Maternal high levels of the redox active amino acid homocysteine—called hyperhomocysteinemia (hHCY)—can affect the health state of the progeny. The effects of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) treatment on rats with maternal hHCY remain unknown. In the present study, we characterized the physical development, reflex ontogeny, locomotion and exploratory activity, muscle strength, motor coordination, and brain redox state of pups with maternal hHCY and tested potential beneficial action of the H₂S donor—sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS)—on these parameters. Our results indicate a significant decrease in litter size and body weight of pups from dams fed with methionine‐rich diet. In hHCY pups, a delay in the formation of sensory‐motor reflexes was observed. Locomotor activity tested in the open field by head rearings, crossed squares, and rearings of hHCY pups at all studied ages (P8, P16, and P26) was diminished. Exploratory activity was decreased, and emotionality was higher in rats with hHCY. Prenatal hHCY resulted in reduced muscle strength and motor coordination assessed by the paw grip endurance test and rotarod test. Remarkably, administration of NaHS to pregnant rats with hHCY prevented the observed deleterious effects of high homocysteine on fetus development. In rats with prenatal hHCY, the endogenous generation of H₂S brain tissues was lower compared to control and NaHS administration restored the H₂S level to control values. Moreover, using redox signaling assays, we found an increased level of malondialdehyde (MDA), the end product of lipid peroxidation, and decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the brain tissues of rats of the hHCY group. Notably, NaHS treatment restored the level of MDA and the activity of SOD and GPx. Our data suggest that H₂S has neuroprotective/antioxidant effects against homocysteine‐induced neurotoxicity providing a potential strategy for the prevention of developmental impairments in newborns.

Accumulating clinical and preclinical data indicate a prominent role of gut microbiota in regulation of physiological functions. The gut-brain axis imbalance due to gut dysbiosis is associated with a range of neurodegenerative diseases. Probiotics were suggested not only to restore intestinal dysbiosis but also modulate stress response and improve mood and anxiety symptoms. In this study, we assessed the effects of probiotic lactobacilli on behavioral reactions, the level of oxidative stress and microbiota content in mice administered to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Our study demonstrates that antibiotic treatment of adolescent mice for two weeks resulted in higher mortality and lower weight gain and induced significant changes in behavior including lower locomotor and exploratory activity, reduced muscle strength, visceral hypersensitivity, higher level of anxiety and impaired cognitive functions compared to the control group. These changes were accompanied by decreased diversity and total amount of bacteria, abundance of Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia phyla, and reduced Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio in the gut microbiota. Moreover, a higher level of oxidative stress was found in brain and skeletal muscle tissues of mice treated with antibiotics. Oral administration of two Lactobacillus strains prevented the observed changes and improved not only microbiota content but also the behavioral alterations, suggesting a neuroprotective and antioxidant role of probiotics.

Increasing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota, through the “microbiota–gut–brain axis”, can regulate anxiety, mood, and cognitive abilities such as memory and learning processes. Consistently with this, treatments altering the gut microbiota, such as antibiotics and probiotics, may influence brain function and impact behavior. The mechanisms that underlie the interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain have been intensively studied. We aimed to investigate the effects of two probiotic lactobacilli strains, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus 12L and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 8PA3, on behavioral disorders in mice induced by a two-week parenteral treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. On completion of the treatment, the mice were subjected to behavioral tests, including the open field test (OFT), novel object recognition test (ORT), and T-maze test. Antibiotic-treated mice demonstrated anxiety-related behavior, decreased cognition, and retarded exploratory activity that were ameliorated by the administration of probiotics. As was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), both tested strains produced serotonin and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), as well as dopamine, which was further metabolized into norepinephrine by L. plantarum 8PA3 and epinephrine by L. rhamnosus 12L. Moreover, these lactobacilli were found to harbor catecholamines and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in their biomass when grown on MRS broth. Additionally, L. plantarum 8PA3 and L. rhamnosus 12L were able to impact oxidative stress via H₂O₂ production and antioxidant activity, as determined in this study by the ferrous oxidation–xylenol orange (FOX) assay and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, respectively. The results obtained in this study support the role of probiotics as a promising therapeutic for neurological disorders. However, more investigations are required to confirm the clinical significance of this finding.

Purpose: Whether biological sex modifies the association between diet and liver disease remains unclear. We applied a reverse-translational strategy linking sex-stratified population data with mechanistic studies in a murine model. Methods: We analyzed associations between dietary nutrients and hepatic steatosis in a community-based Japanese cohort (the Shika study). Based on the human findings, mice were fed a Western diet with fructose–sucrose–supplemented water to investigate sex-dependent mechanisms. Results: In the Shika study, steatosis in women—but not in men—was associated with higher dietary cholesterol/fat density and with a higher sucrose-to-total carbohydrate ratio. Modeling this risk in mice revealed a dissociation between systemic metabolism and liver pathology: despite exhibiting milder systemic obesity than males, females developed more pronounced fibrosis and oxidative injury. Transcriptomic analysis identified distinct sex-biased pathways. Males preferentially upregulated genes involved in glutathione metabolism (eg, Gst and Gpx). In contrast, females exhibited higher expression of genes associated with microsomal ω-oxidation and acyl-CoA hydrolysis (eg, Cyp4a and Acot), accompanied by marked oxidative stress and a Kupffer cell–skewed inflammatory signature. Conclusion: By integrating sex-stratified epidemiological evidence in humans with the intrinsic oxidative vulnerability identified in mice, our findings highlight biological sex as a critical modifier of nutrition-driven liver injury. These findings suggest that rigorous nutritional management is particularly important for preventing disease progression in women with metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease.