation in Southeast Asia and is among the first countries to introduce a massive reforestation program to address the country’s rapid biodiversity and forest loss. Drawing upon an empirical study from the Leyte island and other relevant case studies from the Philippines, in this chapter, we demonstrate that recovering secondary forests following shifting cultivation, locally known as kaingin have the high potentials for biodiversity and carbon co-benefits. Based on our empirical study, we also found that secondary forest regrowing after kaingin use can potentially be used as a cost-effective reforestation measure with multiple benefits to people and the environment in upland areas of the Philippines. We also discuss measures that are essential for such programs to be successful.

ACS Style

Sharif A. Mukul; John Herbohn; Jennifer Firn; Nestor Gregorio. Carbon and Biodiversity Outcomes under Divergent Management Scenarios in Shifting Cultivation Landscapes in the Upland Philippines. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Sharif A. Mukul, John Herbohn, Jennifer Firn, Nestor Gregorio. Carbon and Biodiversity Outcomes under Divergent Management Scenarios in Shifting Cultivation Landscapes in the Upland Philippines. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sharif A. Mukul; John Herbohn; Jennifer Firn; Nestor Gregorio. 2020. "Carbon and Biodiversity Outcomes under Divergent Management Scenarios in Shifting Cultivation Landscapes in the Upland Philippines." , no. : 1.

Preprint
Published: 25 February 2020
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Bangladesh has a history of species introduction from different geographic regions. The country was a major trade route during the early-modern era and was under British colonial rule until 1947s. Many species of plants and animals are either domesticated or cultivated at different times that were brought into the country by the settlers, seamen, and traders. The deliberate preferences of fast-growing, high-yielding exotics in recent decades also threaten the existence of native species and their genetic resources in the country. Here we provide an overview of the invasive alien species in Bangladesh, likely pathways of their introduction, their impacts on ecosystem and people, and strategies for their effective management and regulation. Many exotic plants and animals both terrestrial and aquatic have found to be invasive in the country with negative impacts on local ecosystems, biodiversity, and livelihoods. Collectively, those species possess serious threats to country’s agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sector. Although initially introduced to favor primary productivity or other environmental benefits, many of these are now regarded as obnoxious pest or weed in Bangladesh. A comprehensive list of invasive species both for native and exotics and a framework to characterize them is also absent in the country. We recommend a separate statutory body and appropriate rules and policies for the introduction, monitoring, and management of alien species in the country. Community awareness, advocacy, surveillance, capacity building of relevant government staff and agreement with neighboring countries for transboundary management of invasive alien species is also necessary.

ACS Style

Sharif A. Mukul; Khan Mohammed Abu Sayed Arfin; Mohammad Belal Uddin. Invasive Alien Species of Bangladesh. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Sharif A. Mukul, Khan Mohammed Abu Sayed Arfin, Mohammad Belal Uddin. Invasive Alien Species of Bangladesh. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sharif A. Mukul; Khan Mohammed Abu Sayed Arfin; Mohammad Belal Uddin. 2020. "Invasive Alien Species of Bangladesh." , no. : 1.

Letter
Published: 15 May 2019 in Nature
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The identity of the dominant root-associated microbial symbionts in a forest determines the ability of trees to access limiting nutrients from atmospheric or soil pools1,2, sequester carbon3,4 and withstand the effects of climate change5,6. Characterizing the global distribution of these symbioses and identifying the factors that control this distribution are thus integral to understanding the present and future functioning of forest ecosystems. Here we generate a spatially explicit global map of the symbiotic status of forests, using a database of over 1.1 million forest inventory plots that collectively contain over 28,000 tree species. Our analyses indicate that climate variables—in particular, climatically controlled variation in the rate of decomposition—are the primary drivers of the global distribution of major symbioses. We estimate that ectomycorrhizal trees, which represent only 2% of all plant species7, constitute approximately 60% of tree stems on Earth. Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis dominates forests in which seasonally cold and dry climates inhibit decomposition, and is the predominant form of symbiosis at high latitudes and elevation. By contrast, arbuscular mycorrhizal trees dominate in aseasonal, warm tropical forests, and occur with ectomycorrhizal trees in temperate biomes in which seasonally warm-and-wet climates enhance decomposition. Continental transitions between forests dominated by ectomycorrhizal or arbuscular mycorrhizal trees occur relatively abruptly along climate-driven decomposition gradients; these transitions are probably caused by positive feedback effects between plants and microorganisms. Symbiotic nitrogen fixers—which are insensitive to climatic controls on decomposition (compared with mycorrhizal fungi)—are most abundant in arid biomes with alkaline soils and high maximum temperatures. The climatically driven global symbiosis gradient that we document provides a spatially explicit quantitative understanding of microbial symbioses at the global scale, and demonstrates the critical role of microbial mutualisms in shaping the distribution of plant species.

