Background: Scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) belongs to the group of animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). BSE epidemic in the UK and elsewhere in Europe has been linked to the use of bovine meat and bone meals (MBM) in the feeding of cattle. There is concern that pigs, poultry and fish bred for human consumption and fed with infected MBM would eventually develop BSE or carry residual infectivity without disease. Although there has been no evidence of infection in these species, experimental data on the susceptibility to the BSE agent of farm animals other than sheep and cow are limited only to pigs and domestic chicken. In the framework of a EU-granted project we have challenged two species of fish largely used in human food consumption, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), with a mouse-adapted TSE strain (scrapie 139A), to assess the risk related to oral consumption of TSE contaminated food. In trout, we also checked the "in vitro" ability of the pathological isoform of the mouse prion protein (PrP^Sc) to cross the intestinal epithelium when added to the mucosal side of everted intestine. Results: Fish challenged with a large amount of scrapie mouse brain homogenate by either oral or parenteral routes, showed the ability to clear the majority of infectivity load. None of the fish tissues taken at different time points after oral or parenteral inoculation was able to provoke scrapie disease after intracerebral inoculation in recipient mice. However, a few recipient mice were positive for PrP^Sc and spongiform lesions in the brain. We also showed a specific binding of PrP^Sc to the mucosal side of fish intestine in the absence of an active uptake of the prion protein through the intestinal wall. Conclusion: These results indicate that scrapie 139A, and possibly BSE, is quickly removed from fish tissues despite evidence of a prion like protein in fish and of a specific binding of PrP^Sc to the mucosal side of fish intestine.

Genetic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (gCJD) associated with the V180I mutation in the prion protein (PrP) gene (PRNP) in phase with residue 129M is the most frequent cause of gCJD in East Asia, whereas it is quite uncommon in Caucasians. We report on a gCJD patient with the rare V180I-129V haplotype, showing an unusually long duration of the disease and a characteristic pathological PrP (PrP^Sc) glycotype. Family members carrying the mutation were fully asymptomatic, as commonly observed with this mutation. Neuropathological examination showed a lesion pattern corresponding to that commonly reported in Japanese V180I cases with vacuolization and gliosis of the cerebral cortexes, olfactory areas, hippocampus and amygdala. PrP was deposited with a punctate, synaptic-like pattern in the cerebral cortex, amygdala and olfactory tract. Western blot analyses of proteinase-K-resistant PrP showed the characteristic two-banding pattern of V180I gCJD, composed of mono- and un-glycosylated isoforms. In line with reports on other V180I cases in the literature, Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) analyses did not demonstrate the presence of seeding activity in the cerebrospinal fluid and olfactory mucosa, suggesting that this haplotype also may result in a reduced seeding efficiency of the pathological PrP. Further studies are required to understand the origin, penetrance, disease phenotype and transmissibility of 180I-129V haplotype in Caucasians.

The agents of prion diseases have the capacity to efficiently infect susceptible hosts by peripheral routes and to project to clinical target areas of the central nervous system (CNS) via peripheral nerves. Understanding the process of prion spread from the site of infection to the CNS may allow us to identify novel therapeutic strategies. To investigate the mechanism involved in the intranerval transit of 263K scrapie prions in golden Syrian hamsters (GSHs), we transected the sciatic nerve at increasing times post-footpad injection and recorded the incubation periods as estimates of the efficiency of infection. We calculated that intranerval transit of this strain of scrapie is at least 10 times faster than previously reported and may reach 50 mm/day, similar to other neurotropic viruses. By in vivo exposure/injection of sciatic nerves to 263K infectivity, we have also shown that prion entry likely occurs via nerve terminals rather than by direct contact with the sciatic nerve. Application of this experimental approach in other forms of prion diseases could allow verification of the timing of neuroinvasion, a relevant parameter for the definition of therapeutic interventions.

This pilot study evaluates the effects of acute caffeine administration on adult zebrafish behavioral responses under simulated microgravity, aiming to understand how common dietary stimulants modulate neurobehavioral adaptations in altered-gravity environments. Adult zebrafish were immersed in 25 mg/L caffeine for 30 min, followed by a 1 h exposure to simulated microgravity using a clinostat system, before immediate assessment in a standard locomotor test and a vertical Novel Tank Test tracked via EthoVision XT 14 software. While independent exposures to caffeine or microgravity yielded minimal modifications to baseline swimming kinetics, their simultaneous application resulted in an increased hyperlocomotor response, characterized by increased distance moved, average velocity, and moving duration. Co-exposure also altered stereotypic motor coordination, significantly enhancing clockwise rotations. Furthermore, dual-view heat maps in the Novel Tank Test showed that the simultaneous exposure to caffeine and microgravity showed altered wall-associated spatial behavior (thigmotaxis) and bottom-dwelling avoidance, shifting behavioral output toward active vertical exploration and central arena habituation. These results suggest that simulated microgravity may influence the psychopharmacological expression of caffeine, with the combined exposure being associated with altered vertical exploration and motor activity, thereby supporting the potential utility of adult zebrafish as an experimental model for space biomedical research and highlighting the complex role of dietary countermeasures in altered-gravity environments.