The current review is an attempt to cover various pre-treatment strategies such as physical, chemical, organosolve and biological pre-treatment in order to change the crystallinity of lignocellulosic biomass along with methods and strategies for inhibitor detoxification for improving the cellulose hydrolysis and fermentation. The presence of lignin in lignocellulosic biomass is the biggest hurdle and therefore a judicial pre-treatment selection technique is important, based on lignocellulosic mass composition analysis for improving overall saccharification. The production of inhibitors during pre-treatment is another cause of low saccharification owing to deactivation of cellulase enzyme. In this review a comprehensive discussion has been made of the impact of various pre-treatment strategies on overall hydrolysis and saccharification in view of the varied composition of lignocellulosic biomass. Various detoxification approaches have also been discussed, along with the economical bioprocessing issue, and their advantages and disadvantages. Bio refinery approaches have been important in this regard to make bioethanol production more economical.

Mannitol is an important biochemical often used as medicine and in food sector, yet its biotechnological is not preffered in Industry for large scale production, which may be due to the multistep mechanism involved in hydrogenation and reduction. This paper is a comparative preview covering present chemical and biotechnological approaches existing today for mannitol production at industrial scale. Biotechnological routes are suitable for adaptation at industrial level for mannitol production, and whatever concerns are there had been discussed in detail, namely, raw materials, broad range of enzymes with high activity at elevated temperature suitable for use in reactor, cofactor limitation, reduced by-product formation, end product inhibition, and reduced utilization of mannitol for enhancing the yield with maximum volumetric productivity.

Lactic acid production parameter optimization was performed using cane molasses by design of experiment (DOE) with the help of Qualitek-4 software with bigger is better as quality characteristics with eight media components at three levels in submerged culture condition. Eight factors with three levels studied were yeast extract, CaCO₃, MnSO₄, pH, Temperature, molasses, urea, and Tween 80. These factors were optimized based on their S/N ratios obtained from Qualitek-4 software and their significant individual interactions, and interactions with each other have been studied. Effects of mixed N₂ sources, Tween 80, and MnSO₄ have been studied by their individual interactions and interactions among themselves. Lactic acid production was significantly affected by interactions of two factors such as temperature-urea, pH-CaCO₃, temperature-Tween 80, but individually they have minimum impact on lactic acid production. Individually pH, yeast extract, molasses, and urea are the most significant factors in lactic acid production. Lower amount of CaCO₃ and MnSO₄ and Tween 80 enhanced lactic acid production. The expected yield of lactic acid under optimal condition was 98.66% and the actual yield was 96.8%. Overall 6% improvement in yield has been observed when compared with same (mutant) species grown on cane molasses with productivity of 3.15 g/l.h.

The current review is based on various reports that utilize a variety of kitchen waste & cafeteria leftovers like banana peels, orange peels, onion residues, and kiwi peels and their procedure of methane production under varied conditions. This review also covers the anaerobic digestion [AD] process which is reported to enhance biogas production under enhanced nitrogen supply such as ammonium chloride. We also covered an analysis of biogas production utilizing a mixture of cow dung slurry and kitchen refuse at various environmental conditions. Combining food waste and cow manure through anaerobic co-digestion can generate renewable biogas, reduce environmental impact and improve methane quality, making it a viable method for enhancing biogas production efficiency. Biogas derived from fruit waste and cow manure through anaerobic co-digestion shows increased production compared to processing fruit waste alone. Some factors affecting biogas production include temperature, pH levels and microbial activity. The study explores the dual functionality of fruit waste as an energy source and organic fertilizer. Combining fruit waste and cow manure under mesophilic conditions enhances biogas production. The study suggests that biogas production can improve agricultural practices, reduce environmental impact and serve as an alternative to traditional fuels like firewood.