Administering therapeutics through the oral route is a pervasive and widely approved medication administration approach. However, it has been found that many drugs show low systemic absorption when delivered through this route. Such limitations of oral drug delivery can be overcome by polymeric micelles acting as vehicles. As a result, they improve drug absorption by protecting loaded drug substances from the gastrointestinal system's hostile conditions, allowing controlled drug release at a specific site, extending the time spent in the gut through mucoadhesion, and inhibiting the efflux pump from reducing therapeutic agent accumulation. To promote good oral absorption of a weakly water-soluble medicinal drug, the loaded medicine should be protected from the hostile atmosphere of the GI tract. Polymeric micelles can be stacked with a broad assortment of ineffectively dissolvable medications, improving bioavailability. This review discusses the major mechanism, various types, advantages, and limitations for developing the polymeric micelle system and certain micellar drug delivery system applications. The primary goal of this review is to illustrate how polymeric micelles can be used to deliver poorly water-soluble medications.

: The history of pharmacovigilance started back 169 years ago with the death of a 15- year-old girl, Hannah greener. However, the Thalidomide incident of 1961 brought a sharp change in the pharmacovigilance process, with adverse drug reaction reporting being systematic, spontaneous, and regulated timely. Therefore, continuous monitoring of marketed drugs was essential to ensure the safety of public health. Any observed adverse drug reaction detected by signals was to be reported by the health profession. Moreover, signal detection became the primary goal of pharmacovigilance based on reported cases. Among various methods used for signal detection, the Spontaneous Reporting System was most widely preferred; although, it had the limitation of "under- reporting”. Gradually, the World Health Organization collaborating centre and “Uppsala Monitoring Centre” were established in 1978 for international monitoring of drugs. The centre was responsible for operating various databases like vigiflow, vigibase, vigilyze, and vigiaccess. Recently, huge data could be generated through spontaneous reporting linked with computational methods, such as Bayesian Framework, E-Synthesis.: Furthermore, drug safety surveillance at an early stage prior to the official alerts or regulatory changes was made possible through social media. In addition, India created a National Pharmacovigilance Program, and Schedule Y of the Drug and Cosmetic Act 1945 was reviewed and amended in 2005. The collaboration of Information Technology and Pharmaceutical Company can further enhance the awareness regarding artificial intelligence in pharmacovigilance, which was in its infancy until 2017. Artificial intelligence helps improve the quality and accuracy of information much quickly.

Some of the drugs have poor absorption because of a narrow absorption window in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). To improve the absorption of such drugs in the GIT, gastro-retentive drug delivery techniques play an important role. Diacerein is an antirheumatic drug used for joint pain and arthritis. The expandable gastro-retentive tablets were prepared to attain an extended therapeutic action of Diacerein. Expandable tablets were formulated to prolong gastric retention, enhance the bioavailability of the drug candidate and attain a desirable size greater than the diametric size of the pyloric sphincter (i.e., 13 mm in diameter) of the tablet after administration by expandable technique. The expandable tablet was formulated using swellable polymers and polyelectrolytes, i.e., HPMCK 100, PEO, chitosan, and carbopol. The proposed expandable tablets were evaluated by preliminary evaluation parameters, micromeritic investigations, all physicochemical evaluations including swelling index, weight variation, drug content, in-vitro release studies and their release kinetics. Method: The wet granulation method is used for the preparation of expandable tablets of Diacerein. Result: The release of Diacerein from all formulations was studied in phosphate buffer pH 1.2 at 37±5°C. The net results conclude that the formulation having HPMC K 100, PEO with the addition of carbopol (formulation C1) showed the maximum swelling index as compared to others. And it was found that formulation C1 is the most superior and reliable formulation in terms of all physicochemical parameters and in-vitro drug release studies. The best formulation obtained from in-vitro drug release studies was shown. Keywords: Gastro retentive, expandable system, noval drug delivery system, controlled drug delivery system, gastric transit time, swellable polymers, GIT.

Background: This research aims to prepare a hydrogel of psoralen and capsaicin extract for topical application using various gelling agents like Carbopol 940, HPMC, Pluronic 127, and Pectin to minimize the side effect of synthetic drugs in treating psoriasis. Natural, synthetic, and semi-synthetic polymers were utilized for the treatment of psoriasis, and provide a number of benefits, including improved skin permeability, particularly for psoralen, and improved drug stability with improved therapeutic concentration gradients across the skin. Psoriasis is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease affecting 2-3 % worldwide. Methods: FTIR and HPLC confirm the extract identification. pH, spreadability, homogeneity, extrudability, phase separation, viscosity, drug content, and stability analysis are all tested on all prepared hydrogels. The releases of psoralen from all prepared formulations are studied in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 using dialysis membranes at 37oC. Results: The net results conclude that hydrogels made using Carbopol-940 and HPMC (A1, A3, B2, B3) are the most superior and reliable formulations in terms of physicochemical parameters and in vitro permeation studies, out of which 1% carbopol 940 formulations (A3) showed maximum %CDR of 87.96 % much higher compared to other concentration used. Fitting data of the best formulations (A1, A3, B2, B3) obtained from in vitro drug permeation studies showed the release best fitted to the Korsmeyer-Peppas model as indicated by higher R2 value. The optimum formulation (A3) has a higher R2 value, which is then compared with the marketed formulation for the release of psoralen (in vitro), showing that %CDR of the A3 formulation (87.96%) is much higher than the %CDR of the marketed formulation (79.58%), due to the impact of capsaicin which acts as a penetration enhancer and therefore increases psoralen release from the hydrogel. Conclusion: As a result, the permeability issue with Psoralen for dermal drug administration has been overcome by using capsaicin as a permeability enhancer.