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Global warming is impacting the growth and development of economically important but sensitive crops, such as soybean (Glycine max L.). Using pleiotropic signaling molecules, melatonin can relieve the negative effects of high temperature by enhancing plant growth and development as well as modulating the defense system against abiotic stresses. However, less is known about how melatonin regulates the phytohormones and polyamines during heat stress. Our results showed that high temperature significantly increased ROS and decreased photosynthesis efficiency in soybean plants. Conversely, pretreatment with melatonin increased plant growth and photosynthetic pigments (chl a and chl b) and reduced oxidative stress via scavenging hydrogen peroxide and superoxide and reducing the MDA and electrolyte leakage contents. The inherent stress defense responses were further strengthened by the enhanced activities of antioxidants and upregulation of the expression of ascorbate–glutathione cycle genes. Melatonin mitigates heat stress by increasing several biochemicals (phenolics, flavonoids, and proline), as well as the endogenous melatonin and polyamines (spermine, spermidine, and putrescine). Furthermore, the positive effects of melatonin treatment also correlated with a reduced abscisic acid content, down-regulation of the gmNCED3, and up-regulation of catabolic genes (CYP707A1 and CYP707A2) during heat stress. Contrarily, an increase in salicylic acid and up-regulated expression of the defense-related gene PAL2 were revealed. In addition, melatonin induced the expression of heat shock protein 90 (gmHsp90) and heat shock transcription factor (gmHsfA2), suggesting promotion of ROS detoxification via the hydrogen peroxide-mediated signaling pathway. In conclusion, exogenous melatonin improves the thermotolerance of soybean plants and enhances plant growth and development by activating antioxidant defense mechanisms, interacting with plant hormones, and reprogramming the biochemical metabolism.
Muhammad Imran; Muhammad Aaqil Khan; Raheem Shahzad; Saqib Bilal; Murtaza Khan; Byung-Wook Yun; Abdul Latif Khan; In-Jung Lee. Melatonin Ameliorates Thermotolerance in Soybean Seedling through Balancing Redox Homeostasis and Modulating Antioxidant Defense, Phytohormones and Polyamines Biosynthesis. Molecules 2021, 26, 5116 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Imran, Muhammad Aaqil Khan, Raheem Shahzad, Saqib Bilal, Murtaza Khan, Byung-Wook Yun, Abdul Latif Khan, In-Jung Lee. Melatonin Ameliorates Thermotolerance in Soybean Seedling through Balancing Redox Homeostasis and Modulating Antioxidant Defense, Phytohormones and Polyamines Biosynthesis. Molecules. 2021; 26 (17):5116.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Imran; Muhammad Aaqil Khan; Raheem Shahzad; Saqib Bilal; Murtaza Khan; Byung-Wook Yun; Abdul Latif Khan; In-Jung Lee. 2021. "Melatonin Ameliorates Thermotolerance in Soybean Seedling through Balancing Redox Homeostasis and Modulating Antioxidant Defense, Phytohormones and Polyamines Biosynthesis." Molecules 26, no. 17: 5116.
Food waste is a common global threat to the environment, agriculture, and society. In the present study, we used 30% food waste, mixed with 70% bio-fertilizers, and evaluated their ability to affect the growth of Chinese cabbage. The experiment was conducted using different concentrations of food waste to investigate their effect on Chinese cabbage growth, chlorophyll content, and mineral content. Leaf length, root length, and fresh and dry weight were significantly increased in plants treated with control fertilizer (CF) and fertilizer mixed with food waste (MF). However, high concentrations of food waste decreased the growth and biomass of Chinese cabbage due to salt content. Furthermore, higher chlorophyll content, transpiration efficiency, and photosynthetic rate were observed in CF- and MF-treated plants, while higher chlorophyll fluorescence was observed in the MF × 2 and MF × 6 treatments. Inductively coupled plasm mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) results showed an increase in potassium (K), calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), and magnesium (Mg) contents in the MF and MF × 2 treatments, while higher sodium (Na) content was observed in the MF × 4 and MF × 6 treatments due to the high salt content found in food waste. The analysis of abscisic acid (ABA) showed that increasing amounts of food waste increase the endogenous ABA content, compromising the survival of plants. In conclusion, optimal amounts of food waste—up to MF and MF × 2—increase plant growth and provide an ecofriendly approach to be employed in the agriculture production system.
Sang-Mo Kang; Shifa Shaffique; Lee-Rang Kim; Eun-Hae Kwon; Seong-Heon Kim; Yun-Hae Lee; Kalsoom Kalsoom; Muhammad Aaqil Khan; In-Jung Lee. Effects of Organic Fertilizer Mixed with Food Waste Dry Powder on the Growth of Chinese Cabbage Seedlings. Environments 2021, 8, 86 .
AMA StyleSang-Mo Kang, Shifa Shaffique, Lee-Rang Kim, Eun-Hae Kwon, Seong-Heon Kim, Yun-Hae Lee, Kalsoom Kalsoom, Muhammad Aaqil Khan, In-Jung Lee. Effects of Organic Fertilizer Mixed with Food Waste Dry Powder on the Growth of Chinese Cabbage Seedlings. Environments. 2021; 8 (8):86.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSang-Mo Kang; Shifa Shaffique; Lee-Rang Kim; Eun-Hae Kwon; Seong-Heon Kim; Yun-Hae Lee; Kalsoom Kalsoom; Muhammad Aaqil Khan; In-Jung Lee. 2021. "Effects of Organic Fertilizer Mixed with Food Waste Dry Powder on the Growth of Chinese Cabbage Seedlings." Environments 8, no. 8: 86.
Auxin is the reciprocal signaling molecule, which interferes with other phyto-hormonal and physiological processes during plant–microbes interaction. In this regard, Bipolaris spp., a growth-promoting endophytic fungus was used to inoculate pre-stressed Zea mays seedlings with yucasin (IAA inhibitor). The IAA-deficient host was heavily colonized by the endophyte that subsequently promoted the host growth and elevated the IAA levels with a peak value at 72 h. However, the seedling growth was inhibited later (i.e., at 120 h) due to the high levels of IAA that interfered with the activity of phytoalexins and brassinosteroids. Such interference also modulated the endophytic fungus from symbiotic to biotrophic pathogen that left the host plants defenseless.
