Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have emerged as the predominant cause of global mortality, resulting in a substantial annual loss of human lives. Among these conditions, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) stand out as the primary cause of death. The majority of CVD cases can be attributed to certain factors that, upon modification, have the potential to significantly decrease both the incidence and severity of the disease. For numerous years, the impact of sleep disorders on cardiovascular health has been a prominent subject of extensive discussion. Chronic sleep disturbances are known to have a range of negative health consequences, with the relationship between sleep apnea and hypertension being well-established through numerous studies. However, further exploration is needed to understand other disease associations with sleep apnea and to examine the impact of various sleep disorders, aside from sleep apnea, on cardiovascular health. This systematic review assesses the available evidence on the association between various sleep disorders and cardiovascular diseases by addressing the question: Do sleep disorders contribute to or exacerbate cardiovascular diseases? After a comprehensive review, we identified 122 articles. Following this initial review, seven papers directly aligned with our research topic. Subsequently, we meticulously assessed the remaining seven papers, all meeting our predetermined criteria. Our analysis showed a strong correlation between sleep disruptions and cardiovascular health. Numerous sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy, central sleep apnea, obstructive sleep apnea, and insomnia, have shown different effects on cardiovascular outcomes. Increased risks of illnesses such as acute coronary syndrome (ACS), hypertension, cardiovascular mortality, and coronary artery calcification were included in these consequences. This systematic review underscores the need for early identification and comprehensive management of sleep disturbances to mitigate their potential adverse effects on cardiovascular well-being. Integrating strategies that address sleep disorders and cardiovascular health is imperative in enhancing overall health outcomes. This study paves the way for more effective preventive and therapeutic approaches by focusing on the relationship between sleep disorders and cardiovascular diseases.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) present a significant global health challenge and remain a primary cause of death. Early detection and intervention are crucial for improved outcomes in acute coronary syndrome (ACS), particularly acute myocardial infarction (AMI) cases. Artificial intelligence (AI) can detect heart disease early by analyzing patient information and electrocardiogram (ECG) data, providing invaluable insights into this critical health issue. However, the imbalanced nature of ECG and patient data presents challenges for traditional machine learning (ML) algorithms in performing unbiasedly. Investigators have proposed various data-level and algorithm-level solutions to overcome these challenges. In this study, we used a systematic literature review (SLR) approach to give an overview of the current literature and to highlight the difficulties of utilizing ML, deep learning (DL), and AI algorithms in predicting, diagnosing, and prognosis of heart diseases. We reviewed 181 articles from reputable journals published between 2013 and June 15, 2023, focusing on eight selected papers for in-depth analysis. The analysis considered factors such as heart disease type, algorithms used, applications, and proposed solutions and compared the benefits of algorithms combined with clinicians versus clinicians alone. This systematic review revealed that the current ML-based diagnostic approaches face several open problems and issues when implementing ML, DL, and AI in real-life settings. Although these algorithms show higher sensitivities, specificities, and accuracies in detecting heart disease, we must address the ethical concerns while implementing these models into clinical practice. The transparency of how these algorithms operate remains a challenge. Nevertheless, further exploration and research in ML, DL, and AI are necessary to overcome these challenges and fully harness their potential to improve health outcomes for patients with AMI.

Cardiovascular diseases pose a serious problem for health globally. Among these, congestive heart failure is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. According to the recent census, heart failure contributes to a huge financial burden annually. Exercise therapy is an integral part of the non-pharmacological management of heart failure. Due to the availability of various types of exercise therapies and rapid advancements in the existing evidence, it is often challenging to prescribe an appropriate exercise program. Although there is unequivocal evidence supporting the cardiovascular benefits of aerobic therapy, the incorporation of resistance training into exercise regimens should also be encouraged due to its effects on muscular endurance and ameliorating skeletal myopathy in heart failure. In this study, we used a systematic literature review (SLR) approach to give an overview of the current literature and highlight the cardiovascular benefits of resistance training, alone or in combination with aerobic training. We reviewed articles from well-recognized journals published between 2013 and 2023, finally narrowing down to nine selected papers for a thorough analysis. The inclusion criteria comprise studies dealing with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), resistance training alone or in combination with aerobic therapy, and studies available for free in either the PubMed or Google Scholar databases. The systematic review revealed that resistance training in combination with aerobic therapy has greater cardiovascular benefits than either resistance or aerobic therapy alone. A few unique approaches, like periodic intermittent muscular exercise (PRIME) and super circuit training (SCT), have demonstrated an improvement in cardiac and non-cardiac clinical outcomes compared to conventional exercise therapies. Moreover, various factors, like lack of motivation and lack of time, contribute to poor adherence to exercise therapy. Approaches like telerehabilitation and designing exercise regimens with activities that patients enjoy have led to improvements in long-term adherence rates. Nevertheless, further exploration and research by conducting randomized controlled trials on a larger scale is essential to explore the potential of resistance training in the rehabilitation of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and to develop the most effective exercise therapy.

Myocardial infarction, an integral part of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), occurs due to atherosclerotic narrowing of the coronary (heart) blood vessels. Acute coronary syndrome, being one of the major cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), has led to a significant amount of mortality and morbidity, the majority of it due to MI. Over a long period following an MI, the physical, psychological, social, emotional, and occupational well-being are greatly impacted. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) can address the above and help improve long-term well-being and overall quality of life. The benefits of CR include enhanced exercise capacity, risk factor reduction, improved quality of life (QOL), reduced mortality, and hospital readmissions. We used a systematic literature review (SLR) approach in this article to provide a global overview of cutting-edge CR in the post-MI phase. We reviewed 45 articles from journals of good repute published between 2013 and December 1st, 2023, focusing on seven selected papers for in-depth analysis. The analysis was focused on factors such as the positive outcomes of CR and the effects of CR post-MI. There are only a few statistically significant studies in a few domains of CR benefits, namely decreased mortality, cardiac events, depression, depression-associated mortality, hospital readmissions, increased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV), metabolic equivalent of task (MET), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and the six-minute walk test (6MWT), and as a result, increased physical performance. Further research is needed to enhance the understanding of its mechanisms and statistically prove its effectiveness in all other domains. As CR continues to evolve, referral and participation in CR should be increased as it improves overall health and well-being.