Buildings exert a profound influence on the environment, with the design phase recognized as the pivotal determinant of a building’s overall performance. Green building design, in particular, introduces heightened complexity, where the attributes of the design team play a pivotal role in shaping performance outcomes. Consequently, the characteristics of the design team emerge as crucial factors in the enhancement of both green building design performance and client attributes. This study aims to empirically examine a model formulated to gauge the extent to which Effective Design Team Attributes contribute to the enhancement of performance in designing green buildings and influencing client attributes. To achieve this objective, a comprehensive questionnaire survey was administered to professionals within the architecture and engineering domains actively engaged in the design and consulting sectors of the building industry. The collected data underwent meticulous scrutiny for authenticity and dependability using the WINSTEPS 5.2.5 software before undergoing subsequent analysis. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 19, with Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach implemented through Amos version 18 to derive the most robust model. The findings underscore the pivotal role of an adeptly managed design team in significantly improving both the performance of green building designs and the qualities of clients. Rasch’s analysis confirmed the validity of our 5-point Likert scale for Design Green Building Performance (DGBP), Effective Design Team Attributes (EDTA), and Client Qualities (CQ). All items demonstrated excellent reliability, separation, and discrimination, ensuring robust data quality. Dimensionality tests revealed the appropriateness of response categories, indicating satisfactory scale performance. The Effective Design Team Model, validated through Principal Components Analysis (PCA), exhibited a satisfactory fit, supported by significant chi-square statistics, high goodness-of-fit indices, and acceptable root mean square residual values. Client attributes displayed a strong association with effective design team management, validating key model elements. The intricacies inherent in the design process can be mitigated by adopting the green design charrette approach. Consequently, the establishment of an effective design team, coupled with green design leadership, active participation, and clarity in roles and responsibilities, emerges as a potent strategy for elevating the performance level of green building designs.

This study examines how the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) approach, proposed by UNESCO, can support the integration of leftover heritage buildings while balancing conservation with sustainable urban development. Furthermore, it investigates how the HUL approach can contribute to Manama’s ongoing efforts toward UNESCO World Heritage inscription aligning with the Vision 2030. The research adopts an exploratory case study methodology, utilizing qualitative research techniques including document analysis and fieldwork. The data analysis follows the six-step process of HUL, which focuses on managing and safeguarding these leftover heritage buildings as part of urban heritage, while field observations provide direct evidence of physical deterioration and underutilization. The analysis reveals persistent fragmentation within the historic core of Manama, despite multiple conservation phases led by state authorities. Findings highlight that, while the heritage buildings were deprioritized during the post-modernization era, their integration through the HUL approach can act as a catalyst in sustainable urban development. By providing a framework, findings illustrate that such integration will enhance socio-economic vitality, contributing to Manama’s UNESCO inscription, after being on the tentative list for nearly a decade. The research findings are anticipated to inform Bahrain’s Development Strategy of the Vision 2030, which emphasizes continuous strategic planning to guide policy decisions, emphasizing sustainability-oriented planning that responds to national opportunities and constraints.

The escalating summer heat in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region, particularly in Bahrain, poses a significant threat to human health, prompting the use of water mist systems for immediate heat stress relief and heat stroke treatment. Although these systems are known for their rapid cooling effects, the impact of varying water temperatures on their efficiency is not well understood. This research addressed this gap by investigating the effects of different water temperatures on cooling performance and user comfort in a semi-outdoor environment in Bahrain. Field experiments, comparing mist fan system (MFS) zones with non-misted areas, were conducted alongside user surveys to assess perceived thermal comfort. The findings revealed that lower water temperatures significantly enhanced cooling, with a 7.7 °C water temperature achieving a 4 °C temperature reduction and improving perceived comfort. The MFS effectively shifted participant perceptions from “Hot” or “Slightly Warm” to “Natural” or “Slightly Cool”, confirming its rapid heat mitigation capabilities. Notably, 54.5% of participants preferred the system using the coldest water, citing immediate relief. Despite the substantial cooling benefits, achieving standard thermal comfort during peak heat remained challenging. Future research should explore nozzle optimization, wind effects, water usage, solar-powered system efficiency, and the impact of clothing on thermal comfort.