Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease primarily caused by the prevalence of bacterial overgrowth resulting in the development of an inflammatory condition that destroys the tooth's supporting tissues and eventual tooth loss. Comparatively, to other treatment methods, it is difficult for topical antibacterial drugs to effectively permeate the biofilm's physical barrier, making conventional therapy for periodontitis more challenging. This novel study combines thermosensitive in situ hydrogel with microparticles (MPs) to enhance the targeted delivery of metronidazole (MET) to the periodontal pocket. Polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer was utilized to produce bacteria-sensitive MPs. Additionally, the study assessed the attributes of MPs and demonstrated an enhancement in the in vitro antibacterial efficacy of MPs towards Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Escherichia coli (EC). Subsequently, we incorporated MET-MPs into thermosensitive in situ hydrogel formulations using chitosan. The optimized formulations exhibited stability, appropriate gelation temperature, mucoadhesive strength, and viscosity. In vitro permeation tests showed selective and prolonged drug release against SA and EC. Ex vivo experiments demonstrated no significant differences between in situ hydrogel containing pure MET and MET-MPs in biofilm quantity, bacterial counts, and metabolic activity in biofilms. According to in vitro tests and the effectiveness of the antibacterial activity, this study has exhibited a novel methodology for more efficacious therapies for periodontitis. This study aims to utilize MET in MPs to improve its effectiveness, enhance its antibacterial activity, and improve patient treatment outcomes. In further research, the efficacy of the treatment should be investigated in vivo using an appropriate animal model.

Leptospirosis is a disease caused by Leptospira spp., zoonotic Gram-negative bacteria. This study aimed to determine the handling of a leptospirosis case in a dog at the Pet Vet Clinic, Jakarta. Handling began with anamnesis and continued by examining the patient's physical condition, followed by serological, microscopic, and polymerase chain reaction examinations. An examination revealed that the dog had Leptospirosis. The therapy given was the administration of crystalline procaine and penicillin-G antibiotics. Supportive treatment was given with hepatoprotective, lipotropic, and diuretic supplements. Ringer's lactate was used as fluid therapy. The treatment administered showed positive, progressive results in the patient.