Muhammad Junaid Yousaf; Anwar Hussain; Muhammad Hamayun; Amjad Iqbal; Muhammad Irshad; Ho-Youn Kim; In-Jung Lee. Transformation of Endophytic Bipolaris spp. Into Biotrophic Pathogen Under Auxin Cross-Talk With Brassinosteroids and Abscisic Acid. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 2021, 9, 1 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Junaid Yousaf, Anwar Hussain, Muhammad Hamayun, Amjad Iqbal, Muhammad Irshad, Ho-Youn Kim, In-Jung Lee. Transformation of Endophytic Bipolaris spp. Into Biotrophic Pathogen Under Auxin Cross-Talk With Brassinosteroids and Abscisic Acid. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2021; 9 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Junaid Yousaf; Anwar Hussain; Muhammad Hamayun; Amjad Iqbal; Muhammad Irshad; Ho-Youn Kim; In-Jung Lee. 2021. "Transformation of Endophytic Bipolaris spp. Into Biotrophic Pathogen Under Auxin Cross-Talk With Brassinosteroids and Abscisic Acid." Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 9, no. : 1.
Background: A renewed focus on medicinal mushrooms has brought forth a sustainable health dimension. Conventional health strategies are insufficiently integrated with sustainable health promotion. The health-promoting outcome of mushrooms has fascinated many groups during the past few years because of various primary and secondary metabolites in different cellular components. They contain many bioactive metabolites, including proteins (cytokines, ergothioneine), fibers, moisture, carbohydrates (uronic acid), folate, thiamine, ascorbic acid, vitamin D, calcium, potassium, polysaccharides (G. lucidum polysaccharides, alpha and beta glucans, and lentinan) polyketides, polyphenols (Protocatechuic acid, inonoblins A–vanillic acid, phelligridins D, E, and G, hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, tannic acid, hispidine, gentisic acid, and tocopherol), nucleotides (adenosine, cordycepin), lovastatin, steroids, alkaloids, and sesquiterpenes. Objective: This study was conducted to gather information on the current knowledge of medicinal mushrooms, with respect to their antioxidant properties. Conclusions: The results indicated that mushrooms are a promising source of natural antioxidants. Of all mushrooms, the Ganoderma tsugae Murill exhibited an excellent antioxidant potential of 93.7–100% at 20 mg/mL.
Shifa Shaffique; Sang-Mo Kang; Ah-Yeong Kim; Muhammad Imran; Muhammad Aaqil Khan; In-Jung Lee. Current Knowledge of Medicinal Mushrooms Related to Anti-Oxidant Properties. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7948 .
AMA StyleShifa Shaffique, Sang-Mo Kang, Ah-Yeong Kim, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Aaqil Khan, In-Jung Lee. Current Knowledge of Medicinal Mushrooms Related to Anti-Oxidant Properties. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7948.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShifa Shaffique; Sang-Mo Kang; Ah-Yeong Kim; Muhammad Imran; Muhammad Aaqil Khan; In-Jung Lee. 2021. "Current Knowledge of Medicinal Mushrooms Related to Anti-Oxidant Properties." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7948.
Heavy metal accumulation in crop grains due to hazardous metal contamination is considered a great concern. However, phytobeneficial fungi are reported to have important abilities for the biosafety of crops grown in contaminated soil. Therefore, the current study was undertaken to explore the mutualistic association of plant growth-promoting endophytic fungi in reducing heavy metal concentration in the seeds of soybean plants subsequently grown in contaminated soil, without comprising seed quality and biochemical profile. The results revealed that endophytic Paecilomyces formosus LHL10 and Penicillium funiculosum LHL06 synergistically produced higher amounts of GAs and IAA in a co-cultured medium. Moreover, the co-inoculation of LHL06 and LHL10 to soybean plants grown under multi-metal toxic conditions significantly mitigated the adverse effects of heavy metal toxicity and increased the seed production (number of pods per plants, number of seeds per pod, and 100 seed weight) of soybean plants grown under control and multi-metal toxic conditions. Moreover, the levels of carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose, and fructose), minerals (iron, calcium, magnesium, and potassium), amino acids (serine, glutamic acids, glycine, methionine, lysine, arginine, and proline), and antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase) were significantly enhanced in sole and co-inoculated plants under control and stress conditions. Whereas organic acids (citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, and succinic acid), lipid peroxidation (MDA) products, multi-metal accumulation (nickel, cadmium, copper, lead, chromium, and aluminum), and stress-responsive endogenous abscisic acid levels were significantly decreased in seeds of soybean plants grown under control and multi-metal toxic conditions upon LHL06 and LHL10 sole and co-inoculation. The current results suggested the positive biochemical regulation in seeds for improving the nutritional status and making it safe for human consumption.
Saqib Bilal; Raheem Shahzad; In-Jung Lee. Synergistic interaction of fungal endophytes, Paecilomyces formosus LHL10 and Penicillium funiculosum LHL06, in alleviating multi-metal toxicity stress in Glycine max L. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 1 -16.
AMA StyleSaqib Bilal, Raheem Shahzad, In-Jung Lee. Synergistic interaction of fungal endophytes, Paecilomyces formosus LHL10 and Penicillium funiculosum LHL06, in alleviating multi-metal toxicity stress in Glycine max L. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; ():1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaqib Bilal; Raheem Shahzad; In-Jung Lee. 2021. "Synergistic interaction of fungal endophytes, Paecilomyces formosus LHL10 and Penicillium funiculosum LHL06, in alleviating multi-metal toxicity stress in Glycine max L." Environmental Science and Pollution Research , no. : 1-16.
Plants are susceptible to various environmental constrains, including heat stress due to their sessile nature. Endophytic fungi can be used as a novel technique to protect crop plants against the injurious effects of thermal stress. Endophytic fungi were isolated from Adiantum capillus-veneris L. and tested against heat stress in Glycine max L. and Helianthus annuus L. The results exhibited increased levels of the plant’s chlorophyll, height and biomass in Aspergillus foetidus (AdR-13) inoculated host crop species. Conversely, a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was noted in A. foetidus-associated host crop species. Likewise, the amounts of ROS-degrading antioxidants (glutathione reductase (GR), peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)) as well as phenolics were increased, while the amounts of proline and abscisic acid (ABA) were decreased in fungal-associated test crops. Total lipids, proteins and sugars were noted to be high in A. foetidus-associated test crops. From the results, we concluded that A. foetidus have a role in heat stress mitigation that might help to sustain the production of important crops in the future.
Ismail; Muhammad Hamayun; Anwar Hussain; Amjad Iqbal; Sumera Khan; Ayaz Ahmad; Sarah Gul; Ho-Youn Kim; In-Jung Lee. Aspergillus foetidus Regulated the Biochemical Characteristics of Soybean and Sunflower under Heat Stress Condition: Role in Sustainability. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7159 .
