Mountain ecosystems are unique and complex environments characterised by their high altitudes, steep slopes, and significant climatic variations

The knowledge of how wolves’ movement patterns and habitat selection are affected by habituation to persons after a period of veterinary isolation, treatment and non-agonistic experience with humans is scarce. Unnatural behaviours could be transferred by imitation to members of the pack and to subsequent generations, increasing direct interaction risks. We used GPS data from a rescued radio-collared female wolf after an 11-day rehabilitation to estimate home range, movement patterns, circadian rhythms, and habitat selection, searching for signals of eventual behavioural distortions. In the period 1 August–26 November 2013, 870 valid locations were acquired. The wolf moved within a minimum convex polygon (95%) of 6541.1 ha (79% wooded), avoiding anthropized areas. Nocturnal and diurnal displacements were significantly different (p < 0.01). Nocturnal displacements were 4409.4 ± 617.5 m during summer and 3684.8 ± 468.1 m during autumn, without differences between seasons. Diurnal movements were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the summer (2239.0 ± 329.0 m) than in the autumn (595.9 ± 110.3 m), when the hunting season was running. As for a wild wolf, clear complementarity concerning human activities was recorded and no habituation signals were detected, but this is only a first case study that aims to be a stimulus for further research and a call for widespread data sharing.

Several studies have focused on the impact of ungulates on agricultural systems, but the magnitude of their antagonistic role in forest renovation dynamics has long been underestimated and is rarely considered. The abundance of ungulate species is susceptible to seasonal variations according to their autecology, human management choices, and territorial planning. Therefore, the appropriate choice of counting period is crucial. In this case study, we used camera traps to assess the seasonal abundance variations of wild boar and roe deer in a 560-hectares hunting-ban beech forest (95.48%) in southern Tuscany managed for timber production. Camera-trapping sessions were performed in both early summer and autumn. The roe deer abundance index is higher in early summer, although statistically not significant, potentially affecting seedling survival. Inversely, wild boars significantly (F = 79.125; p = 0.001) increase their abundance at the local scale in autumn when probably, according to the ecology of fear, they shift their home range toward refuge areas temporary. In autumn, the high density of wild boars can reduce seed availability at the local scale. Further analyses assessing the correlation between seasonal wild ungulate abundance and forest regeneration rates are in progress, based on data recorded within and around three fenced sample plots.

This study seeks to evaluate a prototype's effectiveness in safeguarding livestock against wolf attacks. With an increasing imperative to protect livestock from predation, the prototype's performance was systematically examined under diverse conditions. The study primarily aimed at assessing the prototype's ability to detect wolf attacks by analyzing noise variations inherent to predator assaults. Simultaneously, the prototype aimed to mitigate livestock casualties and foster coexistence between wolves and livestock. A series of controlled experiments were meticulously carried out, replicating real-world wolf encounter scenarios. The findings yield valuable insights into the prototype's practical utility and its potential to mitigate conflicts between predator populations and livestock farming. Overall, this research contributes to advancing innovative strategies for sustainable cohabitation between wildlife and agriculture.

EU regulations on organic rabbit farming are relatively recent, and scientific evidence on key technical aspects remains limited. Outdoor systems may improve health and welfare by allowing natural behaviours, but their effectiveness depends on management practices, environmental conditions, and breed. The objective of this study was to explore breed-related differences in rabbit behaviour under outdoor rearing conditions. A total of 15 Leprino di Viterbo (LV) and 15 New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits were weaned at 29 days of age and reared under outdoor conditions until 84 days of age, during October and November. All animals had ad libitum access to a commercial pelleted diet and pasture, and the intake of both was measured weekly. Animal behaviour was monitored by video recording, and eight one-minute sample intervals per day were analysed using focal sampling and continuous recording methods. Grass intake and estimated digestible energy (DE) were assessed on a weekly basis. Data were analysed using Generalized Estimating Equations to evaluate the effects of time, time of day, and breed. Behavioural patterns varied depending on genetic strain and time of day. Notably, LV rabbits exhibited a higher frequency of grazing and active behaviours compared to NZW rabbits, whereas NZW rabbits showed a higher frequency of resting behaviours and social contact. Breed-related differences in other behaviors and in grass intake patterns were not statistically robust. In conclusion, LV rabbits appear to be better adapted to outdoor conditions, exhibiting a greater pasture utilization, but further studies are recommended to confirm these findings and to evaluate their robustness across different seasonal and environmental conditions.