The One Health (OH) concept has evolved significantly in recent decades, emerging as a key framework guiding international research and policy in managing new infectious diseases, chiefly zoonoses. While its initial conception revolved around managing zoonotic diseases as they traverse the interface between animals and humans through the environment, this concept has transformed beyond its origins as a collaboration solely between veterinary and public health stakeholders. Notably, the past decade has ushered in a new era of addressing complex issues in a novel manner. Emerging evidence has led to a fresh theoretical framework, highlighting interconnected terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Understanding these links is crucial in tackling emerging issues and resultant health challenges within these systems under what we call One Health 2.0. The current paper describes Climate-Smart One Health (CS-OH) and Climate-Smart Integrated Pest Management (CS-IPM) approaches, emphasizing holistic perspectives and practical tools. The One Health (OH) 2.0 concept applies to the agricultural sector and more specifically to agrifood systems exposed to climate change impacts. It is meant to address, in a comprehensive manner, soil, water, plant, animal, rural and urban farmers and farming communities, and consumer health issues. The One Health (OH) 2.0 concept is embodied in the Climate-Smart One Health (CS-OH) approach. The latter is designed for applications in agrifood systems. Pathways for the deployment of both CS-OH and CS-IPM interventions are proposed in this paper. A Ghanaian case is discussed.

Mango stem end rot (SER) is a significant post-harvest disease affecting mango production globally, particularly in tropical, subtropical, and arid regions. It ranks as the second most severe mango disease after anthracnose, causing substantial yield losses, quality deterioration, and reduced market value. The disease is caused by a complex of fungal pathogens, predominantly Lasiodiplodia theobromae, along with species from the Botryosphaeriaceae family, such as Dothiorella spp., Neofusicoccum spp., Phomopsis mangiferae, and Pestalotiopsis spp. The infection process begins at flowering, with pathogens remaining quiescent until post-harvest, where conducive conditions trigger symptom development. Molecular diagnostic techniques, such as species-specific primers and PCR assays have advanced pathogen identification and enabling targeted management strategies. Unlike previous studies focusing on specific regions, this review provides a comprehensive global perspective on SER, covering its history, economic impact, epidemiology, disease cycle, pathogen identification, host range and control measures. Additionally, it explores the role of molecular techniques in improving disease diagnosis and management, offering insights for mitigating the spread of SER in mango-producing regions.