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Dr. Meine Van Noordwijk
World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Bogor, Indonesia

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Short Biography

Meine van Noordwijk (PhD Wageningen University, 1987) served until mid-2017 as Chief Scientist at World Agroforestry (ICRAF), based in Bogor (Indonesia) and since that time as Distinguished Senior Fellow. He is also Professor of Agroforestry (em.) at Wageningen University (the Netherlands), and part of the agroforestry research group at Brawijaya University (Malang, Indonesia). Trained as biologist/ ecologist he has experience with systems analysis and modelling of systems that range from single roots in soil, via tree-soil-crop interactions, to the understanding of water, biodiversity and greenhouse gasses at landscapes scales, and the conflicts that arise over multiple claims to landscape functions, to the institutional translation of ecosystem service concepts in a comprehensive approach to land use policy. His work experience includes Southeast Asia, East Africa and the Netherlands.

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Journal article
Published: 16 August 2021 in Land
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Increased agricultural use of tropical peatlands has negative environmental effects. Drainage leads to landscape-wide degradation and fire risks. Livelihood strategies in peatland ecosystems have traditionally focused on transitions from riverbanks to peatland forests. Riparian ‘Kaleka’ agroforests with more than 100 years of history persist in the peatlands of Central Kalimantan (Indonesia), where large-scale open-field agricultural projects have dramatically failed. Our field study in a Dayak Ngaju village on the Kahayan river in the Pulang Pisau district involved characterizing land uses, surveying vegetation, measuring soil characteristics, and monitoring groundwater during a period of 16 months. We focused on how local practices and farmer knowledge compare with standard soil fertility (physical, chemical, biological) measurements to make meaningful assessments of risks and opportunities for sustainable land use within site-specific constraints. The Kaleka agroforests around a former settlement and sacred historical meaning are species-rich agroforests dominated by local fruit trees and rubber close to the riverbank. They function well with high wet-season groundwater tables (up to −15 cm) compatible with peatland restoration targets. Existing soil quality indices rate the soils, with low soil pH and high Alexch, as having low suitability for most annual crops, but active tree regeneration in Kaleka shows sustainability.

ACS Style

Yosefin Ari Silvianingsih; Kurniatun Hairiah; Didik Suprayogo; Meine van Noordwijk. Kaleka Agroforest in Central Kalimantan (Indonesia): Soil Quality, Hydrological Protection of Adjacent Peatlands, and Sustainability. Land 2021, 10, 856 .

AMA Style

Yosefin Ari Silvianingsih, Kurniatun Hairiah, Didik Suprayogo, Meine van Noordwijk. Kaleka Agroforest in Central Kalimantan (Indonesia): Soil Quality, Hydrological Protection of Adjacent Peatlands, and Sustainability. Land. 2021; 10 (8):856.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yosefin Ari Silvianingsih; Kurniatun Hairiah; Didik Suprayogo; Meine van Noordwijk. 2021. "Kaleka Agroforest in Central Kalimantan (Indonesia): Soil Quality, Hydrological Protection of Adjacent Peatlands, and Sustainability." Land 10, no. 8: 856.

Editorial
Published: 22 July 2021 in Land
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Agroforestry, land use at the agriculture-forestry interface that implies the presence of trees on farms and/or farmers in forests, has a history that may be as old as agriculture, but as an overarching label and topic of formal scientific analysis, it is in its fifth decade

ACS Style

Meine van Noordwijk. Agroforestry-Based Ecosystem Services. Land 2021, 10, 770 .

AMA Style

Meine van Noordwijk. Agroforestry-Based Ecosystem Services. Land. 2021; 10 (8):770.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meine van Noordwijk. 2021. "Agroforestry-Based Ecosystem Services." Land 10, no. 8: 770.

Perspective
Published: 02 July 2021 in Land
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Agroforestry as active area of multi-, inter-, and transdisciplinary research aims to bridge several artificial divides that have respectable historical roots but hinder progress toward sustainable development goals. These include: (1) The segregation of “forestry trees” and “agricultural crops”, ignoring the continuity in functional properties and functions; the farm-scale “Agroforestry-1” concept seeks to reconnect perennial and annual, woody and nonwoody plants across the forest–agriculture divide to markets for inputs and outputs. (2) The identification of agriculture with provisioning services and the assumed monopoly of forests on other ecosystem services (including hydrology, carbon storage, biodiversity conservation) in the landscape, challenged by the opportunity of “integrated” solutions at landscape scale as the “Agroforestry-2” concept explores. (3) The gaps among local knowledge of farmers/agroforesters as landscape managers, the contributions of social and ecological sciences, the path-dependency of forestry, environmental or agricultural institutions, and emerging policy responses to “issue attention cycles” in the public debate, as is the focus of the “Agroforestry-3” concept. Progress in understanding social–ecological–economic systems at the practitioners–science–policy interface requires that both instrumental and relational values of nature are appreciated, as they complement critical steps in progressing issue cycles at the three scales. A set of hypotheses can guide further research.

ACS Style

Meine van Noordwijk. Agroforestry-Based Ecosystem Services: Reconciling Values of Humans and Nature in Sustainable Development. Land 2021, 10, 699 .

AMA Style

Meine van Noordwijk. Agroforestry-Based Ecosystem Services: Reconciling Values of Humans and Nature in Sustainable Development. Land. 2021; 10 (7):699.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meine van Noordwijk. 2021. "Agroforestry-Based Ecosystem Services: Reconciling Values of Humans and Nature in Sustainable Development." Land 10, no. 7: 699.

