The three dimensional thermal model of a forced air-cooling battery thermal management system (BTMS) using aluminium foam heat sink (AFHS) is established, and the effects of porosity, pore density, and mass flow rate on the thermal and flow performance are discussed numerically from the aspects of pressure drop and temperature control effectiveness. The results reveal that an AFHS can markedly reduce the battery temperature compared with the BTMS without AFHS, but it also causes huge pressure loss and increases the temperature difference between the upstream and downstream of the battery. Reducing the porosity of aluminium foam reduces the battery’s average temperature, but increases the temperature difference. The increase of pore density leads to the increase of pressure drop, but has little effect on the battery temperature. Based on this, a study of the gradient porosity of the AFHS is carried out, and the thermal and flow performance are compared with the homogeneous AFHS. The results show that the AFHS with porosity-increasing gradient pattern (PIGP) in the direction perpendicular to flow reduces the pressure loss and improves flow performance. The AFHS with a porosity-decreasing gradient pattern (PDGP) in the flow direction has no obvious effect on the flow characteristics, but it can reduce the temperature difference of the battery. The direction of gradient porosity can be selected according to need. In addition, due to the energy absorption characteristics of aluminium foam, AFHS can improve the crashworthiness of the battery pack. Therefore, AFHS has great potential in air-cooled BTM.

Driving style has a significant effect on the operating economy of fuel cell buses (FCBs). To reduce hydrogen consumption and prolong the fuel cell life of FCBs, this paper proposes an online adaptive equivalent consumption minimum strategy (A-ECMS) based on driving style recognition. Firstly, driving data from various drivers is collected, and a standard driving cycle is created. Neural networks are then used to identify driving conditions, and three fuzzy logic recognizers are developed to identify driving styles for different driving conditions. The driving style factor is associated with the equivalent factor using an optimization algorithm that incorporates hydrogen consumption cost and fuel cell degradation cost into the objective function. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed A-ECMS can reduce equivalent hydrogen consumption, prolong fuel cell life, and result in a 6.2% reduction in total operating cost compared to the traditional method.

Battery modules of new energy vehicles are frequently exposed to dynamic impacts during traffic accidents. However, current research on the mechanical safety of prismatic lithium-ion batteries (PLIBs) primarily focuses on quasi-static states, and the failure mechanism of batteries under dynamic impact remains incompletely understood. Therefore, to investigate the failure mechanism and critical failure displacement of PLIB under dynamic impacts, this study establishes a computational model of PLIB considering anisotropy based on experimental data and extends the simulation to the case of high-velocity battery collision. On this basis, the deformation feature, mechanical response, and failure mechanism of PLIB under different impact velocities are analyzed. The results show that the deformation feature of PLIB under dynamic impact differs from that under quasi-static loading. As the loading velocity increases, the inertial effect gradually becomes apparent, causing the deformation of PLIB to localize and the failure displacement to decrease. Three critical failure displacements were identified within the velocity range of 0–20 m/s. This study can serve as a reference for battery safety design.

The static deformation in a multilayered magneto-electro-elastic half-space under vertical inner loading is calculated using a vector function system approach and a stiffness matrix method. Firstly, the displacement, stress, and inner loading are expanded using the vector function system, and the N-type and L&M-type problems related to the expansion coefficient are constructed. Secondly, the stable stiffness matrix method is used to solve the expansion coefficients of the L&M-type problem. After introducing the boundary condition and the discontinuity of the stress caused by inner loading, the displacement and stress are calculated through adaptive Gaussian quadrature. Finally, the numerical examples considering the circular load and point load are designed and analyzed, respectively.