Infectious diseases pose ongoing threats to global public health, demanding advanced detection methods for effective outbreak management. This study explores integrating artificial intelligence (AI) for early detection and management. AI algorithms analyze diverse datasets, including electronic health records and social media, to identify potential outbreaks. Machine learning models predict disease spread and severity, aiding proactive resource allocation. The implementation of AI extends beyond detection, encompassing predictive analytics for disease spread and severity assessment. Furthermore, the paper discusses AI's role in predictive modeling, enabling public health officials to anticipate the spread of infectious diseases and allocate resources proactively. Machine learning algorithms can analyze historical data, climatic conditions, and human mobility patterns to predict potential hotspots and optimize intervention strategies. The study also evaluates the current landscape of AI applications in infectious disease surveillance and proposes a comprehensive framework for their integration into existing public health infrastructures. Ethical considerations, privacy protection, and data security are paramount in developing a framework that balances the benefits of AI with the protection of individual rights. Ethical considerations are crucial, emphasizing collaboration between public health agencies, healthcare providers, and technology experts. The study evaluates the current landscape of AI applications in infectious disease surveillance and proposes a comprehensive framework for their integration into existing public health infrastructures. The implementation of an AI-driven early detection system requires collaboration between public health agencies, healthcare providers, and technology experts. This paper advocates for AI integration to enhance infectious disease surveillance, offering a proactive response to safeguard public health.

Background and aim: In order for effective heat emergency responses to be achievable, it is essential that healthcare delivery systems are made as heat-resilient as possible, alongside adoption of region-specific public health interventions. This review was thus aimed at identifying health system strategies, emergency responses and public health interventions adopted to ameliorate the harmful health effects of heat-related illnesses in heat-prone areas of the world. Methods: We performed a scoping review whose documentation was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews. Literature included were original articles published in English, policy review documents and program evaluations, population-based intervention studies, and other relevant gray literature. An electronic search of the PubMed, Web of Science, and World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Observatory databases was performed in October 2024, using search terms developed from the search keywords. Results: Thirteen studies were included in this review, out of which 6 were policy-based documents on heat action plans while 7 were observational studies describing the application and effectiveness of heat action plans as well as susceptible members of populations to heat-related illnesses (HRIs). Nine of them were conducted in High-Income-Countries (HICs), while 4 were conducted in Low- and Middle-Income-Countries (LMICs). Eight of these articles (61.5%) were categorized as having good quality, while others were of fair quality. The different studies were identified to report various health system implementation strategies of heat action plans (HAPs), the targeted populations of these HAPs, emergency response actions, as well as public health interventions that contributed in reducing the impact of HRIs. Conclusions: Heat action plans are necessary to be tailored to the needs and resources of every heat-prone area, for effective development of heat-resilient health systems. Further research on quantifiable estimates of effects of HRIs prevention strategies are necessary to enhance their applicability during heat emergencies.

The phytochemical screening of (Azadirachta indica) Neem leaf extract was conducted to identify and quantify the presence of bioactive compounds. The study conducted various tests to assess the phytochemical components. About 1kg of matured fresh leaves of (Azadirachta indica) neem was collected from five (5) different location in Bauchi metropolis, these locations are; Kobi Street, Gida Dubu, Yelwan Tudu, Wuntin dada and Federal Low-cost areas in Bauchi metropolis, Bauchi State, Nigeria. The leaves of the plant, which were ground into a fine powder using a mortar and pestle. An ethylacetate solvent was used to derive the A. indica leaf extract. The results of the research shows that the presence of alkaloids, saponins, phenols, and cardiac glycosides in the neem leaf extract is significant, and flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids were not detected in the neem leaf extract. The presence of alkaloids, saponins, phenols, and cardiac glycosides suggests that neem leaves may hold promise in traditional and contemporary medicinal practices. Alkaloids, known for their pharmacological significance, may contribute to the plant's therapeutic properties. Saponins, with their frothing and foaming characteristics, have been associated with immunomodulatory effects and their potential in agrochemical applications. Phenolic compounds, as evidenced by the positive response to the Ferric chloride test, indicate the antioxidant potential of neem leaves, which can combat oxidative stress. Conversely, the absence of flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids suggests that these specific phytochemical classes may be limited in neem leaves. These findings open avenues for further research and utilization of neem as a valuable natural resource.

