(1) Background: Glioblastoma is the most frequent and lethal primary tumor of the central nervous system. Through many years, research has brought various advances in glioblastoma treatment. At this time, glioblastoma management is based on maximal safe surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy with temozolomide. Recently, bevacizumab has been added to the treatment arsenal for the recurrent scenario. Nevertheless, patients with glioblastoma still have a poor prognosis. Therefore, many efforts are being made in different clinical research areas to find a new alternative to improve overall survival, free-progression survival, and life quality in glioblastoma patients. (2) Methods: Our objective is to recap the actual state-of-the-art in glioblastoma treatment, resume the actual research and future perspectives on immunotherapy, as well as the new synthetic molecules and natural compounds that represent potential future therapies at preclinical stages. (3) Conclusions: Despite the great efforts in therapeutic research, glioblastoma management has suffered minimal changes, and the prognosis remains poor. Combined therapeutic strategies and delivery methods, including immunotherapy, synthetic molecules, natural compounds, and glioblastoma stem cell inhibition, may potentiate the standard of care therapy and represent the next step in glioblastoma management research.

Computed tomography (CT) images are used as basic input data for most modern radiosurgery treatment planning systems (TPS). CT data not only provide anatomic information to delineate target volumes, but also allow the introduction of corrections for tissue inhomogeneities into dose calculations during the treatment planning procedure. These corrections involve the determination of a relationship between tissue electron density (ρe) and their corresponding Hounsfield Units (HU). In this work, an elemental analysis of different commercial tissue equivalent materials using Scanning Electron Microscopy was carried out to characterize their chemical composition. The tissue equivalent materials were chosen to ensure a large range of ρe to be included in the CT scanner calibration. A phantom was designed and constructed with these materials to simulate the size of a human head.

Seventy years ago, Robin Mole introduced the concept of the abscopal effect to describe a rare phenomenon. This occurs when local radiation triggers an immune-mediated reduction in tumors outside the treated area but within the same organism. Observing this effect has been linked to improved overall and progression-free survival in patients who experience it. While the abscopal effect was once considered rare, it is now being observed more frequently due to the combination of radiation with immunotherapy. As a result, more researchers are exploring this study area, which shows promise for excellent results. This review focuses explicitly on the immunological implications of activating the abscopal effect through ionizing radiation in the central nervous system and explores the potentially involved immunological pathways.

Our primary objective is to evaluate the local control of optic nerve sheath meningiomas (ONSMs) treated with ionizing radiation and related visual changes after treatment. Our secondary objective is to describe the clinical characteristics and perform an analysis of the treatment impact on the functional status of this group of patients. We present our series of 19 patients treated with ionizing radiation therapy at our radio-neurosurgery unit between 2016 and 2022. The setting, ophthalmological follow-up, morbidity, and survival are analyzed and discussed. Patients were followed up, and the impact of treatment on local disease control, visual alterations of the affected eye, and functional status of the patient were analyzed. The progression-free survival (PFS) median was 60 months (95% CI 50.3–69.6 months). The estimated PFS rates at 48 and 66 months were 100% and 66%, respectively. At diagnosis, nine (47.3%) eyes were in amaurosis and ten (52.6%) with vision. Of the ten patients without amaurosis at the time of diagnosis, three (30%) maintained unchanged visual acuity, and seven (70%) had decreased visual acuity; three of them developed amaurosis during the first year after treatment (p = 0.018). Using ionizing radiation therapy is a successful treatment for the local control of ONSMs. This therapeutic modality can compromise the visual acuity of the affected eye and improve dyschromatopsia and campimetry defects. The life prognosis is good for these patients, with a zero mortality rate, but their vision prognosis is poor.