Article
Published: 09 June 2021 in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
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Agroforestry (AF)-based adaptation to global climate change can consist of (1) reversal of negative trends in diverse tree cover as generic portfolio risk management strategy; (2) targeted, strategic, shift in resource capture (e.g. light, water) to adjust to changing conditions (e.g. lower or more variable rainfall, higher temperatures); (3) vegetation-based influences on rainfall patterns; or (4) adaptive, tactical, management of tree-crop interactions based on weather forecasts for the (next) growing season. Forty years ago, a tree physiological research tradition in aboveground and belowground resource capture was established with questions and methods on climate-tree-soil-crop interactions in space and time that are still relevant for today’s challenges. After summarising early research contributions, we review recent literature to assess current levels of uncertainty in climate adaptation assessments in and through AF. Quantification of microclimate within and around tree canopies showed a gap between standard climate station data (designed to avoid tree influences) and the actual climate in which crop and tree meristems or livestock operates in real-world AF. Where global scenario modelling of ‘macroclimate’ change in mean annual rainfall and temperature extrapolates from climate station conditions in past decades, it ignores microclimate effects of trees. There still is a shortage of long-term phenology records to analyse tree biological responses across a wide range of species to climate variability, especially where flowering and pollination matter. Physiological understanding can complement farmer knowledge and help guide policy decisions that allow AF solutions to emerge and tree germplasm to be adjusted for the growing conditions expected over the lifetime of a tree.

ACS Style

Meine van Noordwijk; Richard Coe; Fergus L. Sinclair; Eike Luedeling; Jules Bayala; Catherine W. Muthuri; Peter Cooper; Roeland Kindt; Lalisa Duguma; Christine Lamanna; Peter A. Minang. Climate change adaptation in and through agroforestry: four decades of research initiated by Peter Huxley. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 2021, 26, 1 -33.

AMA Style

Meine van Noordwijk, Richard Coe, Fergus L. Sinclair, Eike Luedeling, Jules Bayala, Catherine W. Muthuri, Peter Cooper, Roeland Kindt, Lalisa Duguma, Christine Lamanna, Peter A. Minang. Climate change adaptation in and through agroforestry: four decades of research initiated by Peter Huxley. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 2021; 26 (5):1-33.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meine van Noordwijk; Richard Coe; Fergus L. Sinclair; Eike Luedeling; Jules Bayala; Catherine W. Muthuri; Peter Cooper; Roeland Kindt; Lalisa Duguma; Christine Lamanna; Peter A. Minang. 2021. "Climate change adaptation in and through agroforestry: four decades of research initiated by Peter Huxley." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 26, no. 5: 1-33.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2021 in Land
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Production landscapes depend on, but also affect, ecosystem services. In the Rejoso watershed (East Java, Indonesia), uncontrolled groundwater use for paddies reduces flow of lowland pressure-driven artesian springs that supply drinking water to urban stakeholders. Analysis of the water balance suggested that the decline by about 30% in spring discharge in the past decades is attributed for 47 and 53%, respectively, to upland degradation and lowland groundwater abstraction. Consequently, current spring restoration efforts support upland agroforestry development while aiming to reduce lowland groundwater wasting. To clarify spatial and social targeting of lowland interventions five clusters (replicable patterns) of lowland paddy farming were distinguished from spatial data on, among other factors, reliance on river versus artesian wells delivering groundwater, use of crop rotation, rice yield, fertiliser rates and intensity of rodent control. A survey of farming households (461 respondents), complemented and verified through in-depth interviews and group discussions, identified opportunities for interventions and associated risks. Changes in artesian well design, allowing outflow control, can support water-saving, sustainable paddy cultivation methods. With rodents as a major yield-reducing factor, solutions likely depend on more synchronized planting calendars and thus on collective action for effectiveness at scale. Interventions based on this design are currently tested.

ACS Style

Ni’Matul Khasanah; Lisa Tanika; Lalu Pratama; Beria Leimona; Endro Prasetiyo; Fitri Marulani; Adis Hendriatna; Mukhammad Zulkarnain; Alix Toulier; Meine van Noordwijk. Groundwater-Extracting Rice Production in the Rejoso Watershed (Indonesia) Reducing Urban Water Availability: Characterisation and Intervention Priorities. Land 2021, 10, 586 .

AMA Style

Ni’Matul Khasanah, Lisa Tanika, Lalu Pratama, Beria Leimona, Endro Prasetiyo, Fitri Marulani, Adis Hendriatna, Mukhammad Zulkarnain, Alix Toulier, Meine van Noordwijk. Groundwater-Extracting Rice Production in the Rejoso Watershed (Indonesia) Reducing Urban Water Availability: Characterisation and Intervention Priorities. Land. 2021; 10 (6):586.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ni’Matul Khasanah; Lisa Tanika; Lalu Pratama; Beria Leimona; Endro Prasetiyo; Fitri Marulani; Adis Hendriatna; Mukhammad Zulkarnain; Alix Toulier; Meine van Noordwijk. 2021. "Groundwater-Extracting Rice Production in the Rejoso Watershed (Indonesia) Reducing Urban Water Availability: Characterisation and Intervention Priorities." Land 10, no. 6: 586.

Short communication
Published: 18 March 2021 in Soil Security
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A nature-based soil security solution is proposed. In countries with active volcanoes, such as Indonesia, volcanic ash could be used to supply nutrients and reduce CO2 from the atmosphere. The weathering can draw CO2 from the atmosphere; in addition, volcanic ash with 0% carbon can turn into soils with around 10% organic carbon. In Indonesia, soils of volcanic origin cover about 31.7 million ha or 17% of its land area. Frequent volcanic eruptions made volcanic ash or tephra readily available. However, tephra is not widely used and has not been adequately investigated as a soil amendment to sequester carbon. This paper calculates the magnitude and opportunity of CO2 drawdown potential from volcanic materials produced annually in Indonesia. In years with significant volcanic eruptions, the subsequent withdrawal will be 100–200 Mt CO2 or 20–40% of the country's fossil fuel emission. The CO2 captured when volcanic materials weather is part of the global carbon cycle and is influenced by land-use decisions. Currently, volcanic ash is often eroded and rapidly transferred to aquatic systems. In relevant landscapes, actively managing this untapped resource is more feasible than external basalt applications as volcanic ashes do not need to be ground, can soak up significant amounts of carbon from the atmosphere, and build fertile soils that supply an abundance of nutrients to achieve food and soil security. Volcanic ash needs to be included in carbon accounting and its management could be part of emission reduction strategies.