ACS Style

B. S. Steidinger; Sharif Mukul; T. W. Crowther; J. Liang; Do Tran Van; Gijsbert Werner; P. B. Reich; G. J. Nabuurs; Sergio de Miguel; M. Zhou; Nicolas Picard; Bruno Herault; X. Zhao; C. Zhang; D. Routh; K. G. Peay. Climatic controls of decomposition drive the global biogeography of forest-tree symbioses. Nature 2019, 569, 404 -408.

AMA Style

B. S. Steidinger, Sharif Mukul, T. W. Crowther, J. Liang, Do Tran Van, Gijsbert Werner, P. B. Reich, G. J. Nabuurs, Sergio de Miguel, M. Zhou, Nicolas Picard, Bruno Herault, X. Zhao, C. Zhang, D. Routh, K. G. Peay. Climatic controls of decomposition drive the global biogeography of forest-tree symbioses. Nature. 2019; 569 (7756):404-408.

Chicago/Turabian Style

B. S. Steidinger; Sharif Mukul; T. W. Crowther; J. Liang; Do Tran Van; Gijsbert Werner; P. B. Reich; G. J. Nabuurs; Sergio de Miguel; M. Zhou; Nicolas Picard; Bruno Herault; X. Zhao; C. Zhang; D. Routh; K. G. Peay. 2019. "Climatic controls of decomposition drive the global biogeography of forest-tree symbioses." Nature 569, no. 7756: 404-408.

