A new species of one of the least speciose genera, Xenochironomus Kieffer, is being described from India based on the adult male, namely Xenochironomus rutundus sp. nov. A genetic barcode of the new species and a revised global key to the known males of this genus are provided in this study. Additionally, a tentative cladistic relationship based on morphological data, as well as a world checklist of all species in the genus Xenochironomus Kieffer, 1921 are provided.

The family Chironomidae (Diptera) is one of the most diverse groups of aquatic insects, yet its fauna remains poorly documented in India. This study reports four chironomid species newly recorded from India; Benthalia carbonaria (Meigen, 1804), Robackia demeijerei (Kruseman, 1933), Stenochironomus watsoni Freeman, 1961, and Polypedilum (Tripodura) masudai (Tokunaga, 1938), with supplementary morphological descriptions to support accurate identification and extend their known distributions. In addition, a redescription and neotype designation for Chironomus (Chironomus) lobaticeps Kieffer, 1911 are provided to resolve longstanding taxonomic ambiguity caused by damaged type material. Overall, this study enhances knowledge of the diversity, distribution, and taxonomy of Chironomini in India and underscores the need for continued faunistic and taxonomic investigations.

A new species of the acifer group of the subgenus Tripodura and genus Polypedilum Kieffer is described on the basis of adult male. The acifer species group is recorded firstly from India. The molecular barcoding of the new species is provided. Moreover, molecular phylogeny of all available species of the subgenus Tripodura, along with an Indian key based on adult males of this subgenus have been designed here. Additionally, a world checklist of the subgenus Tripodura has also been furnished in this study.

The family Chironomidae is a species-rich group of aquatic insects, yet the chironomid fauna of India remains poorly explored. This study contributes to the knowledge of Indian Chironomidae biodiversity by describing two new species of Olecryptotendipes Zorina, Olecryptotendipes fasciculus sp. nov. and Olecryptotendipes distentus sp. nov. expanding the number of species to nine. A morphology-based cladistic analysis was conducted to assess species relationships and evaluate the monophyly of Olecryptotendipes within the Harnischia complex, providing the first phylogenetic framework for the genus from India. Additionally, an updated key to all known global species of Olecryptotendipes is provided to facilitate future taxonomic identification.