ACS Style

Budiman Minasny; Dian Fiantis; Kurniatun Hairiah; Meine Van Noordwijk. Applying volcanic ash to croplands – The untapped natural solution. Soil Security 2021, 3, 100006 .

AMA Style

Budiman Minasny, Dian Fiantis, Kurniatun Hairiah, Meine Van Noordwijk. Applying volcanic ash to croplands – The untapped natural solution. Soil Security. 2021; 3 ():100006.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Budiman Minasny; Dian Fiantis; Kurniatun Hairiah; Meine Van Noordwijk. 2021. "Applying volcanic ash to croplands – The untapped natural solution." Soil Security 3, no. : 100006.

Preprint content
Published: 25 February 2021
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Natural regeneration depends on surviving propagules in the soil, seed sources from a surrounding landscape mosaic, and dispersal agents. We compiled and analyzed four sets of case studies varying in degree of disturbance, for secondary forests recovering from logging, fire, and conversion to agroforest in Sumatra or Kalimantan (Indonesia) on mineral and peat soils. Data on tree species diversity, wood density frequency distribution (indicative of successional status, databases with over 6000 species exist), and dispersal modes were compared with those for less disturbed comparator forests for the same landscapes. Undisturbed lowland dipterocarp forest in Kalimantan had close to 200 species of trees of more than 10 cm diameter at a 1 ha sample scale (and 450 at a 10-ha scale), regulation-based logging had little impact. Still, after the repeated fire a sample area of 2 ha was needed to reach the same species numbers. After forest conversion to low-management-intensity rubber agroforest, 50 tree species were found at a ha scale and close to 100 species in 3 ha. Peat swamp forest in Kalimantan and the Sumatra forest samples had close to 100 species in 1 to 2 ha. The Kalimantan forest after a repeated fire had a markedly higher fraction of low-wood-density trees (40%), but otherwise, all forests sampled were similar in overall wood density profiles. Logged-over forest managed by community (village forest) and rubber agroforest in Sumatra contained larger fractions of heavy-wood-density trees (including rubber). The majority of trees (50-70%) had birds, bats, and primates as dispersal agents in all sites. Logged-over forests on mineral soil had higher fractions of autochorous species (15%) compared to other sites. Anemochorous (wind-dispersed) species were most common (20%) in undisturbed lowland Dipterocarp forest and peat swamp forest recovering after logging and fire. Comparison between secondary forests and agroforests showed the influence of farmer selection regarding what is allowed to grow beyond the pole stage. Wood density and seed dispersal profile can be used as degradation indicators of species assemblages across various disturbance levels and types. They can also reflect the habitat quality of the surrounding forming restoration options.

ACS Style

Subekti Rahayu; Sidiq Pambudi; Dikdik Permadi; Hesti Lestari Tata; Endri Martini; Saida Rasnovi; Hani S. Nuroniah; Roeland Kindt; Mohamad Nugraha; Sonya Dewi; Meine van Noordwijk. Wood Density and Dispersal Modes of Trees Regenerating in Disturbed Forests and Agroforests in Indonesia. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Subekti Rahayu, Sidiq Pambudi, Dikdik Permadi, Hesti Lestari Tata, Endri Martini, Saida Rasnovi, Hani S. Nuroniah, Roeland Kindt, Mohamad Nugraha, Sonya Dewi, Meine van Noordwijk. Wood Density and Dispersal Modes of Trees Regenerating in Disturbed Forests and Agroforests in Indonesia. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Subekti Rahayu; Sidiq Pambudi; Dikdik Permadi; Hesti Lestari Tata; Endri Martini; Saida Rasnovi; Hani S. Nuroniah; Roeland Kindt; Mohamad Nugraha; Sonya Dewi; Meine van Noordwijk. 2021. "Wood Density and Dispersal Modes of Trees Regenerating in Disturbed Forests and Agroforests in Indonesia." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 26 January 2021 in Sustainability
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The way the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted human lives and livelihoods constituted a stress test for agroecosystems in developing countries, as part of rural–urban systems and the global economy. We applied two conceptual schemes to dissect the evidence in peer-reviewed literature so far, as a basis for better understanding and enabling ‘building back better’. Reported positive impacts of the lockdown ‘anthropause’ on environmental conditions were likely only short-term, while progress towards sustainable development goals was more consistently set back especially for social aspects such as livelihood, employment, and income. The loss of interconnectedness, driving loss of assets, followed a ‘collapse’ cascade that included urban-to-rural migration due to loss of urban jobs, and illegal exploitation of forests and wildlife. Agricultural activities geared to international trade were generally disrupted, while more local markets flourished. Improved understanding of these pathways is needed for synergy between the emerging adaptive, mitigative, transformative, and reimaginative responses. Dominant efficiency-seeking strategies that increase fragility will have to be re-evaluated to be better prepared for further pandemics, that current Human–Nature interactions are likely to trigger.

ACS Style

Lalisa Duguma; Meine van Noordwijk; Peter Minang; Kennedy Muthee. COVID-19 Pandemic and Agroecosystem Resilience: Early Insights for Building Better Futures. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1278 .

AMA Style

Lalisa Duguma, Meine van Noordwijk, Peter Minang, Kennedy Muthee. COVID-19 Pandemic and Agroecosystem Resilience: Early Insights for Building Better Futures. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1278.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lalisa Duguma; Meine van Noordwijk; Peter Minang; Kennedy Muthee. 2021. "COVID-19 Pandemic and Agroecosystem Resilience: Early Insights for Building Better Futures." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1278.

