The integration of blockchain technology into healthcare systems has emerged as a technical solution for enhancing data security, protecting privacy, and improving interoperability. Blockchain-based smart contracts offer reliability, transparency, and efficiency in healthcare services, making them a focal point of many studies. However, challenges such as scalability, regulatory compliance, and interoperability continue to limit their widespread adoption. This study conducts a comprehensive literature review to assess blockchain-driven health data management, focusing on the classification of blockchain-based smart contracts in health policy and the health protocols and standards applicable to blockchain-based smart contracts. This review includes 80 core studies published between 2019 and 2025, identified through searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using the PRISMA method. Risk of bias and methodological quality were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. The findings highlight the potential of blockchain-enabled smart contracts in health policy management, emphasizing their advantages, limitations, and implementation challenges. Additionally, the research underscores their transformative impact on digital health policies in ensuring data integrity, enhancing patient autonomy, and fostering a more resilient healthcare ecosystem. Recent advancements in quantum technologies are also considered as they present both novel opportunities and emerging threats to the future security and design of healthcare blockchain systems.

Kendi kendine liderlik kavramı genel anlamda bireylerin kendi eylem ve düşüncelerini düzenleyebilmek amacıyla iç motivasyonlarını sağlamaları ve bu bakış açısını edinmelerine odaklanmaktadır. Sosyal öğrenme kuramında da, bireylerin davranışlarının, bireysel özellikleri ve çevresel etkiler ile etkileşim içerisinde olduğu ve öğrenilebileceği hususları belirtilmektedir. Bu noktada bireysel değerlerin kendi kendine liderlik davranışlarının öğrenilmesinde ve uygulanmasındaki etkisi içsel motivasyon ve sosyal öğrenme kuramı kapsamında değerlendirilecektir. Araştırmanın amacı, yöneticilerin ve işgörenlerin bireysel değerlerinin kendi kendine liderlik davranışı üzerinde etkisinin olup olmadığının incelenmesidir. Araştırma çerçevesinde verilerin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla nicel araştırma yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma örneklemini yöneticiler ve işgörenler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma çerçevesinde korelasyon ve regresyon analizleri yapılmıştır. İşgörenlerin davranışlarına rehberlik eden değerlerin, kendilerine liderlik etme davranışlarını etkilediği, bireylerin kendilik algılarının arttığı görülmüştür. Yoğun çalışma temposu altında yöneticilerin ve işgörenlerin kendilerini yönetme becerilerini edinmeleri önemli yetkinlikler arasındadır. Araştırmanın, yöneticiler ve işgörenler kapsamında birlikte değerlendirilerek bireysel değerlerin kendi kendine liderlik davranışlarına etkisinin incelenmesinin ilgili literatüre katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

The integration of blockchain technology into healthcare systems has emerged as a transformative solution for enhancing data security, protecting privacy, and improving interoperability. Blockchain-based smart contracts offer reliability, transparency, and efficiency in healthcare services, making them a focal point of many studies. However, challenges such as scalability, regulatory compliance, and interoperability continue to limit their widespread adoption. This study conducts a comprehensive literature review to assess blockchain-driven health data management, focusing on the classification of blockchain-based smart contracts in health policy and the health protocols and standards applicable to blockchain-based smart contracts. The systematic review includes 80 core studies published between 2019 and 2025, identified through searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (WoS) using the PRISMA method. Findings highlight the potential of blockchain-enabled smart contracts in health policy management, emphasizing their advantages, limitations, and implementation challenges. Additionally, the research underscores their transformative impact on digital health policies, particularly in ensuring data integrity, enhancing patient autonomy, and fostering a more resilient healthcare ecosystem. Recent advancements in quantum science and technologies are also considered, as they present both novel opportunities and emerging threats to the future security and design of healthcare blockchain systems.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become one of the most transformative technologies of recent years. By leveraging AI, businesses can enhance their environmental interaction, perform advanced analytics, and make sustainable and equitable decisions. At this point, AI is also recognized as a key driver in the advancement of green information technologies (Green IT). Green IT focuses on enabling organizations to increase productivity and efficiency while minimizing environmental impact. This study aims to identify the key research trends at the intersection of AI and Green IT and to conduct a systematic bibliometric analysis of the existing literature. Based on 246 articles retrieved from the Web of Science database (2010–2025), the study examines the most productive countries, influential journals, and thematic clusters to provide a strategic overview for future research. It was observed that AI significantly contributes to strategies such as energy efficiency, smart grid development, and climate crisis mitigation. Notably, this paper also highlights how the synergy between AI and Green IT can lay the foundation for energy-efficient and sustainable metaverse infrastructures, where immersive technologies and intelligent systems demand green and scalable computing solutions. As one of the few bibliometric studies on this emerging convergence, the paper offers strategic insights for both academia and industry to promote environmentally responsible AI-driven digital ecosystems.

Integrating distributed ledger technology (blockchain) into healthcare reimbursement and clinical data governance offers the potential to make operations more efficient, transparent, and trustworthy. However, focusing only on technical, regulatory, or behavioral factors in isolation often produces fragmented solutions and undermines adoption. This study develops a blockchain-based trust framework that bridges regulation with clinical practice by aligning auditability, data privacy, and clinician trust in automated reimbursement systems. The research combined a structured literature review with participatory action research, including three workshops with cross-functional health insurance teams, four focus groups (n=16) across health IT, compliance, legal, and patient services staff, and eight in-depth semi-structured interviews with healthcare executives. Thematic analysis, supported by substantial inter-coder agreement (κ=0.86), identified five determinants of trust—transparency, accountability, fairness, privacy, and usability. These insights informed the design of a reference architecture that integrates smart contracts, hybrid on-/off-chain data management, and interoperability through FHIR standards. A compliance mapping demonstrated that the framework addresses key provisions of GDPR, HIPAA, and Japan’s APPI, while the layered design separates policy, consent, and reimbursement logic. The resulting framework operationalizes stakeholder-defined trust requirements and provides auditable governance protocols suitable for cross-jurisdictional deployment. By embedding both trust and regulatory compliance into reimbursement automation, this work moves blockchain applications beyond proof-of-concept prototypes toward practical clinical integration. The framework contributes to biomedical informatics by offering a technically feasible, ethically grounded, and legally aligned pathway to enhance both reimbursement efficiency and data governance in healthcare environments.