This study aimed to check the comparative growth performance and adaptability of newly introduced Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) species with Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the cold water area of Swat, Pakistan. For experimental work, six separate raceways three each for the Rainbow trout raceway (R-1, R-2, R-3), and three for the Coho salmon raceway (R-4, R-5, R-6), were selected in which a total of one hundred fingerlings were equally distributed at a ratio of 33 in each (R-1), and (R-2), and 34 in (R-3), raceways. Prepared feed of 35% crude protein was given twice a day for 90 days. Data was calculated in a total of six readings at intervals of fifteen days for weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and feed conversion efficiency (FCE %). Both the mean of mean of weight gain and mean of mean of FCE % of fingerling of Rainbow trout are resulted significantly higher (P < 0.05) in comparison to Coho salmon in a total of 90 days of experimental trials. While, the means of mean of FCR of fingerling of Rainbow trout are resulted significantly lower (P < 0.05) in comparison to Coho salmon in a total of 90 days of experimental trials. Results shows, that the growth performance of both species is good, however, Rainbow trout is better as compared to Coho salmon. Coho salmon has also shown promising growth performance, and can successfully be cultured in cold water areas of Swat, Pakistan.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly contagious and significant economic disease of cattle caused by a virus belonging to the family Poxviridae and genus Capripoxvirus. The present study aimed to determine the severity of the lumpy skin disease outbreak and associated losses in tehsil Bara, Pakistan. The data was collected through a questionnaire from farmers who have cows in their homes; the reported data varied in five different areas of tehsil Bara, collected from June 1, 2022, to August 31, 2022. The total number of reported cases from five selected areas were 2021, of which 168 were healthy and 1853 were infected. Out of the total infected 766 were recovered and 922 were in the recovery stage. Out of five selected areas, the disease’s highest infection followed by the highest mortality rate and lowest recovery cases were 466 (96.28 %), 59 (12.66 %), and 173 (37.12 %) respectively, recorded from Shlobar Quam. The lowest mortality rate was 8 (4.65 %) recorded from Nala Sourdandh and the highest recovery rate was 113 (53.30 %) recorded from Bar Qambar Khel. The disease is characterized by widespread nodules on the skin and causes decreased milk production and lack of appetite, and animals show pharyngeal and nasal secretions, accompanied by secondary infection. It is transmitted by the transportation of illegally bought and sold animals across borders to a new area and spread by insect vectors, including biting flies, mosquitoes, and ticks. Antibiotics, antihistamines, analgesicantipyretics, immunity boosters, and the management of wounds are the general lines of treatment. The current study recommends the multi-task role of government, and the private sector, as well as the isolation of infected animals, burial of dead bodies, annual vaccination, and the prevention of illegal transportation across the border.

The widespread use of Copper resulted in chronic toxicity, triggering adverse health consequences for the aquatic organism. To investigate bioaccumulation of Copper, acute toxicity test / Median lethal concentration (LC₅₀/96h)) of copper sulphate was performed at four aged group, and developmental stages viz fertilized egg to larvae, swim-up fry, advance fry, and fingerling of two freshwater fishes Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala). Each group was exposed to water born copper toxicity in selected glass aquaria. Resulted values of Median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀/96h) of copper sulphate at Embryonic and larval, Swim-up fry, Advance fry, and Fingerling stages for Labeo rohita were 0.37, 0.75, 1.07, and 1.34 ppm and for Cirrhinus mrigala were 0.48, 0.94, 1.36, and 1.52 ppm respectively. Copper was analyzed in the whole bodies of first three developmental stages Viz; Embryonic and larval, Swim-up fry, Advance fry, while at fourth i-e at Fingerling stage five tissues Viz; gills, liver, kidney, skin, and muscle were selected. The resulted bioaccumulation order of copper at four developmental stages were Fingerling > Advance fry > Swim-up fry > Embryonic and larval stages for both species. At fourth, fingerling stage bioaccumulation of Copper was resulted in order of gills > liver > skin > kidney > muscle tissues for Rohu, and in order of liver > gills > kidney > skin > muscle tissues of Mrigal. This study provides baseline information for toleration of maximum quantity of Copper at four developmental stages. We recommend the pretreatment of industrial effluent before discharges into freshwater bodies.

The current study investigated the toxicological effects of lead acetate trihydrate on bioaccumulation, hematology and histopathological changes in the gills and muscles of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The fishes were divided into seven groups and were treated with different concentrations of lead. Lead bioaccumulation was analyzed in gills and muscles with the help of atomic absorption. Gill tissue absorbed the maximum concentration of lead, followed by muscles. After 24 hours, decrease in the concentration of Hb (65.13±16.81) and RBCs (0.52±0.137) and a maximum increase in the concentration of lymphocytes (91±21.30) with a dose of 30mg /l lead was observed. Results showed that in every experiment, the amount of lead in the gills increased gradually with the increase of the doses, as 259.83±58.4 with a dose of 5mg/I, 276.9±71.1 using dose of 10mg/l, 284.3±70.1 treated with 15mg/l, 299.63± 76.80 deal with 20mg/l , 310.26± 79.61 by 25mg and 331.4± 85.42 with a dose of 30mg . A maximum decrease in the concentration of Hb (65.13±16.81) and RBCs (0.52±0.137) and increase in the concentration of lymphocytes (91±21.30) with a dose of 30mg /l was observed from 24 hours exposure. Our findings suggest that common carp exposed to lead develop. histological alterations such as epithelial lifting, interlamellar spaces, gill bridging, curling filaments, swelling, fusion and cell necrosis, irregular and inflammatory cells were observed in gill tissues, while inflammation,degenaration and necrosis of muscle fibers, edema of muscle bundles, and lesions were observed in muscle tissues.