Article
Published: 09 January 2021 in Agroforestry Systems
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The shea tree, Vitellaria paradoxa, shields people, crops and livestock in West African parkland agroforestry systems from climate variability. Accurate estimates of accumulated biomass of such key species may support ways to secure financial incentives within global climate policies. In this quest, variation in allometric relations used for biomass (carbon stock) estimates on the basis of stem diameter matters, but parameters a and b of the standard format (AGB = a Db; AGB = aboveground biomass, D = stem diameter) are correlated and are directly related to tree shapes. Functional branch analysis (FBA) allows non-destructive derivation of allometrics. For Koutiala and Yanfolila shea populations empirical branching parameters were scale-independent, matching FBA assumptions. Allometry (AGB = 169 (D/20)2.64 and AGB = 146 (D/20)2.65, kg tree−1) implied 22%, 16% and 11% larger vegetative aboveground biomass in Koutiala than in Yanfolila at stem diameters (D) of 10, 20 and 32 cm, respectively. Below-ground biomass predictions (BGBi = 8.73 (Di/10)2.35 and BGBi = 8.16 (Di/10)2.38, kg per proximal root) differed − 6% and − 15% for root diameters Di of 10 and 32 cm, respectively. On a dry weight basis, the shoot:root ratio was 2.7 and 2.9, respectively for the two sites. Stand-level above-and below-ground carbon stocks in Koutiala (2.16 ± 0.44 and 0.8 ± 0.15 Mg C ha−1) were not significantly different from those in Yanfolila (3.21 ± 0.60 and 1.26 ± 0.21 Mg C ha−1), respectively. Further research is required to include (potential) fruit production to the plant architectural model.

ACS Style

Kapoury Sanogo; Jules Bayala; Grace B. Villamor; Soro Dodiomon; Meine van Noordwijk. A non-destructive method for estimating woody biomass and carbon stocks of Vitellaria paradoxa in southern Mali, West Africa. Agroforestry Systems 2021, 95, 135 -150.

AMA Style

Kapoury Sanogo, Jules Bayala, Grace B. Villamor, Soro Dodiomon, Meine van Noordwijk. A non-destructive method for estimating woody biomass and carbon stocks of Vitellaria paradoxa in southern Mali, West Africa. Agroforestry Systems. 2021; 95 (1):135-150.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kapoury Sanogo; Jules Bayala; Grace B. Villamor; Soro Dodiomon; Meine van Noordwijk. 2021. "A non-destructive method for estimating woody biomass and carbon stocks of Vitellaria paradoxa in southern Mali, West Africa." Agroforestry Systems 95, no. 1: 135-150.

Journal article
Published: 04 January 2021 in Land
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The conversion of natural forests to different land uses still occurs in various parts of Southeast Asia with poor records of impact on ecosystem services and biodiversity. We quantified such impacts on earthworm diversity in two communes of Quang Nam province, Vietnam. Both communes are situated within buffer zones of a nature reserve where remaining natural forests are under threat of continued conversion. We identified 25 different earthworm species, out of which 21 were found in natural forests, 15 in agroforestry, 14 in planted forests, and seven each in annual croplands and home gardens. Out of the six species that were omnipresent inhabitants of all observed habitats, Pontoscolex corethrurus largely dominated habitats with intensive anthropogenic activities but was rare in natural forests. Natural and regenerated forests had a much denser earthworm population in the top 10 cm of soil rather than in deeper soil layers. We conclude that the conversion of natural forests into different land uses has reduced earthworm diversity which can substantially affect soil health and ecosystem functions in the two communes. Protection of the remaining natural forests is urgent, while the promotion of a tree-based farming system such as agroforestry can reconcile earthworm conservation and local livelihoods.

ACS Style

Rachmat Mulia; Sam Van Hoang; Van Mai Dinh; Ngoc Bich Thi Duong; Anh Duc Nguyen; Dang Hai Lam; Duyen Thu Thi Hoang; Meine Van Noordwijk. Earthworm Diversity, Forest Conversion and Agroforestry in Quang Nam Province, Vietnam. Land 2021, 10, 36 .

AMA Style

Rachmat Mulia, Sam Van Hoang, Van Mai Dinh, Ngoc Bich Thi Duong, Anh Duc Nguyen, Dang Hai Lam, Duyen Thu Thi Hoang, Meine Van Noordwijk. Earthworm Diversity, Forest Conversion and Agroforestry in Quang Nam Province, Vietnam. Land. 2021; 10 (1):36.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rachmat Mulia; Sam Van Hoang; Van Mai Dinh; Ngoc Bich Thi Duong; Anh Duc Nguyen; Dang Hai Lam; Duyen Thu Thi Hoang; Meine Van Noordwijk. 2021. "Earthworm Diversity, Forest Conversion and Agroforestry in Quang Nam Province, Vietnam." Land 10, no. 1: 36.

Journal article
Published: 18 December 2020 in Land
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Migration connects land use in areas of origin with areas of new residence, impacting both through individual, gendered choices on the use of land, labor, and knowledge. Synthesizing across two case studies in Indonesia, we focus on five aspects: (i) conditions within the community of origin linked to the reason for people to venture elsewhere, temporarily or permanently; (ii) the changes in the receiving community and its environment, generally in rural areas with lower human population density; (iii) the effect of migration on land use and livelihoods in the areas of origin; (iv) the dynamics of migrants returning with different levels of success; and (v) interactions of migrants in all four aspects with government and other stakeholders of development policies. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions in the study areas showed how decisions vary with gender and age, between individuals, households, and groups of households joining after signs of success. Most of the decision making is linked to perceived poverty, natural resource and land competition, and emergencies, such as natural disasters or increased human conflicts. People returning successfully may help to rebuild the village and its agricultural and agroforestry systems and can invest in social capital (mosques, healthcare, schools).

