Poor medication adherence is a public health concern leading to a large burden of cardiovascular disease among persons with hypertension. Using data from 3281 persons with diagnosed hypertension (N = 622,581) from the Panamanian National Health Survey (ENSPA) collected in 2019, we assessed the national prevalence of low-moderate medication adherence in hypertensive individuals using the 4-scale Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (4-MMAS) and identifying gender-specific associated factors. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between possible risk factors and low-moderate medication adherence with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) stratified by gender. The national prevalence of low-moderate medication adherence was 78.2% (95% CI: 74.7–81.0%); in men it was 74.4% (95% CI: 67.5–80.3%) and in women it was 81.4% (78.4–84.0%). In women, low-moderate medication adherence was associated with living in indigenous area (OR: 5.15; 95% CI: 1.40–18.98), educational level (OR no formal education: 0.77, 95% CI 0.28–2.14; OR for primary education: 0.76, 95% CI 0.38–1.56; OR for secondary education: 0.90, 95% CI 0.48–1.70; Higher education as reference), increased BMI (normal as reference, OR for overweight: 1.35, 95% CI: 0.73–2.50, OR for obesity: 1.65, 95% CI: 0.90–3.03) and medical diagnosis of anxiety/depression (OR: 4.89, 95% CI: 1.36–17.49). However, in men, it was associated with having secondary education (OR: 2.94; 95% CI: 1.03–8.36), currently smoking (OR: 16.74, 95% CI: 1.83–152.70), taking antihypertensive medication with denial of hypertension diagnosis (OR: 4.35, 95% CI: 1.11–17.11) and having less than three annual check-ups (OR for no health check-ups: 2.97, 95% CI: 0.63–13.88; OR for 1–2 check-ups: 1.61, 95% CI: 0.78–3.32: three or more health check-ups: reference). Time since diagnosis was inversely associated with low-moderate adherence. This study assesses for the first time the national prevalence of low-moderate medication adherence among hypertensive individuals in Panama. Low-moderate medication adherence is an important public health issue that should be addressed to achieve blood pressure control in patients diagnosed with hypertension, taking into account gender-specific factors.