Social media is gaining popularity in Saudi Arabia, influencing the concept of beauty and cosmetic surgical needs, particularly among younger individuals.

Colon cancer remains a significant global health challenge, with inflammatory pathways such as TNF-α playing a central role in its progression. TNF-α, a key proinflammatory cytokine, is implicated in various stages of colon cancer development, including inflammation, tumor growth, and metastasis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms through which TNF-α contributes to colon cancer progression, with a focus on its interaction with signaling pathways like NF-κB and the Wnt/β-catenin in humans. TNF-α’s involvement in promoting tumorigenesis and its complex role in the tumor microenvironment highlight its potential as both a therapeutic target and a challenge for effective treatment. This review explores the potential of anti-TNF-α therapies and the emerging role of combination strategies with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Despite promising preclinical findings, clinical application faces challenges due to the dual role of TNF-α in both promoting and inhibiting tumor progression. Future research should aim to overcome resistance mechanisms, develop personalized therapeutic strategies, and balance the effects of TNF-α in cancer therapy.

Background/Objectives: Colon cancer remains a significant health challenge world-wide, with inflammatory pathways such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) playing a central role in its progression. TNF-α, a key proinflammatory cytokine, is implicated in various stages of colon cancer development, including inflammation, tumor growth, and metastasis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms through which TNF-α contributes to colon cancer progression, with a focus on its interaction with signaling pathways like NF-κB, oxidative stress, and Wnt/β-catenin. Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to elucidate the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the pathogenesis of colon cancer. Peer-reviewed clin-ical and preclinical studies involving human subjects were identified through electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Selection criteria focused on studies examining the molecular mechanisms of TNF-α signaling, its interaction with key oncogenic pathways and therapeutic interventions targeting TNF-α. Data were synthesized to highlight both mechanistic insights and therapeutic applications. Results: TNF-α’s involvement in promoting tumorigenesis and its complex role in the tumor microenvironment highlight its potential as both a therapeutic target and a challenge for effective treatment. The review also delves into the potential of an-ti-TNF-α therapies and the emerging role of combination strategies with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Despite promising preclinical findings, clinical application faces challenges due to the dual role of TNF-α in both promoting and inhibiting tumor pro-gression. Conclusion: Future research should focus on overcoming resistance mechanisms, de-veloping personalized therapeutic strategies, and balancing the effects of TNF-α in cancer therapy.

Metabolic and Bariatric surgery (MBS) has become an essential treatment for severe obesity and associated comorbidities, particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with substantial benefits in weight loss, improved glycemic control, and cardiovascular risk reduction. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) recognizes MBS as an effective option for individuals with obesity with T2DM due to its ability to improve insulin sensitivity and lower inflammation. These surgeries induce metabolic improvements through distinct mechanisms that affect gut hormone secretion, nutrient absorption, and energy balance. These interventions modulate key gut hormones like glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), ghrelin, and leptin, which influence appetite, glucose metabolism, and fat storage. Moreover, MBS alters the gut microbiome, contributing to enhanced metabolic function and the resolution of obesity-related conditions. Theories such as the Foregut-Hindgut Hypothesis, Ileal Brake Mechanism, and Gastric Center Hypothesis further try explain these metabolic changes. Understanding these theories and the physiological alterations they provoke is crucial for optimizing patient care and advancing the future of obesity treatments, offering insights into mechanisms that go beyond simple weight loss to address complex metabolic disorders.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major contributor to global cancer-related mortality, with rising incidence observed in several regions, including Saudi Arabia. This review compiles and critically analyzes recent preclinical research from Saudi-based institutions that investigates the anti-CRC potential of natural and synthetic compounds. Numerous natural products such as Nigella sativa, Moringa oleifera, Curcuma longa, and marine-derived metabolites have demonstrated cytotoxic effects through pathways involving apoptosis induction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). In parallel, synthetic and semi-synthetic agents, including C4–G4 (semi-synthetic hybrids designed from flavonoids and benzoxazole scaffolds that act as dual epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/COX-2 inhibitors)), oxazole derivatives, and camptothecin-based nanocarriers, exhibit promising anti-tumor activity via molecular targeting of cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), and β-catenin pathways. Selected in vivo studies primarily utilizing xenograft and chemically induced rodent models have shown reductions in tumor volume and modulation of apoptotic and inflammatory biomarkers. Additionally, green-synthesized metallic nanoparticles (NPs) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified carriers have been investigated to improve bioavailability and tumor targeting of lead compounds. While these findings are encouraging, the majority remain in preclinical phases. Limitations such as poor solubility, lack of pharmacokinetic data, and absence of clinical trials impede translational progress. This review highlights the need for standardized evaluation protocols, mechanistic validation, and region-specific clinical studies to assess efficacy and safety. Given Saudi Arabia’s rich biodiversity and growing research capacity under national strategies like Vision 2030, the country is well-positioned to contribute meaningfully to CRC drug discovery. By integrating bioactive natural products, rationally designed synthetics, and advanced delivery platforms, a pipeline of innovative CRC therapeutics tailored to local and global contexts may be realized.

Adolescence is a critical period marked by significant physical, emotional, and social changes. Concerns for adolescence mental health is an emerging global issue. Second to home, students spend a lot of time in school and amongst peers thus it is important to maintain a school environment conducive to optimal mental and physical health. The study aims to explore mental health concerns and their relationship with physical and cyber violence amongst high-school students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study using convenience sampling was conducted between April and October 2023 across five international schools in Jeddah. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire adapted from the WHO Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS), focusing on the mental health and violence modules. Descriptive statistics were reported, and Chi-square (χ²) tests were used to assess associations between variables. A total of 538 responses, 252 males and 286 female students participated in the study. Male students were significantly more associated with violence-related factors such as bullying whereas female students were more prone to loneliness (p < 0.001) and suicide attempts (p = 0.0016). Moreover, Saudi students were found to be more associated with cyberbullying and in-school bullying (p < 0.001). In conclusion, our analysis of mental challenges and violence risks highlights the need to foster a safer and healthier environment for high-school students. Counselling and surveillance for alarming behaviours with stronger mental health initiatives and policies are suggested to create a more robust school support system.