Inadequate disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is one of the greatest environmental issues confronted nowadays. One of the techniques used for its final disposal is incineration, otherwise known as mass burning. Although this procedure remains very controversial in Brazil, some recent studies published in Europe reveal a large amount of misinformation about it. It has been widely used in European countries, Japan, and a few U.S. cities and has been increasingly and significantly adopted in China. Therefore, this article aims to carry out a literature review on the evolution of waste-to-energy recovery from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) worldwide and the progress of mass-burning technologies, particularly in the Brazilian context. For such a purpose, global scientific databases were selected and some of their results allowed us to present how the main WtE recovery technologies function, as well as their benefits and impacts. Moreover, it was possible to systematize the main regulatory frameworks on the theme in Brazil and to reveal the country’s electricity generation capacity, in addition to depicting the progress of Waste-to-Energy Plants (WtEPs) undergoing licensing processes in the state of São Paulo.

O artigo descreve o resultado de um trabalho realizado junto a pequenos olericultores do município de Pirapozinho – SP, cujo objetivo foi diagnosticar o uso da água na irrigação de hortaliças. Na pesquisa de campo, foram entrevistados 14 produtores olerícolas, seguindo-se um roteiro semiestruturado. Os resultados do trabalho apontaram o sistema de irrigação por aspersão com microaspersores como o sistema de irrigação mais utilizado. A água subterrânea, captada via poços semi artesianos, é a principal fonte de abastecimento, com uma estimativa de retirada média diária entre 100 litros/dia a 5000 litros/dia. Há a necessidade de se melhorar o manejo da irrigação, já que é realizado com base em critérios empíricos, não se assegurando a precisão na distribuição da água, além da necessidade de orientação dos produtores sobre a importância das análises de qualidade da água utilizada na irrigação, já que a maioria dos produtores relatou nunca ter realizado. A melhoria do uso da água na irrigação olerícola do município de Pirapozinho – SP passa necessariamente pelo trabalho em conjunto dos órgãos públicos, órgãos de extensão rural e produtores olerícolas. Palavras-chave: Hortaliças. Pequenos olericultores. Irrigação.

The objective of this study was to analyze the quality of organic compost produced in a community composter in one of the urban gardens in the municipality of Presidente Prudente - SP. To this end, visits were made to the urban garden of study, as well as the collection and analysis in the laboratory of the organic compost produced in the treatment by composting of the household organic waste of those responsible for the urban garden studied. The results obtained showed that the association of community composting with urban gardens should begin with the differentiated separation of household solid waste directly in the homes of the citizens. Afterwards, the waste must go to the biodecomposition process and around 90 days the organic compost is obtained. Laboratory analyses showed that the organic compound is in accordance with the ideal parameters proposed in the literature. Therefore, it is concluded that community composting designed together with urban gardens is an important mechanism for environmental education, health, well-being, food security and nutritional quality for those involved, as well as a tool for the sustainable development of the municipality that carries it out, even if there are still some obstacles to be overcome.

The release of domestic sewage, without treatment directly into water bodies, contributes to public and environmental health impacts, and investment in basic sanitation by Brazilian municipalities in domestic sewage treatment systems is essential. In general, biological treatment is used to reduce the organic load of domestic sewage and improve its quality, before its release into the environment. In this context, the present study sought to survey the operations performed at the Domestic Sewage Treatment Station (ETE) North of the municipality of Presidente Venceslau, located in the west of the State of São Paulo, for the treatment of domestic sewage and to evaluate the quality of the treated sewage and their impacts on the water body of release. Thus, the adopted domestic sewage treatment process was monitored, through fieldwork at the North ETE and a preliminary assessment of self-purification in a stretch of the stream after the release of the treated sewage. It was verified that the domestic sewage treatment technology adopted at the ETE Norte de Presidente Venceslau is a compact and effective treatment plant, with a series of equipment for the removal of organic matter and disinfection of domestic sewage before its release into the water body. In this way, ETE Norte must seek permanent efficiency, monitoring and control of the treatment of domestic sewage in the municipality studied, since the release of this effluent into water bodies can affect the quality of water, the local fauna and flora, as well as human health if it does not meet quality and legal requirements.

O efluente gerado no processo produtivo de curtimento de couro é rico em material orgânico, sal, sulfetos, corante, cromo potencialmente tóxico, entre outros poluentes que causam impactos ao solo, água e ar. O tratamento mais comum dado ao efluente de curtume consiste em gradeamento e retenção de gordura seguido de coagulação, floculação, decantação e aplicação de lodos ativados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi tratar o efluente de curtumes por meio do processo de coagulação/floculação/decantação com o coagulante natural tanino. O pH do efluente foi ajustado para 7,0 e as concentrações de tanino testadas variaram de 0,6 a 3,6 g/L. Após a decantação, foi coletado o sobrenadante e analisado em termos de remoção de DQO, cor e turbidez. Pôde-se observar que houve eficiência na remoção de quase 100% de cor e turbidez utilizando tanino. Em relação à DQO, as remoções foram menores que as remoções de cor e turbidez, ficando em torno de 50%. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Efluente de curtume; coagulação/floculação/decantação; coagulante natural. EVALUATION OF THE TANNIN USING IN PH NEUTRAL IN THE TANNERY WASTEWATER TREATMENT ABSTRACT The effluent generated in the production process of tanning leather is rich in organic material, salt, sulfides, dye, potentially toxic chromium, among other pollutants that cause impacts to soil, water and air. The most common treatment of the tannery wastewater consists of railing and fat retention followed by coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and application of activated sludge. The aim of this study was to treat the effluent from tanneries through coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation with the natural coagulant tannin. The effluent pH was adjusted to 7.0 and tannin concentrations tested ranged from 0.6 to 3.6 g/l. After decantation, the supernatant was collected and analyzed in terms of COD removal, color and turbidity. It was observed that removal efficiency was almost 100% of color and turbidity removal using tannin. Regarding COD removals were lower than the color and turbidity, getting around 50%. KEY-WORDS: Tannery effluent. Coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation. Natural coagulant. EVALUACIÓN DEL USO DE TANINO PH NEUTRO EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE AGUAS RESIDUALES DE BRONCEADO RESUMEN El efluente generado en el proceso de producción de cuero curtido es rico en materia orgánica, sal, sulfuros, tinte, potencialmente tóxicos de cromo, entre otros contaminantes que causan impactos al suelo, agua y aire. El tratamiento más común de las aguas residuales curtiduría consta de barandilla y la retención de la grasa seguido por coagulación, floculación, sedimentación y la aplicación de lodos activados. El objetivo de este estudio fue para tratar el efluente de las curtidurías a través de la coagulación/floculación/sedimentación con proceso de tanino natural coagulante. El pH del efluente se ajustó a 7,0 y el tanino concentraciones ensayadas oscilaron entre 0,6 y 3,6 g / l. Después de la decantación, el sobrenadante se recoge y se analiza en términos de remoción de DQO, color y turbidez. Se observó que la eficiencia de eliminación era casi 100% de color y turbidez usando tanino. En cuanto a las extracciones de DQO fueron más bajos que el color y la turbidez, obteniendo alrededor del 50%. PALABRAS-CLAVE: Aguas residuales de curtiembre. Coagulación/floculación/sedimentación. Coagulante natural.