ACS Style

Elok Mulyoutami; Betha Lusiana; Meine Van Noordwijk. Gendered Migration and Agroforestry in Indonesia: Livelihoods, Labor, Know-How, Networks. Land 2020, 9, 529 .

AMA Style

Elok Mulyoutami, Betha Lusiana, Meine Van Noordwijk. Gendered Migration and Agroforestry in Indonesia: Livelihoods, Labor, Know-How, Networks. Land. 2020; 9 (12):529.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elok Mulyoutami; Betha Lusiana; Meine Van Noordwijk. 2020. "Gendered Migration and Agroforestry in Indonesia: Livelihoods, Labor, Know-How, Networks." Land 9, no. 12: 529.

Journal article
Published: 18 December 2020 in Land
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With 15–20% of Indonesian oil palms located, without a legal basis and permits, within the forest zone (‘Kawasan hutan’), international concerns regarding deforestation affect the totality of Indonesian palm oil export. ‘Forest zone oil palm’ (FZ-OP) is a substantive issue that requires analysis and policy change. While spatial details of FZ-OP remain contested, we review literature on (1) the legal basis of the forest zone and its conversion, (2) social stratification in oil palm production (large-scale, plasma and independent growers), and (3) environmental consequences of forest conversion to FZ-OP, before discussing policy options in a range of social and ecological contexts. Policy options range from full regularization (as FZ-OP stands could meet international forest definitions), to conditional acceptance of diversified smallholder plantings in ‘agroforestry concessions’, to gradually phasing out FZ-OP and eviction/destruction. A nuanced and differentiated approach to FZ-OP is needed, as certification of legality along supply chains is vulnerable to illegal levies and corruption. Corporate actors trading internationally can avoid use of uncertified raw materials, effectively shifting blame and depressing farmgate prices for domestic-market palm oil, but this will not return forest conditions or stop further forest conversion. We discuss an agenda for follow-up policy research.

ACS Style

Edi Purwanto; Hery Santoso; Idsert Jelsma; Atiek Widayati; Hunggul Y. S. H. Nugroho; Meine Van Noordwijk. Agroforestry as Policy Option for Forest-Zone Oil Palm Production in Indonesia. Land 2020, 9, 531 .

AMA Style

Edi Purwanto, Hery Santoso, Idsert Jelsma, Atiek Widayati, Hunggul Y. S. H. Nugroho, Meine Van Noordwijk. Agroforestry as Policy Option for Forest-Zone Oil Palm Production in Indonesia. Land. 2020; 9 (12):531.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edi Purwanto; Hery Santoso; Idsert Jelsma; Atiek Widayati; Hunggul Y. S. H. Nugroho; Meine Van Noordwijk. 2020. "Agroforestry as Policy Option for Forest-Zone Oil Palm Production in Indonesia." Land 9, no. 12: 531.

Chapter
Published: 06 October 2020 in Agroforestry for Degraded Landscapes
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In Southeast Asia, 8.5% of the global human population lives on 3.0% of the land area. With 7.9% of the global agricultural land base, the region has 14.7% and 28.9% of such land with at least 10% and 30% tree cover, respectively, and is the worlds’ primary home of ‘agroforests’. Landscapes in the region include the full range of ‘forest transition stages’, as identified in global analysis. A long tradition of top-down national reforestation and tree planting programs has not had success proportional to the efforts and resources allocated. By contrast, farmers in the region have a long tradition of retaining (and managing natural regeneration of) useful trees among planted trees (e.g. tree crops or timber) and annual crops to prevent degradation and avoiding the labour costs of weed control. Meanwhile, state-controlled forests have lost a lot of their diverse tree cover, both legally and illegally. The restoration agenda includes four levels of intensity and stakeholder involvement: (RI) ecological intensification within a land use system; (RII) recovery/regeneration, within a local socioecological system; (RIII) reparation/recuperation, within rules and rewards set by the national policy context; and (RIV) remediation, requiring international support and investment. Major opportunities for restoring the multifunctionality of landscapes in the region are formed by resolution of existing conflicts over multiple claims to ‘forest’ land stewardship. The chapter summarizes lessons learnt in 26 landscapes, grouped in seven ‘degradation syndromes’: Degraded hillslopes, fire-climax grasslands, over-intensified monocropping, forest classification conflicts, drained peatlands, converted mangroves and disturbed soil profiles. It also addresses two overarching concerns: disturbed hydrology and supply sheds at risk. In each landscape, a driver-pressure-state-impact-response analysis of the socioecological system supported a diagnosis beyond the primary degradation symptoms. Appropriate actions reflect six requirements for effective restoration: (1) community involvement, aligned with values and concerns, (2) rights, (3) knowledge and knowhow of sustainable land use practices, (4) markets for inputs (incl. Soil amendments, tree germplasm, labour) and outputs (access, bargaining position), (5) local environmental impacts (often primarily through the water cycle and agrobiodiversity) and (6) global connectivity, including interactions with climate and global biodiversity agendas. All six can be a ‘starting point’ for restoration interventions, but progress is typically limited by several (or all) of the others. In our analysis, all 17 Sustainable Development Goals can contribute to and benefit from a coherent rights-based approach to restoration through agroforestry with specific technologies and choice of species dependent on local context and market access.

ACS Style

Meine Van Noordwijk; Andre Ekadinata; Beria Leimona; Delia Catacutan; Endri Martini; Hesti L. Tata; Ingrid Öborn; Kurniatun Hairiah; Prasit Wangpakapattanawong; Rachmat Mulia; Sonya Dewi; Subekti Rahayu; Thoha Zulkarnain. Agroforestry Options for Degraded Landscapes in Southeast Asia. Agroforestry for Degraded Landscapes 2020, 307 -347.

