Recently, local hemostatic agents (LHA) have become increasingly popular abroad and in our country. They act in a targeted way and can be used both in damage to large vessels and in diffuse bleeding. In the article, chemical nature, physical and chemical characteristics of materials and mechanisms of LHA activity are considered, directions of their improvement are shown. LHA are mostly classified by mechanism of action. To date, the popular groups of hemostatic agents are «mucoadhesive agents» (chitosan, amylopectin) and «coagulation factors concentrators» (zeolites, kaolin). Other authors distinguish the group of «aggregation and adhesion stimulants» (collagen, cellulose). Here, representatives of these groups have common characteristics – very high porosity and hydration ability. Another group includes substances that «promote protein denaturation» (inorganic salts of metals, as well as salts of acrylic acid and its derivatives). Polyacrylates are the basis of adhesives with hemostatic activity. However, most modern LHA are complex drugs and it is just this group that is most promising. All means, from hemostatic sponges produced by Zelyonaya Dubrava (Russia) and Nycomed, Takeda (Austria, Norway), and to hemostatic materials of MedTrade manufacture (Great Britain), Etiguette and Z-Medica (USA), combine sorption and, actually, thrombotic properties. The trademarks often imply original compositions and, especially, technologies: Quick Relief, BioSeal, BallistiClot, Hemaderm, CELOX Gauze PRO, OMNI-STAT Hemostatic Gauze for minor external bleeding. The most effective LHA are those based on chitosan and kaolin in the form of dressings with embedded clot-forming substance, for example, with artificial platelets or other coagulation factors.

Background: Portable topical hemostats are needed across a spectrum that extends from superficial household cuts to compressible traumatic bleeding in austere environments. A patented polyethylene oxide formulation comprising liquid PEO-400, solid PEO-1500 and PEO-4000, and aqueous zinc and copper salts can be cast as a cylindrical stick. Existing records describe wound contraction, scab formation, antimicrobial activity, and lower semi-quantitative wound bleeding, but do not establish time to hemostasis or efficacy in severe hemorrhage. Methods: We performed a translational design analysis of the patent record and two prior publications, reconciled claims against the available endpoints, and converted the evidence into two target product profiles: a same-user multi-use household stick for minor external wounds and a single-casualty field applicator for repeated application during one care episode. Product architecture, failure modes, performance gates, and a staged verification programme were defined using current trauma guidance, device-risk principles, and benchmark hemostatic models. Results: The source formulation is compatible with twist-up or push-up dispensing and rapidly forms a hydrophilic film, but its hemostatic mechanism remains a testable hypothesis based on fluid sequestration, surface pressure, and barrier formation. Prior rat data showed differences between PEO-metal treatment (n=7) and untreated controls (n=11) on days 4, 5, and 7 and reported bleeding scores of + versus ++, respectively; these outcomes support continued development but cannot be interpreted as validated hemorrhage control. The principal reuse hazards are cross-contamination, dose variability, tip deformation, water uptake, and transfer of debris into the wound. A controlled advance mechanism, sacrificial tip removal, tamper-evident cap, and explicit single-user or single-casualty labelling are therefore essential. Conclusions: A solid PEO balm is a plausible delivery platform for minor superficial bleeding and subsequent wound protection. Claims for moderate, severe, junctional, or arterial bleeding require blood-contact testing and standardized large-animal hemorrhage studies against gauze-based comparators. The proposed validation pathway prevents premature field claims while preserving a practical route to a compact first-aid product.

цель: провести квантово–химическое моделирование молекулы сернистого иприта в водной среде в режиме встроенного параметра и в режиме добавленных молекул. После оптимизации по термодинамическим параметрам изучить возможные молекулярно-структурные изменения иприта в составе среды. Методы. Для построения и визуализации структуры молекулы сернистого иприта, его взаимодействия с водной средой применен программный пакет Gaussian с визуализатором GaussView. Для проведения расчета (calculation tipe FREQ) избраны стандартные методы Gaussian ab initio – Хартли-Фок (RHF) и пост Хартли-Фок (MP2), которые чередовали с расчетами по теории денситной функции (DFT): B3LYP и B3LYP-FC. В качестве граничного фактора использован полуэмпирический метод RPM6. Результаты. Показано, что только комплексный анализ состояния молекулы позволяет выявить удельный вклад каждого из типов взаимодействий в структуру и свойства молекулы. В водной среде молекула иприта обладает высоким потенциалом устойчивости, однако воздействие реального молекулярного окружения приводит к изменению поляризуемости, заряда на атомах и вектора дипольного момента, причем в возбужденном состоянии молекулы одна из связей С1 - Cl1 максимально активируется, практически удваивая свою длину.. Выводы. Несмотря на очень плохую растворимость иприта в воде, его межмолекулярное взаимодействие со средой ведет к перераспределению энергетических характеристик и формирование неравновесного поляризуемого состояния молекулы иприта в структуре аквакомплекса, возможной дальнейшей деструкции с формированием токсичных продуктов, в том числе ониевых катионов. Дальнейшее развитие полученных результатов позволит обосновать выбор условий, направленной активации молекулы иприта для целей детоксикации в водных средах и жидкостях организма. objective: to conduct quantum chemical modeling of a sulfur mustard molecule in an aqueous medium in the built–in parameter mode and in the mode of added molecules. After optimization by thermodynamic parameters, to study possible molecular and structural changes of mustard gas in the composition of the medium. Methods. The Gaussian software package with the GaussView visualizer was used to construct and visualize the structure of the sulfur mustard molecule and its interaction with the aquatic environment. To carry out the calculation (calculation tipe FREQ), the standard Gaussian ab initio – Hartley-Fock (RHF) and post-Hartley-Fock (MP2) methods were chosen, which alternated with calculations based on the theory of the density function (DFT): B3LYP and B3LYP-FC. The semiempirical RPM6 method is used as a boundary factor. Results. It is shown that only a comprehensive analysis of the state of the molecule makes it possible to identify the specific contribution of each type of interaction to the structure and properties of the molecule. In an aqueous environment, the mustard gas molecule has a high stability potential, but exposure to a real molecular environment leads to a change in polarizability, atomic charge, and dipole moment vector, and in the excited state of the molecule, one of the C1-Cl1 bonds is maximally activated, practically doubling its length. Conclusions. Despite the very poor solubility of mustard gas in water, its intermolecular interaction with the medium leads to a redistribution of energy characteristics and the formation of a nonequilibrium polarizable state of the mustard molecule in the structure of the aquacomplex, possible further destruction with the formation of toxic products, including onium cations. Further development of the obtained results will make it possible to justify the choice of conditions for targeted activation of the mustard gas molecule for detoxification in aqueous media and body fluids.