AMA StyleIsmail, Muhammad Hamayun, Anwar Hussain, Amjad Iqbal, Sumera Khan, Ayaz Ahmad, Sarah Gul, Ho-Youn Kim, In-Jung Lee. Aspergillus foetidus Regulated the Biochemical Characteristics of Soybean and Sunflower under Heat Stress Condition: Role in Sustainability. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7159.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmail; Muhammad Hamayun; Anwar Hussain; Amjad Iqbal; Sumera Khan; Ayaz Ahmad; Sarah Gul; Ho-Youn Kim; In-Jung Lee. 2021. "Aspergillus foetidus Regulated the Biochemical Characteristics of Soybean and Sunflower under Heat Stress Condition: Role in Sustainability." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7159.
Salinity has drastically reduced crop yields and harmed the global agricultural industry. We isolated 55 bacterial strains from plants inhabiting the coastal sand dunes of Pohang, Korea. A screening bioassay showed that 14 of the bacterial isolates secreted indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 12 isolates were capable of exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and phosphate solubilization, and 10 isolates secreted siderophores. Based on our preliminary screening, 11 bacterial isolates were tested for salinity tolerance on Luria–Bertani (LB) media supplemented with 0, 50, 100, and 150 mM of NaCl. Three bacterial isolates, ALT11, ALT12, and ALT30, had the best tolerance against elevated NaCl levels and were selected for further study. Inoculation of the selected bacterial isolates significantly enhanced rice growth attributes, viz., shoot length (22.8–42.2%), root length (28.18–59%), fresh biomass (44.7–66.41%), dry biomass (85–90%), chlorophyll content (18.30–36.15%), Chl a (29.02–60.87%), Chl b (30.86–64.51%), and carotenoid content (26.86–70%), under elevated salt stress of 70 and 140 mM. Furthermore, a decrease in the endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) content (27.9–23%) and endogenous salicylic acid (SA) levels (11.70–69.19%) was observed in inoculated plants. Antioxidant analysis revealed an increase in total protein (TP) levels (42.57–68.26%), whereas it revealed a decrease in polyphenol peroxidase (PPO) (24.63–34.57%), glutathione (GSH) (25.53–24.91%), SOA (13.88–18.67%), and LPO levels (15.96–26.06%) of bacterial-inoculated plants. Moreover, an increase in catalase (CAT) (26–33.04%), peroxidase (POD) (59.55–78%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (13.58–27.77%), and ascorbic peroxidase (APX) (5.76–22.74%) activity was observed. Additionally, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis showed a decline in Na+ content (24.11 and 30.60%) and an increase in K+ (23.14 and 15.45%) and Mg+ (2.82 and 18.74%) under elevated salt stress. OsNHX1 gene expression was downregulated (0.3 and 4.1-folds), whereas the gene expression of OsPIN1A, OsCATA, and OsAPX1 was upregulated by a 7–17-fold in bacterial-inoculated rice plants. It was concluded that the selected bacterial isolates, ALT11, ALT12, and ALT30, mitigated the adverse effects of salt stress on rice growth and can be used as climate smart agricultural tools in ecofriendly agricultural practices.
Muhammad Aaqil Khan; Muhammad Hamayun; Sajjad Asaf; Murtaza Khan; Byung-Wook Yun; Sang-Mo Kang; In-Jung Lee. Rhizospheric Bacillus spp. Rescues Plant Growth Under Salinity Stress via Regulating Gene Expression, Endogenous Hormones, and Antioxidant System of Oryza sativa L. Frontiers in Plant Science 2021, 12, 1 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Aaqil Khan, Muhammad Hamayun, Sajjad Asaf, Murtaza Khan, Byung-Wook Yun, Sang-Mo Kang, In-Jung Lee. Rhizospheric Bacillus spp. Rescues Plant Growth Under Salinity Stress via Regulating Gene Expression, Endogenous Hormones, and Antioxidant System of Oryza sativa L. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2021; 12 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Aaqil Khan; Muhammad Hamayun; Sajjad Asaf; Murtaza Khan; Byung-Wook Yun; Sang-Mo Kang; In-Jung Lee. 2021. "Rhizospheric Bacillus spp. Rescues Plant Growth Under Salinity Stress via Regulating Gene Expression, Endogenous Hormones, and Antioxidant System of Oryza sativa L." Frontiers in Plant Science 12, no. : 1.
The aim of this study was to assess the ability of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, to augment plant growth and suppress gray mold and leaf spot in pepper plants. Morphological modifications in fungal pathogen hyphae that expanded toward the PGPR colonies were detected via scanning electron microscope. Furthermore, preliminary screening showed that PGPR could produce various hydrolytic enzymes in its media. Treatments with B. amyloliquefaciens suppressed Botrytis gray mold and Alternaria leaf spot diseases on pepper caused by Botrytis pelargonii and Alternaria alternata, respectively. The PGPR strain modulated plant physio-biochemical processes. The inoculation of pepper with PGPR decreased protein, amino acid, antioxidant, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, and abscisic acid levels but increased salicylic acid and sugar levels compared to those of uninoculated plants, indicating a mitigation of the adverse effects of biotic stress. Moreover, gene expression studies confirmed physio-biochemical findings. PGPR inoculation led to increased expression of the CaXTH genes and decreased expression of CaAMP1, CaPR1, CaDEF1, CaWRKY2, CaBI-1, CaASRF1, CaSBP11, and CaBiP genes. Considering its beneficial effects, the inoculation of B. amyloliquefaciens can be proposed as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic chemical fungicides.
Elham Kazerooni; Sajeewa Maharachchikumbura; Abdullah Al-Sadi; Sang-Mo Kang; Byung-Wook Yun; In-Jung Lee. Biocontrol Potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens against Botrytis pelargonii and Alternaria alternata on Capsicum annuum. Journal of Fungi 2021, 7, 472 .
AMA StyleElham Kazerooni, Sajeewa Maharachchikumbura, Abdullah Al-Sadi, Sang-Mo Kang, Byung-Wook Yun, In-Jung Lee. Biocontrol Potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens against Botrytis pelargonii and Alternaria alternata on Capsicum annuum. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7 (6):472.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElham Kazerooni; Sajeewa Maharachchikumbura; Abdullah Al-Sadi; Sang-Mo Kang; Byung-Wook Yun; In-Jung Lee. 2021. "Biocontrol Potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens against Botrytis pelargonii and Alternaria alternata on Capsicum annuum." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 6: 472.
