The pathway for the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-20:4) was elucidated by comparing its metabolism with 4,7,10-hexadecatrienoic acid (4,7,10-16:3) and 5,8-tetradecadienoic acid (5,8-14:2) which are formed, respectively, after two and three cycles of arachidonic acid degradation. When [1-14C]4,7,10-16:3 was incubated with peroxisomes in the presence of NAD+ and NADPH, it resulted in a time-dependent increase in the production of acid-soluble radioactivity which was accompanied by the synthesis of 2-trans-4,7,10-hexadecatetraenoic acid and two 3,5,7,10-hexadecatetraenoic acid isomers. The formation of conjugated trienoic acids suggests that peroxisomes contain delta 3,5,delta 2,4-dienoyl-CoA isomerase with the ability to convert 2-trans-4,7,10-hexadecatetraenoic acid to 3,5,7,10-hexadecatetraenoic acid. When 1-14C-labeled 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid or 7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid was incubated without nucleotides, the 3-hydroxy metabolites accumulated, since further degradation requires NAD(+)-dependent 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. When [1-14C]5,8,11,14-20:4 was incubated under identical conditions, no polar metabolite was detected, but 2-trans-4,8,11,14-eicosapentaenoic acid accumulated. When NADPH was added to incubations, 3-hydroxy-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic, 2-trans-4,8,11,14-eicosapentaenoic, 2-trans-8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic, and 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acids were produced. Analogous compounds were formed from [1-14C]5,8-14:2. Our results show that the removal of double bonds from odd-numbered carbons in arachidonic acid thus requires both NADPH-dependent 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase and delta 3,5,delta 2,4-dienoyl-CoA isomerase. One complete cycle of 5,8-14:2 and 5,8,11,14-20:4 beta-oxidation yields, respectively, 6-dodecenoic and 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acids.

Three widely used databases—MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science—were compared for their relative ability to retrieve the largest number of articles within the drug literature, using three search terms: two for specific drugs (atorvastatin and olanzapine) and one for a major class of drugs (statins). These drugs and the class of drugs were chosen for their longevity and continued high clinical and scientific interest, as indicated by the many articles concerning them published in scholarly and professional journals over the last two decades. Significant differences were observed in the journal coverage and the number of documents each database retrieved, with Scopus significantly outperforming the other two databases in these respects. Based on the results from this limited but by no means atypical study of comparative strengths and degree of coverage, the best option for retrieving the largest numbers of articles on a particular drug in the literature would be to use both Scopus and Web of Science, as these two databases complement each other with respect to the journal coverage. MEDLINE retrieved much smaller numbers of documents in all searches and should be used only when the other two databases are not available.

The addition of 1‐acyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (1‐acyl‐GPC) to peroxisomes decreased the production of acid‐soluble radioactivity formed by β‐oxidation of [1‐¹⁴C]arachidonate due to substrate removal by esterification into the acceptor. This peroxisomal‐associated acyl‐CoA:1‐acyl‐GPC acyltransferase activity was due to microsomal contamination. The production of acid‐soluble radioactivity from [1‐¹⁴C]7,10,13,16–22:4, but not from [3‐¹⁴C]7,10,13,16–22:4 was independent of 1‐acyl‐GPC, with and without microsomes. By comparing rates of peroxisomal β‐oxidation with those for microsomal acylation, it was shown that the preferred metabolic fate of arachidonate, when added directly to incubations, or generated via β‐oxidation, was esterification by microsomal 1‐acyl‐GPC acyltransferase, rather than continued peroxisomal β‐oxidation.

Eugene Garfield advanced the theory and practice of information science and envisioned information systems that made the discovery of scientific information much more efficient. The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), which he founded in Philadelphia in 1960, developed innovative information products that have revolutionized science. ISI provided current scientific information to researchers all over the world by publishing the table of contents of key scientific journals in the journal Current Contents (CC). Garfield introduced the citation as a qualitative measure of academic impact and propelled the concepts of “citation indexing” and “citation linking”, paving the way for today’s search engines. He created the Science Citation Index (SCI), which raised awareness about citations; triggered the development of new disciplines (scientometrics, infometrics, webometrics); and became the foundation for building new important products such as Web of Science. The journal impact factor (IF), originally designed to select journals for the SCI, became the most widely accepted tool for measuring academic impact. Garfield actively promoted English as the international language of science and became a powerful force in the globalization of research. His ideas changed how researchers gather scientific information, communicate their findings, and advance their careers. This article looks at the impact of Garfield’s ideas and legacy on the culture of research.