Letter
Published: 11 April 2019 in Science
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![Figure][1] Nearly 1 million Rohingya refugees are living in camps in Bangladesh. PHOTO: OMAR MUNNA Violence in the Rakhine State of Myanmar has led to a humanitarian crisis as Rohingya people flee across the border to Bangladesh ([ 1 ][2]). With the rapid influx of nearly 700,000 arrivals between August 2017 and the beginning of 2018, the Bangladeshi city of Cox's Bazar is now under severe strain from a Rohingya population of almost 1 million, one of the largest concentrations of refugees in the world ([ 2 ][3]). The crisis seized global attention, and the international response was rapidly escalated to a Level 3 emergency ([ 3 ][4]). In addition to the humanitarian challenges, the mass influx of Rohingya refugees has resulted in environmental degradation both within the refugee camps and in the surrounding areas ([ 2 ][3]). The expansion of existing campsites has led to more than 2000 ha of forest loss in the Cox's Bazar region ([ 4 ][5]). Expansion of the old Kutupalong camp blocked the only corridor used by the globally endangered Asian elephant as a migration route and trapped about 45 elephants in the western side of the camp ([ 5 ][6]). The latest Rohingya settlement has also amplified human-elephant conflict in the area, with 13 human casualties so far ([ 6 ][7]). The remaining elephant habitat is under severe pressure from uncontrolled fuelwood collection in the forest ([ 7 ][8]). The pressure on forests has caused tensions with local host communities, which rely on these forests for fuelwood, medicine, and food ([ 8 ][9]). The surrounding critical biodiversity areas, such as the Teknaf Wildlife Sanctuary, Himchari National Park, and Inani National Park, are also at risk ([ 2 ][3]). Soil erosion and landslides are already common in the area, affecting water resources, irrigation, and groundwater reserves ([ 9 ][10]). Local biodiversity, including marine resources, acoustic environment, and air quality, is being degraded at an unprecedented rate ([ 2 ][3]). Repatriation is under negotiation, but it is likely that the Rohingya refugees will remain in Bangladesh for some time ([ 10 ][11]). The situation demands development of a long-term strategy at the landscape level not only to address humanitarian needs but also to mitigate both short- and long-term environmental effects. A forest and landscape restoration approach ([ 11 ][12]) will provide ample opportunities to integrate environmental and humanitarian interventions, both inside and outside the refugee camps. For instance, establishing fuelwood plantations to meet the local demand will reduce pressure on nearby forests. In addition, refugees and local host communities can use native species seedlings to plant trees, facilitating reforestation of degraded lands. 1. [↵][13]1. S. Shevach et al ., Humanit. Exch. 73, 16 (2018). [OpenUrl][14] 2. [↵][15]UN Development Programme, UN Women Bangladesh, Bangladesh Ministry of Environment and Forests, “Report on environmental impact of Rohingya influx” (Dhaka, 2018). 3. [↵][16]1. M. Bowden , Humanit. Exch. 73, 5 (2018). [OpenUrl][17] 4. [↵][18]1. M. M. Hassan et al ., Remote Sens. 10, 689 (2018). [OpenUrl][19] 5. [↵][20]1. M. A. Motaleb et al ., “Atlas: Elephant routes and corridors in Bangladesh” (IUCN, Dhaka, 2016). 6. [↵][21]1. K. McVeigh, 2. D. Peri , “Fatal elephant attacks on Rohingya refugees push Bangladesh to act,” The Guardian (2018); [www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/may/09/fatal-elephant-attacks-on-rohingya-refugees-push-bangladesh-to-act][22]. 7. [↵][23]IUCN Bangladesh, The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), “Survey report on elephant movement, human-elephant conflict situation, and possible intervention sites in and around Kutupalong Camp, Cox's Bazar” (Dhaka, 2018). 8. [↵][24]1. M. A. S. A. Khan et al ., Int. J. Biodivers. Sci. Manag. 5, 76 (2009). [OpenUrl][25] 9. [↵][26]1. S. Huq , “A note on the environmental aspects of Rohingya camps,” The Daily Star (2018); [www.thedailystar.net/opinion/politics-climate-change/note-the-environmental-aspects-rohingya-camps-1610368][27]. 10. [↵][28]International Organization for Migration (IOM), “Rohingya refugee crisis response” (2018); [www.iom.int/sitreps/bangladesh-iom-bangladesh-rohingya-refugee-crisis-response-external-update-december-2018][29]. 11. [↵][30]1. P. Besseau et al ., “Restoring forests and landscapes: The key to a sustainable future” (Global Partnership on Forest and Landscape Restoration, Vienna, 2018). [1]: pending:yes [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #ref-3 [5]: #ref-4 [6]: #ref-5 [7]: #ref-6 [8]: #ref-7 [9]: #ref-8 [10]: #ref-9 [11]: #ref-10 [12]: #ref-11 [13]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [14]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DHumanit.%2BExch.%26rft.volume%253D73%26rft.spage%253D16%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [15]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [16]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text" [17]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DHumanit.%2BExch.%26rft.volume%253D73%26rft.spage%253D5%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [18]: #xref-ref-4-1 "View reference 4 in text" [19]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DRemote%2BSens.%26rft.volume%253D10%26rft.spage%253D689%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [20]: #xref-ref-5-1 "View reference 5 in text" [21]: #xref-ref-6-1 "View reference 6 in text" [22]:...

ACS Style

Sharif Mukul; Saleemul Huq; John Herbohn; Ainun Nishat; A Atiq Rahman; Raquibul Amin; Farid Uddin Ahmed. Rohingya refugees and the environment. Science 2019, 364, 138 -138.

AMA Style

Sharif Mukul, Saleemul Huq, John Herbohn, Ainun Nishat, A Atiq Rahman, Raquibul Amin, Farid Uddin Ahmed. Rohingya refugees and the environment. Science. 2019; 364 (6436):138-138.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sharif Mukul; Saleemul Huq; John Herbohn; Ainun Nishat; A Atiq Rahman; Raquibul Amin; Farid Uddin Ahmed. 2019. "Rohingya refugees and the environment." Science 364, no. 6436: 138-138.