Melatonin is an indolamine bioactive molecule that regulates a wide range of physiological processes during plant growth and enhances abiotic stress tolerance. Here we examined the putative role of exogenous melatonin application (foliar or root zone) in improving drought stress tolerance in soybean seedlings. Pre-treatment of soybean seedlings with melatonin (50 and 100 µM) was found to significantly mitigate the negative effects of drought stress on plant growth-related parameters and chlorophyll content. The beneficial impacts against drought were more pronounced by melatonin application in the rhizosphere than in foliar treatments. The melatonin-induced enhanced tolerance could be attributed to improved photosynthetic activity, reduction of abscisic acid and drought-induced oxidative damage by lowering the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde. Interestingly, the contents of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid were significantly higher following melatonin treatment in the root zone than in foliar treatment compared with the control. The activity of major antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase was stimulated by melatonin application. In addition, melatonin counteracted the drought-induced increase in proline and sugar content. These findings revealed that modifying the endogenous plant hormone content and antioxidant enzymes by melatonin application improved drought tolerance in soybean seedlings. Our findings provide evidence for the stronger physiological role of melatonin in the root zone than in leaves, which may be useful in the large-scale field level application during drought.
Muhammad Imran; Abdul Latif Khan; Raheem Shahzad; Muhammad Aaqil Khan; Saqib Bilal; Adil Khan; Sang-Mo Kang; In-Jung Lee. Exogenous melatonin induces drought stress tolerance by promoting plant growth and antioxidant defence system of soybean plants. AoB PLANTS 2021, 13, plab026 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Imran, Abdul Latif Khan, Raheem Shahzad, Muhammad Aaqil Khan, Saqib Bilal, Adil Khan, Sang-Mo Kang, In-Jung Lee. Exogenous melatonin induces drought stress tolerance by promoting plant growth and antioxidant defence system of soybean plants. AoB PLANTS. 2021; 13 (4):plab026.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Imran; Abdul Latif Khan; Raheem Shahzad; Muhammad Aaqil Khan; Saqib Bilal; Adil Khan; Sang-Mo Kang; In-Jung Lee. 2021. "Exogenous melatonin induces drought stress tolerance by promoting plant growth and antioxidant defence system of soybean plants." AoB PLANTS 13, no. 4: plab026.
High temperature is one of the compelling ecological stresses faced by the plants owing to anthropogenic activities of mankind. Recently, endophytic fungi are considered to be a novel tool to counteract the consequences of thermal stress in crops. Owing to the problem, we isolated fungal endophytes from Dryopteris blanfordii and their growth favoring potential in rice seedlings. Endophytic fungi have the proficiency to secrete plant growth stimulating secondary metabolites that help the host plants to restore growth under harsh environments. The isolated Penicillium glabrum (DryR- 30) helped the host plant species, i.e. Glycine max L. and Helianthus annuus L. under thermal stress. P. glabrum associated with G. max and H. annuus exposed to 40ºC not only boosted their host growth attributes (total biomass, plant height and chlorophyll contents), but also significantly curtailed the synthesis of reactive oxygen species and lipids peroxidation. Moreover, the abscisic acid (ABA) and proline concentrations were significantly reduced, while the accumulation of ROS-degrading enzymes, such as catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO), glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were increased in P. glabrum-associated crops. Additionally, the protein, lipid and sugar contents in tested plants were also improved. These stirring findings suggest that P. glabrum can be applied to food crops as a thermal stress alleviation tool.
Ismail Ismail; Muhammad Hamayun; Anwar Hussain; Amjad Iqbal; Sumera Afzal Khan; Sarah Gul; Hamayoon Khan; Khushnood Ur Rehman; Hamida Bibi; In-Jung Lee. Penicillium Glabrum Acted as a Heat Stress Relieving Endophyte in Soybean and Sunflower. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 2021, 30, 3099 -3110.
AMA StyleIsmail Ismail, Muhammad Hamayun, Anwar Hussain, Amjad Iqbal, Sumera Afzal Khan, Sarah Gul, Hamayoon Khan, Khushnood Ur Rehman, Hamida Bibi, In-Jung Lee. Penicillium Glabrum Acted as a Heat Stress Relieving Endophyte in Soybean and Sunflower. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2021; 30 (4):3099-3110.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmail Ismail; Muhammad Hamayun; Anwar Hussain; Amjad Iqbal; Sumera Afzal Khan; Sarah Gul; Hamayoon Khan; Khushnood Ur Rehman; Hamida Bibi; In-Jung Lee. 2021. "Penicillium Glabrum Acted as a Heat Stress Relieving Endophyte in Soybean and Sunflower." Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 30, no. 4: 3099-3110.
Efficient accumulation of flavonoids is important for increased tolerance to biotic stress. Although several plant defense mechanisms are known, the roles of many pathways, proteins, and secondary metabolites in stress tolerance are unknown. We generated a flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) overexpressor rice line and inoculated Xanthomonas Oryzae pv. oryzae and compared the control and wildtype inoculated plants. In addition to promoting plant growth and developmental maintenance, the overexpression of F3H increased the accumulation of flavonoids and increased tolerance to bacterial leaf blight (BLB) stress. Moreover, leaf lesion length was higher in the infected wildtype plants compared with infected transgenics. Kaempferol and quercetin, which scavenge reactive oxygen species, overaccumulated in transgenic lines compared with wildtypes in response to pathogenic infection, detected by scanning electron microscopy and spectrophotometry. The induction of F3H altered the antioxidant system and reduced the levels of glutathione peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in the transgenic lines compared with the wildtypes. Downstream gene regulation analysis showed that the expression of F3H increased the regulation of flavonol synthase (FLS), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), and slender rice mutant (SLR1) during BLB stress. The analysis of SA and JA signaling revealed an antagonistic interaction between both hormones and that F3H induction significantly promoted SA and inhibited JA accumulation in the transgenic lines. SA-dependent nonexpressor pathogenesis-related (NPR1) and Xa1 showed significant upregulation in the infected transgenic lines compared with the infected control and wildtype lines. Thus, the overexpression of F3H was essential for increasing BLB stress tolerance.
Rahmatullah Jan; Muhammad Aaqil Khan; Sajjad Asaf; Lubna; Jae-Ryoung Park; In-Jung Lee; Kyung-Min Kim. Flavonone 3-hydroxylase Relieves Bacterial Leaf Blight Stress in Rice via Overaccumulation of Antioxidant Flavonoids and Induction of Defense Genes and Hormones. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 6152 .
AMA StyleRahmatullah Jan, Muhammad Aaqil Khan, Sajjad Asaf, Lubna, Jae-Ryoung Park, In-Jung Lee, Kyung-Min Kim. Flavonone 3-hydroxylase Relieves Bacterial Leaf Blight Stress in Rice via Overaccumulation of Antioxidant Flavonoids and Induction of Defense Genes and Hormones. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (11):6152.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRahmatullah Jan; Muhammad Aaqil Khan; Sajjad Asaf; Lubna; Jae-Ryoung Park; In-Jung Lee; Kyung-Min Kim. 2021. "Flavonone 3-hydroxylase Relieves Bacterial Leaf Blight Stress in Rice via Overaccumulation of Antioxidant Flavonoids and Induction of Defense Genes and Hormones." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11: 6152.
