In Norway, a landscape map exists which gives the opportunity to collect data in landscape units for further analysis. This study covers parts of Norway and Sweden, so the landscape map was extended into Sweden to form a unified landscape structure. A collection of geological and terrain data within landscape units can serve as a tool to describe the geodiversity profile of the units, study their geographical distribution and analyse similarities and dissimilarities between them. We collected geological and terrain data for an area covering large parts of southern Norway and Sweden. The data were collected as attributes in landscape polygons. The data were then analysed using multivariate techniques (Principle component analyses) where the first four axes of variation were definable. The first axis is a terrain axis, the second a bedrock unit axis, the third a bedrock diversity axis and the fourth a soil/sediment axis. In total, the four gradients answer for 54.9% of the total variation in the material. Links are found between the terrain data and geological units, but these links are relatively weak. The four gradients represent a step-less model of the geodiversity profile of the landscape areas but are dependent on the quality and scale of the input data. Norwegian and Swedish data had to be harmonised in order to be analysed together; however, because of this they ended up having a coarser resolution than desired, both spatially and scientifically. The stepless model was clustered to form 16 geodiversity profile groups for easy comparison and regional overview. The procedure can serve as a baseline for more detailed and field-based studies of geodiversity profiles, and give the opportunity to make analytical maps through simple overlay techniques and to compare areas with each other with respect to their geodiversity profile. This can be carried out both alone and in a wider landscape setting.

Concrete structures may develop deleterious damage, which significantly reduces service life, structural integrity, and safety, posing serious issues in large or otherwise critical infrastructure. Routine petrographic assessments, including microstructure, texture, and fabric, of concrete and its (gravel and sand) aggregate and binder constituents in thin section using polarization-fluorescence microscopy (PFM) enables the unequivocal identification of features that would otherwise remain hidden in conventional petrography. Rigorous preparation procedures preserve original microstructural details, make preparation artefacts recognizable, and ensure that the fluorescent emission can be quantified. This contribution outlines the preparation of fluorescence-impregnated thin sections and elaborates on the application of PFM to damaged concrete, with further examples from selected rock types commonly used for concrete aggregate.

As the title of the correspondence by Fossen et al. suggests, determining the age of landscape elements of the Earth surface is difficult. We thus welcome the opportunity to clarify our arguments on the contentious themes touched upon by Fredin et al

The Rolvsnes Granodiorite, comprising the major extent of the northern part of Bømlo Island, Western Norway, has been proposed to be an onshore analogue to the weathered basement rocks at Utsira High hosting significant petroleum resources. A total of 205 meters of core in three boreholes was collected crosscutting both fault zones and apparently tectonically undisturbed rocks. Four distinct lithologies were identified in the drillholes: A medium-grained (grano-)diorite, a range of biotite granites, a porphyritic granite, and aplites/pegmatites. All rock types display evidence of hydrothermal alteration as either pervasive discoloration or more localized veining. Early propylitic alteration of the granodiorite is easily observed macroscopically as distinct greening, caused by primary amphibole being replaced by epidote, and calcic plagioclase cores being altered to epidote+muscovite+quartz. The extent and transition of the alteration steps can be observed in the hyperspectral logs. A second generation of epidote can be observed as 1-2 mm veins crosscutting all lithologies. With decreasing temperature and/or higher fluid/rock ratio, biotite is altered to chlorite. Late infiltration of carbonic fluids is evident from calcite veins cutting former alteration types, and ankerite/Fe-rich dolomite + Fe-oxide veins associated with open fractures. The clay mineralogy is dominated by smectite and kaolinite, and several meter long sections of the drill cores are near or completely disintegrated from drilling and core handling due to the high smectite content. Kaolinite and smectite may occur together as alteration products, but in open fractures kaolinite is found as infilling in vugs and fractures lined with quartz or associated with the Fe-carbonates, with little or no smectite. This indicates that during late fluid circulation in the faults, kaolinite was precipitated directly from the fluid, and that smectite in the smectite-rich zones was a part of a low temperature pervasive alteration event.K-Ar dating of the clay-rich alteration zones from this and former studies show a large range of ages, with the ages of the finest (