This study aimed to analyze the impact of the digital economy and artificial intelligence (AI) on GDP growth in 10 developed and developing countries during the period 2010–2024. It was based on the hypothesis that increased digitalization and AI investments promote sustainable economic growth by improving national productivity and efficiency, in accordance with modern technological growth theory, which links digital innovation to economic development. The study used tablet data comprising 150 observations, which were analyzed using fixed- and random-effects models, controlling for traditional variables such as employment, human capital, and investment. The results showed that the Digitalization Indicators (DIGI) had a significant positive impact on growth (fixed: 0.003479, p < 0.01; random: 0.003325, p < 0.01), and that investment in AI also had a significant positive impact (fixed: 0.063695, p < 0.05; random: 0.066548, p < 0.05). In contrast, workforce size had a limited impact, while education and human capital emerged as key drivers of sustainable growth (Constant: 0.003257, p < 0.01; Random: 0.003264, p < 0.01). The inclusion of dummy variables further differentiated between developed and developing countries in the random-effects model, reinforcing the economic interpretation of the findings. The study suggests that integrating digitalization, education, and investment in artificial intelligence is an effective strategy for promoting sustainable economic growth, while emphasizing the importance of workforce skills development to maximize its impact.