The report of the World Health Organization (WHO) about the poor accessibility of people living in low-to-middle-income countries to medical facilities and personnel has been a concern to both professionals and nonprofessionals in healthcare. This poor accessibility has led to high morbidity and mortality rates in tropical regions, especially when such a disease presents itself with confusable symptoms that are not easily differentiable by inexperienced doctors, such as those found in febrile diseases. This prompted the development of the fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) model to serve as a decision-support tool for medical health workers in the diagnosis of febrile diseases. With 2465 datasets gathered from four states in the febrile diseases-prone regions in Nigeria with the aid of 60 medical doctors, 10 of those doctors helped in weighting and fuzzifying the symptoms, which were used to generate the FCM model. Results obtained from computations to predict diagnosis results for the 2465 patients, and those diagnosed by the physicians on the field, showed an average of 87% accuracy for the 11 febrile diseases used in the study. The number of comorbidities of diseases with varying degrees of severity for most patients in the study also covary strongly with those found by the physicians in the field.

Horticultural crops matter more than they’re often given credit for, especially in Nigeria, where they help feed families, support incomes, and offer some cushion against climate uncertainty. This review critically examines the genetic diversity of horticultural crops in Nigeria, emphasizing their role in nutrition, economic stability, and climate resilience. The objective is to synthesize current knowledge on genetic variation within staple vegetables (e.g., tomatoes, peppers, leafy greens) and fruits (e.g., mangoes, citrus) and how this diversity contributes to crop tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses. A comprehensive literature survey was conducted, focusing on both phenotypic and molecular genetic studies in Nigerian horticultural species. Key findings reveal significant genetic variation that supports adaptation to drought, diseases, and poor soils, though this diversity is threatened by unregulated hybridization and scarce breeding investments. Stress response mechanisms are observed at multiple scales, from field-level symptoms reported by farmers to molecular changes such as gene expression modification and antioxidant activity. The review also evaluates modern breeding technologies, including gene editing and AI-driven predictive breeding, highlighting their potential when tailored to Nigeria’s smallholder farming conditions and diverse agroecological zones. However, challenges persist due to limited infrastructure, fragmented data, and underfunded breeding programs. The conclusion advocates for integrating indigenous knowledge of resilient landraces with advanced genomics and establishing decentralized seed systems to safeguard crop diversity and enhance food security. Urgent coordinated research and investment are recommended to conserve vital genetic resources and ensure sustainable horticultural production under climate uncertainty in Nigeria.