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial microorganisms that can be utilized to improve plant responses against biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we investigated whether PGPR (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) isolated from the endorhizosphere of Sasamorpha borealis have the potential to sustain pepper growth under drought, salinity, and heavy metal stresses. The bacterial strain was determined based on 16S rDNA and gyrB gene sequencing and characterized based on the following biochemical traits: nitrogen fixation; 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity; indole acetic acid production; inorganic phosphate, potassium, zinc, and silicon solubilization; and siderophore production. Various abiotic stresses were applied to 28-day-old pepper seedlings, and the influence of the PGPR strain on pepper seedling growth under these stress conditions was evaluated. The application of PGPR improved survival of the inoculated pepper plants under stress conditions, which was reflected by higher seedling growth rate and improved physiochemical traits. The PGPR-treated plants maintained high chlorophyll, salicylic acid, sugar, amino acid, and proline contents and showed low lipid metabolism, abscisic acid, protein, hydrogen peroxide contents, and antioxidant activities under stress conditions. Gene expression studies confirmed our physiological and biochemical findings. PGPR inoculation led to enhanced expression of XTH genes and reduced expression of WRKY2, BI-1, PTI1, and binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) genes. We conclude that the PGPR strain described in this study has great potential for use in the phytoremediation of heavy metals and for enhancing pepper plant productivity under stress conditions, particularly those involving salinity and drought.
Elham Ahmed Kazerooni; Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura; Arjun Adhikari; Abdullah Mohammed Al-Sadi; Sang-Mo Kang; Lee-Rang Kim; In-Jung Lee. Rhizospheric Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Protects Capsicum annuum cv. Geumsugangsan From Multiple Abiotic Stresses via Multifarious Plant Growth-Promoting Attributes. Frontiers in Plant Science 2021, 12, 1 .
AMA StyleElham Ahmed Kazerooni, Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura, Arjun Adhikari, Abdullah Mohammed Al-Sadi, Sang-Mo Kang, Lee-Rang Kim, In-Jung Lee. Rhizospheric Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Protects Capsicum annuum cv. Geumsugangsan From Multiple Abiotic Stresses via Multifarious Plant Growth-Promoting Attributes. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2021; 12 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElham Ahmed Kazerooni; Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura; Arjun Adhikari; Abdullah Mohammed Al-Sadi; Sang-Mo Kang; Lee-Rang Kim; In-Jung Lee. 2021. "Rhizospheric Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Protects Capsicum annuum cv. Geumsugangsan From Multiple Abiotic Stresses via Multifarious Plant Growth-Promoting Attributes." Frontiers in Plant Science 12, no. : 1.
Drought stress is a prevalent environmental stress that adversely affects agricultural industries worldwide. In this study, bacterial isolates, AFFR02 and Mj1212, showed tolerance to polyethylene glycol-induced (PEG) drought stress (approximately 15%) and possess strong phosphate-solubilizing capacity. Moreover, we investigated the plant growth attributes, chlorophyll content, and ion uptake in alfalfa plants (Medicago sativa L) inoculated with isolates AFFR02 and Mj1212 under drought stress. We observed that drought stress drastically affects alfalfa’s growth attributes: shoot length: SL (24.88%), root length: RL (29.62%), shoot fresh weight: SFW (49.62%), root fresh weight: RFW (45.09%), stalk diameter: SD (52.84%), and chlorophyll content: CC (19.2%). However, in bacterial-inoculated alfalfa plants, the growth attributes significantly recovered were SL (12.42%), RL (21.30%), SFW (50.74%), RFW (46.42%), SD (76.72%), and CC (17.98%). In drought-stressed alfalfa plants, we observed a significant decrease in the relative water content (7.45%), whereas there was an increase in electrical conductivity (68.87%) and abscisic acid contents (164.42%). Antioxidant analysis showed a significant increase in total phenolic content (46.08%), DPPH-scavenging activity (39.66%), total flavonoid (13.68%), and superoxide dismutase (28.51%) in alfalfa treated with drought stress and bacterial isolates AFFR02 and Mj1212 simultaneously. Moreover, an increase in inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis of potassium (17.98%), phosphorous (11.14%), calcium (3.07%), and magnesium (6.71%) was recorded for bacteria-inoculated alfalfa plants under drought stress. In conclusion, bacterial isolates AFFR02 and Mj1212 enhance alfalfa growth under drought stress. Therefore, the isolates could be used as potential candidates in smart-climate agricultural practices in drought-stricken areas worldwide.
Sang-Mo Kang; Muhammad-Aaqil Khan; Muhammad Hamayun; Lee-Rang Kim; Eun-Hae Kwon; Yo-Sep Kang; Ki-Yong Kim; Jae-Jeong Park; In-Jung Lee. Phosphate-Solubilizing Enterobacter ludwigii AFFR02 and Bacillus megaterium Mj1212 Rescues Alfalfa’s Growth under Post-Drought Stress. Agriculture 2021, 11, 485 .
AMA StyleSang-Mo Kang, Muhammad-Aaqil Khan, Muhammad Hamayun, Lee-Rang Kim, Eun-Hae Kwon, Yo-Sep Kang, Ki-Yong Kim, Jae-Jeong Park, In-Jung Lee. Phosphate-Solubilizing Enterobacter ludwigii AFFR02 and Bacillus megaterium Mj1212 Rescues Alfalfa’s Growth under Post-Drought Stress. Agriculture. 2021; 11 (6):485.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSang-Mo Kang; Muhammad-Aaqil Khan; Muhammad Hamayun; Lee-Rang Kim; Eun-Hae Kwon; Yo-Sep Kang; Ki-Yong Kim; Jae-Jeong Park; In-Jung Lee. 2021. "Phosphate-Solubilizing Enterobacter ludwigii AFFR02 and Bacillus megaterium Mj1212 Rescues Alfalfa’s Growth under Post-Drought Stress." Agriculture 11, no. 6: 485.
