Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a class of neurodevelopmental disorders which is commonly diagnosed in school-age children, but it can occur in any age group. To provide a robust synthesis of published evidence on the prevalence of ADHD in adults, we conducted an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The review was guided by preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA). We searched PsychINFO, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus to retrieve pertinent studies. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023389704). A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) was used to assess the quality of the included studies. A random-effects model was used to perform a meta-analysis. Five systematic reviews and meta-analyses (57 unique primary studies) with data on 21,142,129 adult participants were eligible for inclusion in this umbrella review. Inverse variance weighted random effect meta-analysis of these studies indicated that the pooled prevalence of ADHD in adults was 3.10% (95%CI 2.60-3.60%). ADHD-I (the inattentive type of ADHD) remained the commonest type of ADHD, followed by ADHD-HI (the hyperactive type) and ADHD-C (the combined type). The results indicate that ADHD is relatively high in adults, with ADHD-I remaining the most common subtype. Attention should be given to preventing, reducing, identifying, and managing ADHD in adults.

Background: Depression is particularly common among adolescents with HIV/AIDS and has been associated with disruption of the important developmental process, subsequently leading to a wide range of negative mental, physical and psychosocial consequences, as well as poor quality of life in those population groups. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, there are no prior systematic reviews and meta-analytic studies that determined the prevalence of depression among adolescents with HIV/AIDS. Method: We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for relevant literature until May 2020. A random-effect meta-analysis was used to pool prevalence rates from individual studies. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed to identify the source of heterogeneities and to compare the prevalence estimates across the groups. The Joanna Briggs Institute’s quality assessment checklist was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies. Cochran’s Q and the I² tests were used to assess heterogeneity between the studies. Results: A total of ten studies were included for the final analysis, with 2642 adolescents living with HIV/AIDS. Our final meta-analysis showed that more than a quarter of adolescents with HIV had depression [26.07% (95% CI 18.92–34.78)]. The prevalence was highest amongst female adolescents (32.15%) than males (25.07%) as well as amongst the older adolescents aged 15–19 years (37.09%) than younger adolescents aged 10–14 years (29.82%). Conclusion: Our study shows that a significant proportion of adolescents with HIV had depression, indicating the imperativeness of intervention strategies to alleviate the suffering and possibly reduce the probable negative ramifications.

Background: Effective public health emergency management (PHEM) is crucial for safeguarding population health and societal resilience in the face of escalating global threats. However, standardized tools for comprehensively assessing emergency readiness across diverse contexts are lacking, particularly in resource-constrained settings like Ethiopia. Existing assessment approaches have demonstrated limitations, including narrow scope focused on specific hazards or sectors, over-emphasis on implementation processes rather than programmatic outcomes, and lack of empirical grounding in tool development and validation. This study aimed to develop and validate a standardized tool to assess PHEM programs. Methods: This study employed a sequential exploratory mixed methods design. Relevant assessment domains were identified through a literature review, stakeholder consultations, and expert consultations conducted at a workshop. This study utilizes Donabedian's structure-process-outcome framework to guide the assessment of public health emergency management . A questionnaire containing 60 items was then generated and underwent translation, face validation, and content validity assessment. Construct validity was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis with responses from 260 professionals. Internal consistency reliability was assessed utilizing Cronbach's alpha. Results: A 45-item tool for assessing PHEM programs in diverse contexts in Ethiopia was developed and validated. The tool demonstrated high content validity (CVIs > 0.83), good construct validity (15-factor structure explaining 74.8% variance), and excellent reliability (overall α = 0.863, subscales > 0.70). The final tool covers domains such as multi-sectoral coordination, resource allocation, transparency/accountability, workforce capacity, and provision of essential supplies. Conclusions: This study developed a comprehensive tool to assess emergency management programs across diverse contexts. The validation revealed critical preparedness factors like multi-sector coordination, funding transparency and workforce strength. The mixed-methods approach proved effective for crafting contextually appropriate evaluation methods in low-resource settings with infrastructure barriers. By standardizing measurement of capacities and gaps, this validated tool can guide strategic policy planning to bolster resilience nationwide. Ongoing monitoring of progress using this model can help prioritize investments and direct coordinated responses to future crises.

Public health emergencies remain a persistent threat to global health security, with the COVID-19 pandemic exposing critical weaknesses even in advanced health systems. National Public Health Agencies (NPHAs), particularly National Public Health Institutes (NPHIs), have emerged as central actors in coordinating preparedness and response functions. However, institutional maturity, financing, and subnational integration remain uneven, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This scoping review consolidates evidence on governance, institutional arrangements, workforce development, financing, and cross-cutting determinants shaping public health emergency preparedness and response. A scoping review of literature published between 2000 and 2025 was conducted following the Arksey and O’Malley framework and reported according to PRISMA-ScR standards. Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and relevant WHO repositories. Eligible studies were screened and charted using a standardized data extraction template, and findings were synthesized using an inductive thematic approach. A total of 4,163 records were identified, 538 duplicates removed, 3,625 records screened, 98 full texts assessed, and 60 studies included. Evidence was organized into seven domains: institutional landscape, governance and autonomy, preparedness functions, workforce, financing, subnational presence, and cross-cutting enablers. National public health institutes were widely established but frequently operated with unclear mandates and limited subnational implementation. Core functions such as surveillance, laboratory systems, risk communication, and emergency operations were inconsistently institutionalized, with recurrent constraints in financing, workforce capacity, and digital interoperability across regions. Public health emergency preparedness and response systems function most effectively when embedded within stable governance, financing, and accountability frameworks. Strengthening statutory authority, predictable domestic investment, workforce sustainability, and interoperable information systems is critical to translating technical capacity into reliable operational performance. Durable, institutionally anchored preparedness is essential for moving from reactive crisis management to sustained and equitable national readiness.