Purpose: To investigate the changes in the subfoveal choroidal thickness measured by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography after a single administration of a cup of coffee in healthy subjects. Methods: In this prospective study, 62 healthy subjects (study group) who received a cup of 100 mL Turkish coffee (57 mg caffeine/100 mL) and 54 healthy subjects (control group) who received the same amount of water were enrolled. In the study group, the participants underwent enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography scanning at baseline, and at 5 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours after coffee drinking. The participants of the control group simultaneously underwent enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography scanning. Subfoveal choroidal thickness measurements were performed on both groups at another time. Results: Baseline choroidal thickness was 328 ± 79 μm in the study group and 311 ± 79 μm in the control group (P = 0.381). In the study group, choroidal thickness was significantly lower at 5 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 4 hours after coffee drinking when compared with the baseline measurement (P < 0.001, for all); however, there were no significant differences between the measurements at 6 hours and 24 hours after coffee drinking and the baseline measurement (P = 0.113 and P = 0.342, respectively). In the control group, no significant difference was found between each choroidal thickness measurement (P > 0.05, for all). Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that drinking of a cup of coffee causes a significant decrease in choroidal thickness for at least 4 hours after coffee drinking.

Objective: To evaluate changes in retrobulbar ocular blood flow parameters by using Colour Doppler Imaging (CDI) and changes in foveal microvasculature by using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) in pediatric obese patients and to compare them with a group of healthy children. Methods: Children diagnosed with obesity without hypertension and diabetes (39 subjects, obese group) and age-matched healthy controls (26 subjects, control group) underwent CDI and OCTA imaging. Peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity and resistivity index from ophthalmic, central retinal and posterior ciliary arteries on CDI; superficial and deep capillary plexus vascular density and foveal avascular zone area on OCTA imaging were obtained in each group. Central foveal and subfoveal choroidal thicknesses were also measured. CDI and OCTA parameters were compared between two groups. Results: Peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities were found to be significantly lower in obese children than in controls in all three examined arteries (p < 0.05). Resistivity index values were similar between the groups. OCTA imaging did not reveal significant changes in superficial and deep capillary plexus vascular densities and foveal avascular zone area across analysed retinal regions between the groups. Subfoveal choroid was thicker in obese group than in control group (325.89 ± 52.77 µm vs. 304.52 ± 21.76 µm, p = 0.04). Conclusion: An apparent decrease was present in retrobulbar hemodynamics in obese children. This arises the possibility of early ocular macrovascular compromise rather than retinal microvascular impairment in childhood obesity.

Purpose: To define late-stage fluorescein angiography (FA) findings in patients who received anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents (intravitreal bevacizumab or aflibercept) as a treatment for stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in zone II. We also compared the findings of untreated eyes. Method: Infants with a history of ROP who underwent fluorescein angiography were evaluated retrospectively. The patients were divided into 2 groups: those who received anti-VEGF treatment and those who regressed spontaneously without treatment. Vascular abnormalities, such as vascular leakage, shunts at the vascular-avascular junction, periarteriolar areas with hypoperfusion, fine branching and blunt termination of the vessels and, were recorded. Results: Angiography evaluations revealed leakage in the eyes of 27.69% of the infants in the anti-VEGF–treated group and in 21.7% of the untreated group ( p = .638). Among the abnormal vascular findings in the peripheral retina, the ratios of fine branching and blunt termination, numbers of shunts along the vascular-avascular junction, and sizes of periarteriolar areas of hypoperfusion were significantly larger in the untreated group than in the treated group ( p < .05; p < .01). The gestational ages and birth weights were significantly lower ( p ≤ .05) in infants with vascular findings in both groups. Conclusion: Vascular abnormalities in the peripheral retina are likely due to the ROP itself. Although these abnormalities were detected by FA imaging in both treated and untreated infants with ROP, they were significantly less frequent in patients treated with anti-VEGF, indicating that anti-VEGF treatments have a partially positive effect on the retinal vascularization process.