In the last two decades, global environmental change has increased abiotic stress on plants and severely affected crops. For example, drought stress is a serious abiotic stress that rapidly and substantially alters the morphological, physiological, and molecular responses of plants. In Arabidopsis, several drought-responsive genes have been identified; however, the underlying molecular mechanism of drought tolerance in plants remains largely unclear. Here, we report that the “domain of unknown function” novel gene DUF569 (AT1G69890) positively regulates drought stress in Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis loss-of-function mutant atduf569 showed significant sensitivity to drought stress, i.e., severe wilting at the rosette-leaf stage after water was withheld for 3 days. Importantly, the mutant plant did not recover after rewatering, unlike wild-type (WT) plants. In addition, atduf569 plants showed significantly lower abscisic acid accumulation under optimal and drought-stress conditions, as well as significantly higher electrolyte leakage when compared with WT Col-0 plants. Spectrophotometric analyses also indicated a significantly lower accumulation of polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and chlorophylls in atduf569 mutant plants. Overall, our results suggest that novel DUF569 is a positive regulator of the response to drought in Arabidopsis.
Rizwana Nabi; Rupesh Tayade; Adil Hussain; Arjun Adhikari; In-Jung Lee; Gary Loake; Byung-Wook Yun. A Novel DUF569 Gene Is a Positive Regulator of the Drought Stress Response in Arabidopsis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 5316 .
AMA StyleRizwana Nabi, Rupesh Tayade, Adil Hussain, Arjun Adhikari, In-Jung Lee, Gary Loake, Byung-Wook Yun. A Novel DUF569 Gene Is a Positive Regulator of the Drought Stress Response in Arabidopsis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (10):5316.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRizwana Nabi; Rupesh Tayade; Adil Hussain; Arjun Adhikari; In-Jung Lee; Gary Loake; Byung-Wook Yun. 2021. "A Novel DUF569 Gene Is a Positive Regulator of the Drought Stress Response in Arabidopsis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 10: 5316.
Drought stress retards plant growth and yield. Melatonin and nitric oxide (NO) have demonstrated their potential role against abiotic stresses; however, the underlying molecular mechanism by which they interact and extend drought stress tolerance has not been fully elucidated. Herein, the current study was performed to establish the optimum beneficial concentration of MT and NO in combating drought stress and later understand its responses at biochemical, and molecular levels. Results showed exogenous MT, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP as NO donor) have counteracted drought-induced growth inhibition of soybean (Glycine max L.) by increasing plant biomass, photosynthesis efficiency and water content and reducing reactive oxygen species accumulation. MT and NO treatments showed reduced lipid peroxidation and improved defense responses via significantly higher antioxidant enzyme activities than control during drought. Surprisingly, endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) contents and gene expression of its synthesis and ABA-responsive proteins and their promoters were significantly decreased in drought by MT + NO. This was coupled with an increase in endogenous MT levels. In endo-NO regulations, S-nitrosoglutathione was increased, but L-NAME (NO inhibitor) and cPTIO (NO scavenger) decreased the S-nitrosothiol (SNO) contents, which was followed by the increased expression of NO-synthesis-related-genes by MT + NO. Interestingly, MT + NO-induced drought stress tolerance was coupled with increased expression of transcription factors such as GmWRKY27 and GmMYB174. Conclusively, the physiological, antioxidant, and molecular analysis showed that MT triggers downregulated NO accumulation, promoting tolerance against drought stress.
Muhammad Imran; Raheem Shazad; Saqib Bilal; Qari Muhammad Imran; Murtaza Khan; Sang-Mo Kang; Abdul Latif Khan; Byung-Wook Yun; In-Jung Lee. Exogenous Melatonin mediates the regulation of endogenous nitric oxide in Glycine max L. to reduce effects of drought stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany 2021, 188, 104511 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Imran, Raheem Shazad, Saqib Bilal, Qari Muhammad Imran, Murtaza Khan, Sang-Mo Kang, Abdul Latif Khan, Byung-Wook Yun, In-Jung Lee. Exogenous Melatonin mediates the regulation of endogenous nitric oxide in Glycine max L. to reduce effects of drought stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2021; 188 ():104511.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Imran; Raheem Shazad; Saqib Bilal; Qari Muhammad Imran; Murtaza Khan; Sang-Mo Kang; Abdul Latif Khan; Byung-Wook Yun; In-Jung Lee. 2021. "Exogenous Melatonin mediates the regulation of endogenous nitric oxide in Glycine max L. to reduce effects of drought stress." Environmental and Experimental Botany 188, no. : 104511.
Chang-Wook Park; Ko-Eun Lee; Eun-Jung Park; In-Jung Lee. Effect of Glutamate Foliar Treatment for Alleviating Drought Stress in Kale (Brassica oleracea L.). Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 2021, 55, 9 -15.
AMA StyleChang-Wook Park, Ko-Eun Lee, Eun-Jung Park, In-Jung Lee. Effect of Glutamate Foliar Treatment for Alleviating Drought Stress in Kale (Brassica oleracea L.). Journal of Agriculture & Life Science. 2021; 55 (2):9-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang-Wook Park; Ko-Eun Lee; Eun-Jung Park; In-Jung Lee. 2021. "Effect of Glutamate Foliar Treatment for Alleviating Drought Stress in Kale (Brassica oleracea L.)." Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 55, no. 2: 9-15.
Background Salinity is a major threat to the agriculture industry due to the negative impact of salinity stress on crop productivity. In the present study, we isolated rhizobacteria and evaluated their capacities to promote crop growth under salt stress conditions. Results We isolated rhizospheric bacteria from sand dune flora of Pohang beach, Korea, and screened them for plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits. Among 55 bacterial isolates, 14 produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 10 produced siderophores, and 12 produced extracellular polymeric and phosphate solubilization. Based on these PGP traits, we selected 11 isolates to assess for salinity tolerance. Among them, ALT29 and ALT43 showed the highest tolerance to salinity stress. Next, we tested the culture filtrate of isolates ALT29 and ALT43 for IAA and organic acids to confirm the presence of these PGP products. To investigate the effects of ALT29 and ALT43 on salt tolerance in soybean, we grew seedlings in 0 mM, 80 mM, 160 mM, and 240 mM NaCl treatments, inoculating half with the bacterial isolates. Inoculation with ALT29 and ALT43 significantly increased shoot length (13%), root length (21%), shoot fresh and dry weight (44 and 35%), root fresh and dry weight (9%), chlorophyll content (16–24%), Chl a (8–43%), Chl b (13–46%), and carotenoid (14–39%) content of soybean grown under salt stress. Inoculation with ALT29 and ALT43 also significantly decreased endogenous ABA levels (0.77-fold) and increased endogenous SA contents (6–16%), increased total protein (10–20%) and glutathione contents, and reduced lipid peroxidation (0.8–5-fold), superoxide anion (21–68%), peroxidase (12.14–17.97%), and polyphenol oxidase (11.76–27.06%) contents in soybean under salinity stress. In addition, soybean treated with ALT29 and ALT43 exhibited higher K+ uptake (9.34–67.03%) and reduced Na+ content (2–4.5-fold). Genes involved in salt tolerance, GmFLD19 and GmNARK, were upregulated under NaCl stress; however, significant decreases in GmFLD19 (3–12-fold) and GmNARK (1.8–3.7-fold) expression were observed in bacterial inoculated plants. Conclusion In conclusion, bacterial isolates ALT29 and ALT43 can mitigate salinity stress and increase plant growth, providing an eco-friendly approach for addressing saline conditions in agricultural production systems.