Cost-effective methods of biosurfactant production with minimal environmental impact are needed as global demand continues to increase. This study evaluated lipopeptide biosurfactant production in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CGA-02 using a low-cost carbon substrate. The structural properties of the biosurfactant and applicability of the biosurfactant in heavy metal removal were evaluated. Response surface methodology (RSM) involving central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize process parameters to maximize biosurfactant production. The study identified sugar cane molasses and sodium nitrate as carbon and nitrogen sources of choice for bacterial growth and biosurfactant production, with a relatively 2.64-fold increase in biosurfactant yield under optimized conditions. Analysis of the biosurfactant measured a surface tension reduction of water from 72.2 ± 0.26 to 30.5 ± 0.2 mN/m at 40 mg/L critical micelle concentration. GC–MS and FTIR analysis revealed structural properties of the lipopeptide biosurfactant, with fatty acid components predominantly 9-octadecenoic acid (oleic acid), n-hexadecanoic acid, cyclotetrasiloxane and trimyristin, and infrared peaks belonging to amine, carboxyl, nitrile, alkanol, ether and carbonyl groups. Capture of heavy metals using the biosurfactant was evaluated in soil microcosms. Removal rates of 80.47, 100, 77.57, 100, and 97.57% were recorded for As, Pb, Hg, Cd and Cr respectively after 12 weeks of incubation. There was no significant difference (p < 0.05) in the removal efficiency of the biosurfactant and an analogous chemical surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate. First and second-order kinetic models described heavy metal removal rates by the biosurfactant. We demonstrate the production of a useful biosurfactant using low-cost waste carbon.

The study explores the intricate relationship between the human gut microbiota and health. It analyzes the gut microbiota’s roles in digestion, metabolism, immune responses, and overall well-being. The review discusses the composition and diversity of gut microbial communities, emphasizing their symbiotic relationship with the host. It also examines how gut dysbiosis, or microbial imbalance, relates to health conditions like inflammatory bowel diseases and metabolic disorders. The review highlights research methodologies like metagenomics and metabolomics that deepen our understanding of gut microbiota function. It also explores external factors, such as diet and antibiotic use, in shaping the gut microbiome. The review discusses potential therapeutic interventions like probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation, suggesting a future for personalized medicine. By synthesizing existing knowledge, the review aims to advance understanding of the gut microbiota’s role in health and suggest future research and interventions.

Bryophyllum pinnatum is a plant abundant in several phytochemicals, that can be extracted, purified, and packaged for the goal of promoting public health. In this study, the phytochemical composition of the leaf extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum grown in Anambra State, Nigeria, was compared. B. pinnatum leaves were obtained from a farm in Anambra State, Nigeria. The leaves were processed and extracted using cold water and hot water extraction, methanol extraction, and ethanol extraction. The extraction processes were carried out following standard extraction methods. Preliminary qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted to determine the presence and concentration of phytochemicals in the plants. Phytochemicals tested include alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthocyanins, reducing sugars, carbohydrates, proteins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, and phlobatannins. All the tested phytochemicals were recovered in the solvent (methanol and ethanol) extracts; carbohydrates, reducing sugar, protein, and anthocyanin were absent in the aqueous (cold and hot water) extracts. Varying concentrations of the phytochemicals in the different extracts were recorded, and they range from 0.00±0.00% to 13.30±0.22%, with the highest concentration of the extracts recovered in the solvent (methanol and ethanol) extracts. This study revealed that the extraction method used can influence the type and concentration of phytochemicals recovered in Bryophyllum pinnatum. Therefore, the specific desired phytochemical should determine the extract method to use in any study. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 12(1): 1-7.