AMA Style

Meine Van Noordwijk, Andre Ekadinata, Beria Leimona, Delia Catacutan, Endri Martini, Hesti L. Tata, Ingrid Öborn, Kurniatun Hairiah, Prasit Wangpakapattanawong, Rachmat Mulia, Sonya Dewi, Subekti Rahayu, Thoha Zulkarnain. Agroforestry Options for Degraded Landscapes in Southeast Asia. Agroforestry for Degraded Landscapes. 2020; ():307-347.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meine Van Noordwijk; Andre Ekadinata; Beria Leimona; Delia Catacutan; Endri Martini; Hesti L. Tata; Ingrid Öborn; Kurniatun Hairiah; Prasit Wangpakapattanawong; Rachmat Mulia; Sonya Dewi; Subekti Rahayu; Thoha Zulkarnain. 2020. "Agroforestry Options for Degraded Landscapes in Southeast Asia." Agroforestry for Degraded Landscapes , no. : 307-347.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2020 in Land
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Knowledge transfer depends on the motivations of the target users. A case study of the intention of Indonesian coffee farmers to use a tree canopy trimming technique in pine–based agroforestry highlights path-dependency and complexity of social-ecological relationships. Farmers have contracts permitting coffee cultivation under pine trees owned by the state forestry company but have no right to fell trees. A multidisciplinary international team of scientists supported farmers at the University of Brawijaya Forest in East Java to trial canopy trimming to improve light for coffee production while maintaining tree density. Data were collected using surveys through interviews, case study analysis using in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and nonparticipant observations. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior, we found that though farmer attitudes toward trimming techniques were positive, several factors needed to be scrutinized: perceived limited socio-policy support and resources. While there is hope that canopy trimming can improve coffee production and local ecosystem services, a participatory and integrative extension and communication strategy will be needed. In the relationship between farmers as agents and forest authorities as principals, any agroforestry innovation needs to incorporate knowledge and concerns in the triangle of farmers, policymakers and empirical science.

ACS Style

Edi Dwi Cahyono; Salsabila Fairuzzana; Deltanti Willianto; Eka Pradesti; Niall P. McNamara; Rebecca L. Rowe; Meine Van Noordwijk. Agroforestry Innovation through Planned Farmer Behavior: Trimming in Pine–Coffee Systems. Land 2020, 9, 363 .

AMA Style

Edi Dwi Cahyono, Salsabila Fairuzzana, Deltanti Willianto, Eka Pradesti, Niall P. McNamara, Rebecca L. Rowe, Meine Van Noordwijk. Agroforestry Innovation through Planned Farmer Behavior: Trimming in Pine–Coffee Systems. Land. 2020; 9 (10):363.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edi Dwi Cahyono; Salsabila Fairuzzana; Deltanti Willianto; Eka Pradesti; Niall P. McNamara; Rebecca L. Rowe; Meine Van Noordwijk. 2020. "Agroforestry Innovation through Planned Farmer Behavior: Trimming in Pine–Coffee Systems." Land 9, no. 10: 363.

Journal article
Published: 14 September 2020 in Land
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Belowground roles of agroforestry in climate change mitigation (C storage) and adaptation (reduced vulnerability to drought) are less obvious than easy-to-measure aspects aboveground. Documentation on these roles is lacking. We quantified the organic C concentration (Corg) and soil physical properties in a mountainous landscape in Sulawesi (Indonesia) for five land cover types: secondary forest (SF), multistrata cocoa–based agroforestry (CAF) aged 4–5 years (CAF4), 10–12 years (CAF10), 17–34 years (CAF17), and multistrata (mixed fruit and timber) agroforest (MAF45) aged 45–68 years. With four replicate plots per cover type, we measured five pools of C-stock according to IPCC guidelines, soil bulk density (BD), macro porosity (MP), hydraulic conductivity (Ks), and available water capacity of the soil (AWC). The highest C-stock, in SF, was around 320 Mg ha−1, the lowest, 74 Mg ha−1, was in CAF4, with the older agroforestry systems being intermediate with 120 to 150 Mg ha−1. Soil compaction after forest conversion led to increased BD and reduced MP, Ks, and AWC. Older agroforestry partly recovered buffering: AWC per m of rooted soil profile increased by 5.7 mm per unit (g kg−1) increase of Corg. The restored AWC can support about a week’s worth of evapotranspiration without rain, assisting in climate change adaptation.

ACS Style

Sikstus Gusli; Sri Sumeni; Riyami Sabodin; Ikram Hadi Muqfi; Mustakim Nur; Kurniatun Hairiah; Daniel Useng; Meine Van Noordwijk. Soil Organic Matter, Mitigation of and Adaptation to Climate Change in Cocoa–Based Agroforestry Systems. Land 2020, 9, 323 .

AMA Style

Sikstus Gusli, Sri Sumeni, Riyami Sabodin, Ikram Hadi Muqfi, Mustakim Nur, Kurniatun Hairiah, Daniel Useng, Meine Van Noordwijk. Soil Organic Matter, Mitigation of and Adaptation to Climate Change in Cocoa–Based Agroforestry Systems. Land. 2020; 9 (9):323.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sikstus Gusli; Sri Sumeni; Riyami Sabodin; Ikram Hadi Muqfi; Mustakim Nur; Kurniatun Hairiah; Daniel Useng; Meine Van Noordwijk. 2020. "Soil Organic Matter, Mitigation of and Adaptation to Climate Change in Cocoa–Based Agroforestry Systems." Land 9, no. 9: 323.