Muhammad Aaqil Khan; Atlaw Anbelu Sahile; Rahmatullah Jan; Sajjad Asaf; Muhammad Hamayun; Muhammad Imran; Arjun Adhikari; Sang-Mo Kang; Kyung-Min Kim; In-Jung Lee. Halotolerant bacteria mitigate the effects of salinity stress on soybean growth by regulating secondary metabolites and molecular responses. BMC Plant Biology 2021, 21, 1 -15.
AMA StyleMuhammad Aaqil Khan, Atlaw Anbelu Sahile, Rahmatullah Jan, Sajjad Asaf, Muhammad Hamayun, Muhammad Imran, Arjun Adhikari, Sang-Mo Kang, Kyung-Min Kim, In-Jung Lee. Halotolerant bacteria mitigate the effects of salinity stress on soybean growth by regulating secondary metabolites and molecular responses. BMC Plant Biology. 2021; 21 (1):1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Aaqil Khan; Atlaw Anbelu Sahile; Rahmatullah Jan; Sajjad Asaf; Muhammad Hamayun; Muhammad Imran; Arjun Adhikari; Sang-Mo Kang; Kyung-Min Kim; In-Jung Lee. 2021. "Halotolerant bacteria mitigate the effects of salinity stress on soybean growth by regulating secondary metabolites and molecular responses." BMC Plant Biology 21, no. 1: 1-15.
The Chinese quince (Pseudocydonia sinensis (Thouin) CK Schneid.) is a tree that is commonly distributed in all regions of South Korea and other Asian countries. The ripened yellow fruit contains medically active compounds (Hamauzu et al. 2005). It has been consumed as tea and candies and used in traditional medicine for treating asthma, cough, influenza, harsh throat, and tuberculosis and for liver protection (Chun et al. 2012). In the Kyungpook National University campus (Daegu, South Korea), fruit canker on the Chinese quince was ubiquitously observed during May–August 2020. The average disease incidence was around 30%–40%, which caused significant yield loss. Initially, minute, brown-to-rust-colored, unbroken, circular, necrotic areas appear, and in the advanced stage of infection, the epidermis tears open and tube- or aecia-like white structures are formed. Successively, the affected areas become necrotic and gradually enlarge to reach 3–5 cm in diameter. To isolate the causative pathogen, symptomatic tissues obtained from diseased fruits were surface-sterilized for 1 min with 70% ethanol, rinsed in sterile distilled water, and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). The inoculated plates were incubated for 7 days at 25°C. Successively, pure cultures were obtained by transferring hyphal tips to new PDA plates. A total of 15 isolates were obtained across 20 fruit trees investigated. The colonies on the PDA plates reached a diameter of 60–70 mm after 7 days at 25°C, spreading with a regular margin, aerial mycelium covering the entire colony, compact, white to pale gray in color, and solitary and globose pycnidia were produced after ten days. Conidiogenous cells were phialidic, hyaline, simple, smooth, doliiform to ampulliform, 3–5 × 3–4 μm; conidia were subglobose to oval or obtuse, thin-walled, smooth, aseptate, minute guttules, brown, 5.5–8 × 4–7 μm. These morphologies corresponded to those of phoma-like species. Sequence data for the 28S nrDNA, the internal transcribed spacer, β-tubulin, and RNA polymerase II subunit (White et al. 1990, Liu et al. 1999, Aveskamp et al. 2009) were obtained randomly for one of the pure isolates (EAH 2), which resulted in the GenBank accession numbers MW325675, MW325676, MW330391, and MW330390, respectively. The RAxML analysis (Stamatakis 2014) was run on the CIPRES Science Gateway portal of the combined sequence data of the isolate EAH 2 and the reference sequences obtained from GenBank. Analyses for the combined datasets were conducted with RAxML-HPC2 on XSEDE v. 8.2.10 using a GTR+GAMMA substitution model with 1000 bootstrap iterations. Results demonstrated that the isolate EAH2 formed a strongly support clade with the type isolates of Nothophoma quercina (Syd.) Q. Chen & L. Cai (basionym: Ampelomyces quercinus), which has been found on Quercus sp. in Ukraine (Chen et al. 2015). The procedure for Koch’s postulates was followed to confirm fungal pathogenicity using 3-day-old mycelial disks. A total of 15 same-aged healthy fruits were divided into three groups, and each group received a different treatment. Artificial wounds were created on one group of fruits using a sterile pin, and a 5-mm mycelial plug of the fungus was placed on the injured tissues. Mycelial plugs were also placed on the surfaces of the sets of unwounded fruits. The remaining fruits were maintained as control and inoculated with sterile PDA plugs. The test was repeated three times. The wounded fruits exhibited symptoms after 8–10 identical to those observed in the field. The control group remained asymptomatic, and the morphology of the fungus reisolated from the inoculated fruits was similar to that of N. quercina. The phylogeny, together with morphological identification and inoculation results, confirmed the identity of the fungus as N. quercina (Chen et al. 2015). A previous study had also reported shoot canker caused by N. quercina in the Chinese quince (Yun and Oh 2016). However, to our knowledge, this is the first report of fruit canker caused by N. quercina in the Chinese quince.
Elham A. Kazerooni; Sajeewa Sandeshya Nilukana Maharachchikumbura; Sang-Mo Kang; In-Jung Lee. First Report of Fruit Canker Caused by Nothophoma quercina on Chinese quince in South Korea. Plant Disease 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleElham A. Kazerooni, Sajeewa Sandeshya Nilukana Maharachchikumbura, Sang-Mo Kang, In-Jung Lee. First Report of Fruit Canker Caused by Nothophoma quercina on Chinese quince in South Korea. Plant Disease. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElham A. Kazerooni; Sajeewa Sandeshya Nilukana Maharachchikumbura; Sang-Mo Kang; In-Jung Lee. 2021. "First Report of Fruit Canker Caused by Nothophoma quercina on Chinese quince in South Korea." Plant Disease , no. : 1.
