In this article, the author re-explores the dynamics of the educational journey in the archipelago with various policies of the Dutch colonial period to the arrival of Islam which has transformed. The role of Nusantara scholars brought about a change in the face of education in the archipelago which was previously organized by the Dutch colonial government with a system that was discriminatory and religiously neutral. The network of clerics began by establishing trade relations between Muslims of the Archipelago in the coastal region. After gaining political power, it then penetrated the bureaucracy, namely the Islamic Sultanate. At this, stage Islam comes by emphasizing the introduction of Islamic values in society. Furthermore, the education system developed with the existence of Surau or Langgar (small mosque) and developed into an Islamic boarding school. Educational renewal materials unite Islamic values, with the content of science and technology.

Islam had a very advanced civilization, namely during the Abbasid dynasty. More precisely when Caliph Harun Al Rashid and his son Al Ma'mun led, around the 8th century AD to the 13th century AD. Harun Al Rashid and his son Al Ma'mun have big aspirations, namely to build an Islamic civilization that upholds science. But unfortunately this golden age of Islam must end. There are several factors that caused the end of this golden age of Islam. However, the most significant was the result of an attack from the Mongols that destroyed Baghdad along with the most complete library and center of knowledge at that time, Bayt Al Hikmah. This attack from the Mongols also caused the political power of Islam to be divided. Where the Islamic territory is no longer in one big unit, which is led by one leader who becomes the caliphate as the center of government. Islamic political conditions began to develop again and began to show progress after the emergence of the three great Islamic empires in the Middle Ages. The three great kingdoms, the Ottoman Empire in Turkey, the Mughal Empire in India, and the Shafavid Empire in Persia.Keywords: Conquest, Golden, Civilization

Transition is a period of change, a turning point of social change both in the form of structure (socio-political) and culture (socio-cultural). Power on the basis of the faith shown by the Prophet Muhammad had a very fundamental influence, for Muslim government in the year 661-683 M. The transition of power shifted from the electoral system senior companions to hereditary. This transition period was based on feelings of dissatisfaction with the latest leadership of Ali Bin Abi Talib. The aftermath of this is the war between the supporters of rule (Ali bin Abi Thalib). This conflict is based on seniority and the authority of the apostle's friendship with the opposing government, the descendants of the Hashim and Umayyah. Islamic politics of indeed inseparable from the interaction between one government and another, a transition of power and politics that is so dynamic in accordance with the demands of the context of the era at that time. This paper aims to illustrate that the Umayyah government system was not standard at all, but moved dynamically.

The Islamic Library in Cordoba was one of the leading libraries of its time, offering various fields of knowledge, including collections of Islamic and European history. This research aims to understand the development of scientific civilization which became a mecca of progress in Europe during the Second Umayyad Dynasty. This research methodology uses a library research approach with data collection through literature, documentation (both printed and electronic), as well as data and information sources relevant to the study. The findings in this study show that the development of science in Cordoba during the Second Umayyad Dynasty was driven by the construction of academies and libraries. The palace library in Cordoba, built by Caliph Abdurrahman, was one of the best libraries in the Islamic world at the time. It was staffed by a librarian called a "bakiya," and involved copyists and bookbinders. The glittering development of Islamic libraries during the Umayyad period had a great influence on the civilization of Arab society, making the Cordoba Library a center of advanced civilization in Europe. The existence of this library became the foundation for increasing knowledge and learning throughout the region, having a positive impact on civilization and culture at that time.

The Minangkabau Woman Against Discrimination: Rahmah El Yunusiyyah's Islamic Education Thoughts (1900-1969)

This study discusses Politics and Conflict in Islamic History during the reign of Usman bin Affan. Usman bin Affan's 644-656 reign is considered one of the most controversial periods in Islamic history due to the many conflicts and disagreements among political leaders at that time. The aim of this study is to understand the political background during Usman bin Affan's reign, analyze the political conflicts that occurred at that time, and evaluate the impact of these political conflicts on society at that time. This study uses historical analysis methods by examining literature and primary and secondary sources related to Islamic history during Usman bin Affan's reign 644-656 .  The research findings indicate that the political conflicts during Usman bin Affan's 644-656 reign were very complex and had a broad impact on society at that time. Therefore, this research is expected to provide a deeper understanding of the political history and conflicts in Islamic history and to serve as a basis for understanding the political dynamics in the future. Additionally, the results of this study can contribute to the development of knowledge of Islamic history and serve as a reference for researchers and academics in the fields of history and Islamic politics.