Journal article
Published: 02 September 2020 in Land
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Nine Latin American countries plan to use silvopastoral practices—incorporating trees into grazing lands—to mitigate climate change. However, the cumulative potential of scaling up silvopastoral systems at national levels is not well quantified. Here, we combined previously published tree cover data based on 250 m resolution MODIS satellite remote sensing imagery for 2000–2017 with ecofloristic zone carbon stock estimates to calculate historical and potential future tree biomass carbon storage in Colombian grasslands. Between 2000 and 2017, tree cover across all Colombian grasslands increased from 15% to 18%, with total biomass carbon (TBC) stocks increasing from 0.41 to 0.48 Pg. The range in 2017 carbon stock values in grasslands based on ecofloristic zones (5 to 122 Mg ha−1) suggests a potential for further increase. Increasing all carbon stocks to the current median and 75th percentile levels for the respective eco-floristic zone would increase TBC stocks by about 0.06 and 0.15 Pg, respectively. Incorporated into national C accounting, such Tier 2 estimates can set realistic targets for silvopastoral systems in nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) implementation plans in Colombia and other Latin American countries with similar contexts.

ACS Style

Ermias Aynekulu; Marta Suber; Meine Van Noordwijk; Jacobo Arango; James M. Roshetko; Todd Rosenstock. Carbon Storage Potential of Silvopastoral Systems of Colombia. Land 2020, 9, 309 .

AMA Style

Ermias Aynekulu, Marta Suber, Meine Van Noordwijk, Jacobo Arango, James M. Roshetko, Todd Rosenstock. Carbon Storage Potential of Silvopastoral Systems of Colombia. Land. 2020; 9 (9):309.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ermias Aynekulu; Marta Suber; Meine Van Noordwijk; Jacobo Arango; James M. Roshetko; Todd Rosenstock. 2020. "Carbon Storage Potential of Silvopastoral Systems of Colombia." Land 9, no. 9: 309.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2020 in Land
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Tree root systems stabilize hillslopes and riverbanks, reducing landslide risk, but related data for the humid tropics are scarce. We tested fractal allometry hypotheses on differences in the vertical and horizontal distribution of roots of trees commonly found in agroforestry systems and on shear strength of soil in relation to root length density in the topsoil. Proximal roots of 685 trees (55 species; 4–20 cm stem diameter at breast height, dbh) were observed across six landscapes in Indonesia. The Index of Root Anchoring (IRA) and the Index of Root Binding (IRB) were calculated as Dv2/dbh2 and as Dh2/dbh2, respectively, where Dv and Dh are the diameters of vertical (angle >45°) and horizontal (angle 1.0) were observed in coffee and several common shade trees. Common fruit trees in coffee agroforestry had low medium values, indicating modest ‘soil anchoring’. Where root length density (Lrv) in the topsoil is less than 10 km m−3 shear strength largely depends on texture; for Lrv > 10 shear strength was >1.5 kg m−2 at the texture tested. In conclusion, a mix of tree species with deep roots and grasses with intense fine roots provides the highest hillslope and riverbank stability.

ACS Style

Kurniatun Hairiah; Widianto Widianto; Didik Suprayogo; Meine Van Noordwijk. Tree Roots Anchoring and Binding Soil: Reducing Landslide Risk in Indonesian Agroforestry. Land 2020, 9, 256 .

AMA Style

Kurniatun Hairiah, Widianto Widianto, Didik Suprayogo, Meine Van Noordwijk. Tree Roots Anchoring and Binding Soil: Reducing Landslide Risk in Indonesian Agroforestry. Land. 2020; 9 (8):256.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kurniatun Hairiah; Widianto Widianto; Didik Suprayogo; Meine Van Noordwijk. 2020. "Tree Roots Anchoring and Binding Soil: Reducing Landslide Risk in Indonesian Agroforestry." Land 9, no. 8: 256.

Journal article
Published: 29 July 2020 in Land
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Restoration depends on purpose and context. At the core it entails innovation to halt ongoing and reverse past degradation. It aims for increased functionality, not necessarily recovering past system states. Location-specific interventions in social-ecological systems reducing proximate pressures, need to synergize with transforming generic drivers of unsustainable land use. After reviewing pantropical international research on forests, trees, and agroforestry, we developed an options-by-context typology. Four intensities of land restoration interact: R.I. Ecological intensification within a land use system, R.II. Recovery/regeneration, within a local social-ecological system, R.III. Reparation/recuperation, requiring a national policy context, R.IV. Remediation, requiring international support and investment. Relevant interventions start from core values of human identity while addressing five potential bottlenecks: Rights, Know-how, Markets (inputs, outputs, credit), Local Ecosystem Services (including water, agrobiodiversity, micro/mesoclimate) and Teleconnections (global climate change, biodiversity). Six stages of forest transition (from closed old-growth forest to open-field agriculture and re-treed (peri)urban landscapes) can contextualize interventions, with six special places: water towers, riparian zone and wetlands, peat landscapes, small islands and mangroves, transport infrastructure, and mining scars. The typology can help to link knowledge with action in people-centric restoration in which external stakeholders coinvest, reflecting shared responsibility for historical degradation and benefits from environmental stewardship.

ACS Style

Meine Van Noordwijk; Vincent Gitz; Peter A. Minang; Sonya Dewi; Beria Leimona; Lalisa Duguma; Nathanaël Pingault; Alexandre Meybeck. People-Centric Nature-Based Land Restoration Through Agroforestry: A Typology. Land 2020, 9, 251 .

AMA Style

Meine Van Noordwijk, Vincent Gitz, Peter A. Minang, Sonya Dewi, Beria Leimona, Lalisa Duguma, Nathanaël Pingault, Alexandre Meybeck. People-Centric Nature-Based Land Restoration Through Agroforestry: A Typology. Land. 2020; 9 (8):251.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meine Van Noordwijk; Vincent Gitz; Peter A. Minang; Sonya Dewi; Beria Leimona; Lalisa Duguma; Nathanaël Pingault; Alexandre Meybeck. 2020. "People-Centric Nature-Based Land Restoration Through Agroforestry: A Typology." Land 9, no. 8: 251.

