Syntactic language features of word problems have often been identified by assessment studies and interview studies as potential obstacles in word problem solving. However, students’ processes of noticing and interpreting these features have only rarely been investigated in depth because noticing is hard to investigate. Eye-tracking methodology has already been shown to be a suitable methodology for analyzing noticing other word problem features, but not yet for syntactic features. The longitudinal eye-tracking study presented here analyzes fifth graders’ processes of noticing and interpreting of syntactic word problems before and after an intervention on word problem solving. Based on the eye-mind hypothesis, the study captures students’ noticing through eye-tracking, whereas interpreting can be captured by their solutions. The analysis of pre-intervention data reveals that long fixations cannot be identified with successful noticing and vice versa. But when comparing the net dwell time (i.e., the time that students look at the words indicating syntactic structures) before and after the intervention, an interesting decrease is revealed. This decrease occurs for both expected and less expected syntactic structures, regardless of the accuracy of mathematization. Meanwhile, analyzing the revisits of students indicates differences between items with more or less expected structures and correctly or incorrectly mathematized items. Methodologically, the article contributes to understanding which eye-tracking measures are relevant for capturing changes in students’ processes of noticing syntactic language features: The revisits and scan paths reveal more insights than the net dwell time.

Background: Medication errors represent a widespread, hazardous, and costly challenge in health care settings. The lack of interoperable medication data within and across hospitals not only creates an administrative burden through redundant data entry but also increases the risk of errors due to human mistakes, imprecise data transformations, and misinterpretations. While digital solutions exist, fragmented systems and nonstandardized data hinder effective medication management. Objective: This study aimed to assess medication data available across the multiple systems of a large university hospital, identify a minimum dataset with the most relevant information, and propose a standard interoperable FHIR-based solution that can import and transfer information from a standardized drug master database to various target systems. Methods: Medication data from all relevant departments of a large German hospital were thoroughly analyzed. To ensure interoperability, data elements for developing a minimum dataset were defined based on relevant medication identifiers, the Health Level 7 Fast Health Interoperability Resources (HL7 FHIR) standard, and the German Medical Informatics Initiative (MII) specifications. To enhance medication identification accuracy, the dataset was further enriched with information from Germany’s most comprehensive drug database and European Standard Drug Terms (EDQM) to further enrich medication identification accuracy. Finally, data on 60 frequently used medications in the institution were systematically extracted from multiple medication systems used in the institution and integrated into a new structured, dedicated database. Results: The analysis of all the available medication datasets within the institution identified 7964 drugs. However, limited interoperability was observed due to a fragmented local IT infrastructure and challenges in medication data standardization. Data integrated and available in the new structured medication dataset with key elements to ensure data identification accuracy and interoperability, successfully enabled the generation of medication order messages, ensuring medication interoperability, and standardized data exchange. Conclusions: Our approach addresses the lack of interoperability in medication data and the need for standardized data exchange. We propose a minimum set of data elements aligned with German and international coding systems to be used in combination with the FHIR standard for processes such as the digital transfer of discharge medication prescriptions from intensive care units to general wards, which can help to reduce medication errors and enhance patient safety.

Background: Computerized critical care information systems (CCIS) can have a range of positive to negative impacts on clinical care in ICUs and the job satisfaction of ICU staff. Key factors influencing these effects include the usability of the IT system and the level of training provided. Resistance to using the system may arise from users due to increased control imposed by the system and from insufficient participation in its development and configuration. The usability of CCIS, along with other important barriers such as co-determination, has not been thoroughly examined. Objective: The study investigates barriers to using CCIS and aims to provide actionable recommendations for manufacturing companies and hospitals to ensure the successful implementation and use of CCIS. It focuses on known usability factors while incorporating open feedback from current users to uncover new insights and identify additional usability factors not previously documented in the literature. Methods: We conducted 10 semistructured qualitative interviews with ICU staff (4 nurses and 6 doctors) from 3 ICUs at a large German university hospital. Each interview lasted 1 hour and focused on providing a collective assessment of the CCIS. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded using MAXQDA and then analyzed through both deductive and inductive content structure methods. Results: A total of 86 distinct usability issues were identified and categorized into 7 main groups and 23 subgroups. The most common usability issues were (1) unclear information presentation, especially for medication; (2) overly lengthy or small interaction steps in documentation; (3) missing or scattered information across sections; (4) redundant data entry requirements; and (5) slow system speed. Additionally, other challenges associated with system usage included training, co-determination, the perception of feeling constrained, adherence to standard operating procedures, and changes in processes. Participants in the study highlighted that the level of contentment with the system has a direct influence on their job satisfaction. Conclusions: CCIS usability greatly influences satisfaction with the information technology system. Enhancing CCIS usability requires ongoing user testing and transparent employee involvement. Adequate training and standard operating procedure implementation are crucial. Investing time and financial resources in organizational frameworks and feedback mechanisms is an imperative for the successful implementation of CCIS.

This study examines how architectural expertise shapes visual perception, extending the “Seeing for Speaking” hypothesis into a non-linguistic domain. Specifically, it investigates whether architectural training influences unconscious visual processing of architectural content. Using eye-tracking, 48 architects and 48 laypeople freely viewed 15 still images of built, mixed, and natural environments. Visual behavior was analyzed using Shannon’s entropy scores based on dwell times within 16 × 16 grids during the first six seconds of viewing. Results revealed distinct visual attention patterns between groups. Architects showed lower entropy, indicating more focused and systematic gaze behavior, and their attention was consistently drawn to built structures. In contrast, laypeople exhibited more variable and less organized scanning patterns, with greater individual differences. Moreover, architects demonstrated higher intra-group similarity in their gaze behavior, suggesting a shared attentional schema shaped by professional training. These findings highlight that domain-specific expertise deeply influences perceptual processing, resulting in systematic and efficient attention allocation. Entropy-based metrics proved effective in capturing these differences, offering a robust tool for quantifying expert vs. non-expert visual strategies in architectural cognition. The visual patterns exhibited by architects are interpreted to reflect a “Grammar of Space”, i.e., a structured way of visually parsing spatial elements.

Evidence from Art (History), perceptual psychology, and (psycho-)linguistics support the claim that in Western culture (or rather within left-to-right writing languages), people depict or visualize more important or salient figures to the left. However, linguistics studies investigating this topic almost exclusively use active sentences with standard Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) syntax as stimuli, where the subject takes the role of an agent. However natural language exhibits much more syntactical variation. To determine if this pattern is also present when the less common syntax is used, we asked native German, Spanish, and Czech speakers (N=300) to draw situations representing ten sentences varying in syntactic structure. These drawings, simplified versions of the mental representation of the situation, provide a glimpse into the conceptualization of the scenes. The spatial placement of the agent figures in the sentences was coded. Results show that although the asymmetrical effect is strong in prototypical SVO sentences, where the subject has the function of an agent and the object a function of a patient, the effect is weaker or disappears in passive sentences, where the subject at the first position is a patient and object on the second position is an agent, as well as in topicalized (OVS) sentences. Furthermore, we found cross-linguistic differences, which suggests that the character of the bias is language-specific. We postulate that placing the agent to the left is only one of the factors influencing spatial placement. The other factor playing an important role is the naming order.

Carmen Schacht, Renate Delucchi Danhier. Proceedings of the 19th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW-XIX-2025). 2025.