Oils derived from plant sources, mainly fixed oils from seeds and essential oil from other parts of the plant, are gaining interest as they are the rich source of beneficial compounds that possess potential applications in different industries due to their preventive and therapeutic actions. The essential oils are used in food, medicine, cosmetics, and agriculture industries as they possess antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Plant based oils contain polyphenols, phytochemicals, and bioactive compounds which show high antioxidant activity. The extractions of these oils are a crucial step in terms of the yield and quality attributes of plant oils. This review paper outlines the different modern extraction techniques used for the extraction of different seed oils, including microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), cold-pressed extraction (CPE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), and pulsed electric field-assisted extraction (PEF). For the identification and quantification of essential and bioactive compounds present in seed oils, different modern techniques—such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography–infrared spectroscopy (GC-IR), atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS), and electron microscopy (EM)—are highlighted in this review along with the beneficial effects of these essential components in different in vivo and in vitro studies and in different applications. The primary goal of this research article is to pique the attention of researchers towards the different sources, potential uses and applications of oils in different industries.

The current review investigates the effects of black seed (Nigella sativa) on human health, which is also used to encapsulate and oxidative stable in different food products. In recent decades, many extraction methods, such as cold pressing, supercritical fluid extraction, Soxhlet extraction, hydro distillation (HD) method, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction, steam distillation, and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) have been used to extract the oils from black seeds under optimal conditions. Black seed oil contains essential fatty acids, in which the major fatty acids are linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids. The oxidative stability of black seed oil is very low, due to various environmental conditions or factors (temperature and light) affecting the stability. The oxidative stability of black seed oil has been increased by using encapsulation methods, including nanoprecipitation, ultra-sonication, spray-drying, nanoprecipitation, electrohydrodynamic, atomization, freeze-drying, a electrospray technique, and coaxial electrospraying. Black seed, oil, microcapsules, and their components have been used in various food processing, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetics industries as functional ingredients for multiple purposes. Black seed and oil contain thymoquinone as a major component, which has anti-oxidant, -diabetic, -inflammatory, -cancer, -viral, and -microbial properties, due to its phenolic compounds. Many clinical and experimental studies have indicated that the black seed and their by-products can be used to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, chronic cancer, diabetes, oxidative stress, polycystic ovary syndrome, metabolic disorders, hypertension, asthma, and skin disorders. In this review, we are focusing on black seed oil composition and increasing the stability using different encapsulation methods. It is used in various food products to increase the human nutrition and health properties.

The co-occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and breast cancer has received considerable attention due to their global prevalence and shared metabolic pathways, greatly affecting quality of life and life expectancy, especially in women. Epidemiological evidence indicates that women with type 2 diabetes mellitus have a 20-30% higher risk of developing breast cancer than women without type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review was conducted through a comprehensive and structured literature search to identify relevant peer-reviewed studies examining the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and breast cancer. To ensure the quality and relevance of the included literature, only studies published in English were considered. The focus was on literature addressing pathological mechanisms, epidemiological data, and shared risk factors contributing to the coexistence of these conditions. Preference was given to recent publications, including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and high-quality original research articles. The primary databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The increased risk of breast cancer among type 2 diabetic patients is largely attributed to shared risk factors such as obesity, hyperglycemia, dietary patterns, physical inactivity, age, hormonal imbalances, and genetic predispositions, all of which contribute to the coexistence of these conditions. Chronic inflammation, hyperinsulinemia, and persistent hyperglycemia, together with dysregulation of adipokine and estrogen signaling, create a carcinogenic environment that facilitates the development of breast cancer in type 2 diabetic patients. This review emphasizes the urgent need for a multidisciplinary approach to prevention and treatment. Effective intervention strategies can reduce the dual burden of these diseases, resulting in better patient outcomes and improved quality of life.

Background: The co-occurrence of diabetes mellitus and breast cancer poses a significant global health challenge. Most research has focused on Western populations, with genetics, lifestyle, and environmental differences limiting generalizability to Pakistanis. This study aimed to fill this gap by investigating the diabetes-breast cancer association among Pakistani adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2023 to January 2024 at Pinum Cancer Hospital, Faisalabad. 400 participants were categorized as normal, diabetic, cancerous, and diabetic cancerous. Data were analyzed using SPSS with descriptive statistics and inferential tests at p < 0.05 significance. Results: Among 9,725 patients, 1.03% had concurrent diabetes and breast cancer. Females showed higher risk with a strong gender association (P < 0.0001) across groups. Significant associations were found for body weight (P < 0.009), BMI (P < 0.014), and fat distribution (P < 0.0001). Dietary factors such as fried fish (P < 0.001), red meat (P < 0.0001), processed food (P < 0.0001), and kitchen practices like overcooked oil (P < 0.003) were significant. Lifestyle factors including physical activity (P < 0.0001) and stress (P < 0.0001), environmental factors such as x-rays, and chemical exposure (P < 0.013) and female-specific factors like postmenopausal status (P < 0.0001) and contraceptive use (p < 0.032), and makeup (P < 0.0001) also showed significant association. Conclusion: Diabetes and breast cancer are strongly associated in Pakistani adults, influenced by clinical, dietary, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Personalized prevention and management strategies are crucial to improve treatment outcomes.