Melatonin has been recently known to stimulate plant growth and induce protective responses against different abiotic stresses. However, the mechanisms behind exogenous melatonin pretreatment and restoration of plant vigor from salinity stress remain poorly understood. The present study aimed to understand the effects of exogenous melatonin pretreatment on salinity-damaged green mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern.) seedlings in terms of oxidative stress regulation and endogenous phytohormone production. Screening of several melatonin concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 5, and 10 μM) on mustard growth showed that the 1 μM concentration revealed an ameliorative increase of plant height, leaf length, and leaf width. The second study aimed at determining how melatonin application can recover salinity-damaged plants and studying its effects on physiological and biochemical parameters. Under controlled environmental conditions, mustard seedlings were irrigated with distilled water or 150 mM of NaCl for 7 days. This was followed by 1 μM of melatonin application to determine its recovery impact on the damaged plants. Furthermore, several physiological and biochemical parameters were examined in stressed and unstressed seedlings with or without melatonin application. Our results showed that plant height, leaf length/width, and stem diameter were enhanced in 38-day-old salinity-stressed plants under melatonin treatment. Melatonin application obviously attenuated salinity-induced reduction in gas exchange parameters, relative water content, and amino acid and protein levels, as well as antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase and catalase. H2O2 accumulation in salinity-damaged plants was reduced by melatonin treatment. A decline in abscisic acid content and an increase in salicylic acid content were observed in salinity-damaged seedlings supplemented with melatonin. Additionally, chlorophyll content decreased during the recovery period in salinity-damaged plants by melatonin treatment. This study highlighted, for the first time, the recovery impact of melatonin on salinity-damaged green mustard seedlings. It demonstrated that exogenous melatonin supplementation significantly improved the physiologic and biochemical parameters in salinity-damaged green mustard seedlings.
Hee-Soon Park; Elham Ahmed Kazerooni; Sang-Mo Kang; Abdullah Mohammed Al-Sadi; In-Jung Lee. Melatonin Enhances the Tolerance and Recovery Mechanisms in Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Under Saline Conditions. Frontiers in Plant Science 2021, 12, 1 .
AMA StyleHee-Soon Park, Elham Ahmed Kazerooni, Sang-Mo Kang, Abdullah Mohammed Al-Sadi, In-Jung Lee. Melatonin Enhances the Tolerance and Recovery Mechanisms in Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Under Saline Conditions. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2021; 12 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHee-Soon Park; Elham Ahmed Kazerooni; Sang-Mo Kang; Abdullah Mohammed Al-Sadi; In-Jung Lee. 2021. "Melatonin Enhances the Tolerance and Recovery Mechanisms in Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Under Saline Conditions." Frontiers in Plant Science 12, no. : 1.
Chinese quince (Pseudocydonia sinensis (Thouin) CK Schneid.), a deciduous tree in the family Rosaceae, is native to China, Japan, and South Korea; the fruit is known as mogwa in South Korea. The ripened yellow fruit has been used as a traditional therapeutic for respiratory ailments and as an additive in health products such as syrups, tea, and candies (Sawai et al. 2008). From May to August 2020, Chinese quince trees showing symptoms of brown spots were observed on the Kyungpook National University premises, Daegu, South Korea, with an incidence of 30%–40%. The disease first appeared as small, round, yellow specks on the fruits, which necrotized over time and gradually enlarged to 0.7–2.7 cm in diameter. To isolate the pathogen, symptomatic tissues obtained from disease fruit were surface sterilized for 1 min with 70% ethanol, rinsed in sterile distilled water, and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). The inoculated plates were incubated at 25°C for 7 days. Successively, pure cultures were obtained by transferring hyphal tips to new PDA plates. Twenty isolates were obtained from 25 fruit. Colonies on PDA reached a diameter of 30–40 mm. After incubation for 7 days at 25°C, spreading with an even, colorless-to-buff glabrous margin, a submarginal ring of conidiomata developed from day 5 to 12 and was visible as scattered dots on either side of the plate. Conidiogenous cells were discrete (3.5–6 × 3.5–5 μm); conidia were ellipsoid to short-cylindrical [3–5 × 2.1–3.5 μm (n = 60)] and olivaceous in color. These conidial dimensions corresponded to those of Didymosphaeria rubi-ulmifolii Ariyaw., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde (basionym: Paraconiothyrium brasiliense), which has been found on Rubus ulmifolius in Italy (Ariyawansa et al. 2014). Sequence data for the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU), and partial translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF) (White et al. 1990, Rehner and Buckley 2005) were obtained for one of the pure culture isolate (BT1) with GenBank accession numbers MW020087, MW020060 and MW027220, respectively. The sequences of BT1 isolate using a BLASTn analysis showed 100% identity with the ex-type MFLUCC 14-0023 of D. rubi-ulmifolii in ITS, and LSU portions (accession nos. MT310602, and MT214555, respectively) and 99% identity in TEF portion (accession no. MT394734). The procedure for Koch’s postulates was followed to confirm fungal pathogenicity using 3-day-old mycelial discs. Fifteen healthy fruit were divided into three groups of five fruit each, with each group receiving a different treatment. One group of fruit was wounded by puncturing with a sterile pin and inoculated using 5-mm agar discs with mycelium on the wounds. Mycelium covered agar discs were also placed on the surfaces of five unwounded fruits. The remaining five fruit were maintained as a control and inoculated with sterile PDA plugs. The pathogenicity test was replicated thrice. The wounded fruits showed symptoms similar to those observed in the field. The control group remained asymptomatic and the morphology of the fungus re-isolated from the inoculated fruit was the same as that of D. rubi-ulmifolii. The phylogeny, together with the morphological identification and inoculation results, confirmed the identity of the fungus as D. rubi-ulmifolii (Ariyawansa et al. 2014). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of D. rubi-ulmifolii causing brown spot in Chinese quince.
Elham A. Kazerooni; Sajeewa Sandeshya Nilukana Maharachchikumbura; Sang-Mo Kang; In-Jung Lee. First Report of Didymosphaeria rubi-ulmifolii Brown Spot Infection of Chinese Quince Fruit in South Korea. Plant Disease 2021, 105, 1195 -1195.
AMA StyleElham A. Kazerooni, Sajeewa Sandeshya Nilukana Maharachchikumbura, Sang-Mo Kang, In-Jung Lee. First Report of Didymosphaeria rubi-ulmifolii Brown Spot Infection of Chinese Quince Fruit in South Korea. Plant Disease. 2021; 105 (4):1195-1195.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElham A. Kazerooni; Sajeewa Sandeshya Nilukana Maharachchikumbura; Sang-Mo Kang; In-Jung Lee. 2021. "First Report of Didymosphaeria rubi-ulmifolii Brown Spot Infection of Chinese Quince Fruit in South Korea." Plant Disease 105, no. 4: 1195-1195.