An Easy Approach to Exploratory Factor Analysis: Marketing Perspective

Owing to a “War for Talent” every organization is struggling for the best employer status. Thus, attracting, recruiting and retaining talented human capital is the primary focus of every organization. In this regard the aim of the present study is to answer the most frequent and recently asked question of what value(s) organization focus on the retention of their workforce? In so doing, Social Learning Theory and Reciprocity Theory were used as a theoretical background; to further proceed with the study, data was purposively collected from 204 respondents from educational institutes of Pakistan. Findings of the study revealed that development value has a substantial relationship with employee retention. Since, development of new knowledge and skills results in the improvement of one’s present job. Furthermore, limitations and implications of the study are discussed.

Factors Influencing Teachers’ Performance and Retention

Generally, the current scenario in the hyperactive corporate world, and specifically in the telecom sector, renders companies to compete concurrently on two fronts: Expansion of their customer base and the retention of their current customers. In order to explore and examine the latter concept, the current study hypothesizes the effects of sustainable service quality on customer loyalty with a mediating role of customer satisfaction conceptualized through the reciprocity theory. The study also considers the suggested moderating role of switching cost by theorizing the Apostle model. Pertinently, the satisfied customer may not be loyal if the switching cost is low, since the dynamics of the switching cost provide a useful insight into the phenomenon of retaining the customers through customer satisfaction. The research opts for explanatory study where data were conveniently collected. The study has used the PROCESS macro model 4 and 14 to analyze the data. Findings reveal that the role of customer satisfaction is significant but the effect of the switching cost was considered to be insignificant, elucidating that a satisfied customer will remain loyal even if the switching cost is low. It means that sustaining service quality longitudinally did not affect customer loyalty in the presence of a low switching cost. With a view to complement the study, managerial implications of a switching cost have also been discussed.

The proliferation of technology in today’s world has led consumers to gain insight into brands via digital communication and shape their purchase intentions accordingly. However, brand awareness alone might not be sufficient to enhance consumers’ purchase intentions in the age of digital communication. Therefore, to paint a more comprehensive picture of this relationship, the paper seeks to address how and when does brand awareness lead to purchase intention in the age of digital communication? Based on the quantitative design, 208 responses conveniently collected were analyzed, and PLS-SEM was employed to examine the hypothesized relationships. The study clarifies empirically the indirect effect of brand awareness, consumer attitude, and purchase intention in the age of digital communication. The study also provides new insights into the moderated-meditation relationship, results indicate that brand awareness in the presence of celebrity endorsement will develop a positive attitude that will positively affect purchase intention. The findings of the study not only contribute to advancing the mediating effect of consumer attitude but also verify the buffering role of celebrity endorsement. In conclusion, companies that use digital communication technologies and take into consideration celebrities who are well-liked by the target market may be able to attract consumers’ attention, shape attitude, and influence them to make a purchase. In the end, both theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Modern organizations continuously undergo change processes. The focus of the organizations remains on the macro level, but the micro level (i.e., employee’s perspective) is neglected. Using the conservation of resource theory (COR), this study examines the association between organizational change and workplace incivility. This study also proposes mediating and moderating mechanisms of stress and emotional exhaustion. The data were collected from 262 respondents working in public sector organizations in Pakistan using a time-lagged technique. The results proved that change significantly impacts workplace incivility. Moreover, stress mediates their relationship and emotional exhaustion moderates it. Furthermore, emotional exhaustion also moderates the stress–incivility relationship. Public sector organizations must focus on well-planned, inclusive, and adequately managed change processes to achieve the desired outcome; otherwise, adverse behaviors, including incivility, manifest. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the organizational change and incivility relationship has not been explored in the past. Additionally, their relationship with stress and emotional exhaustion also requires empirical investigation. This study also adds to the literature on the conservation of resource theory.