Journal article
Published: 24 July 2020 in Land
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Location-specific forms of agroforestry management can reduce problems in the forest–water–people nexus, by balancing upstream and downstream interests, but social and ecological finetuning is needed. New ways of achieving shared understanding of the underlying ecological and social-ecological relations is needed to adapt and contextualize generic solutions. Addressing these challenges between thirteen cases of tropical agroforestry scenario development across three continents requires exploration of generic aspects of issues, knowledge and participative approaches. Participative projects with local stakeholders increasingly use ‘serious gaming’. Although helpful, serious games so far (1) appear to be ad hoc, case dependent, with poorly defined extrapolation domains, (2) require heavy research investment, (3) have untested cultural limitations and (4) lack clarity on where and how they can be used in policy making. We classify the main forest–water–people nexus issues and the types of land-use solutions that shape local discourses and that are to be brought to life in the games. Four ‘prototype’ games will be further used to test hypotheses about the four problems identified constraining game use. The resulting generic forest–water–people games will be the outcome of the project “Scenario evaluation for sustainable agroforestry management through forest-water-people games” (SESAM), for which this article provides a preview.

ACS Style

Meine Van Noordwijk; Erika Speelman; Gert Hofstede; Ai Farida; Ali Abdurrahim; Andrew Miccolis; Arief Hakim; Charles Wamucii; Elisabeth Lagneaux; Federico Andreotti; George Kimbowa; Gildas Assogba; Lisa Best; Lisa Tanika; Margaret Githinji; Paulina Rosero; Rika Sari; Usha Satnarain; Soeryo Adiwibowo; Arend Ligtenberg; Catherine Muthuri; Marielos Peña-Claros; Edi Purwanto; Pieter Van Oel; Danaë Rozendaal; Didik Suprayogo; Adriaan Teuling. Sustainable Agroforestry Landscape Management: Changing the Game. Land 2020, 9, 243 .

AMA Style

Meine Van Noordwijk, Erika Speelman, Gert Hofstede, Ai Farida, Ali Abdurrahim, Andrew Miccolis, Arief Hakim, Charles Wamucii, Elisabeth Lagneaux, Federico Andreotti, George Kimbowa, Gildas Assogba, Lisa Best, Lisa Tanika, Margaret Githinji, Paulina Rosero, Rika Sari, Usha Satnarain, Soeryo Adiwibowo, Arend Ligtenberg, Catherine Muthuri, Marielos Peña-Claros, Edi Purwanto, Pieter Van Oel, Danaë Rozendaal, Didik Suprayogo, Adriaan Teuling. Sustainable Agroforestry Landscape Management: Changing the Game. Land. 2020; 9 (8):243.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meine Van Noordwijk; Erika Speelman; Gert Hofstede; Ai Farida; Ali Abdurrahim; Andrew Miccolis; Arief Hakim; Charles Wamucii; Elisabeth Lagneaux; Federico Andreotti; George Kimbowa; Gildas Assogba; Lisa Best; Lisa Tanika; Margaret Githinji; Paulina Rosero; Rika Sari; Usha Satnarain; Soeryo Adiwibowo; Arend Ligtenberg; Catherine Muthuri; Marielos Peña-Claros; Edi Purwanto; Pieter Van Oel; Danaë Rozendaal; Didik Suprayogo; Adriaan Teuling. 2020. "Sustainable Agroforestry Landscape Management: Changing the Game." Land 9, no. 8: 243.

Journal article
Published: 23 July 2020 in Land
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Forest conversion to agriculture can induce the loss of hydrologic functions linked to infiltration. Infiltration-friendly agroforestry land uses minimize this loss. Our assessment of forest-derived land uses in the Rejoso Watershed on the slopes of the Bromo volcano in East Java (Indonesia) focused on two zones, upstream (above 800 m a.s.l.; Andisols) and midstream (400–800 m a.s.l.; Inceptisols) of the Rejoso River, feeding aquifers that support lowland rice areas and drinking water supply to nearby cities. We quantified throughfall, infiltration, and erosion in three replications per land use category, with 6–13% of rainfall with intensities of 51–100 mm day−1. Throughfall varied from 65 to 100%, with a zone-dependent intercept but common 3% increase in canopy retention per 10% increase in canopy cover. In the upstream watershed, a tree canopy cover > 55% was associated with the infiltration rates needed, as soil erosion per unit overland flow was high. Midstream, only a tree canopy cover of > 80% qualified as “infiltration-friendly” land use, due to higher rainfall in this zone, but erosion rates were relatively low for a tree canopy cover in the range of 20–80%. The tree canopy characteristics required for infiltration-friendly land use clearly vary over short distances with soil type and rainfall intensity.

ACS Style

Didik Suprayogo; Meine Van Noordwijk; Kurniatun Hairiah; Nabilla Meilasari; Abdul Lathif Rabbani; Rizki Maulana Ishaq; Widianto Widianto. Infiltration-Friendly Agroforestry Land Uses on Volcanic Slopes in the Rejoso Watershed, East Java, Indonesia. Land 2020, 9, 240 .

AMA Style

Didik Suprayogo, Meine Van Noordwijk, Kurniatun Hairiah, Nabilla Meilasari, Abdul Lathif Rabbani, Rizki Maulana Ishaq, Widianto Widianto. Infiltration-Friendly Agroforestry Land Uses on Volcanic Slopes in the Rejoso Watershed, East Java, Indonesia. Land. 2020; 9 (8):240.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Didik Suprayogo; Meine Van Noordwijk; Kurniatun Hairiah; Nabilla Meilasari; Abdul Lathif Rabbani; Rizki Maulana Ishaq; Widianto Widianto. 2020. "Infiltration-Friendly Agroforestry Land Uses on Volcanic Slopes in the Rejoso Watershed, East Java, Indonesia." Land 9, no. 8: 240.