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The main goal of this study was to assess the interannual variations and spatial patterns of projected changes in simulated evapotranspiration (ET) in the 21st century over continental Africa based on the latest Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and the Representative Concentration Pathways (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) provided by the France Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM-CM) model in the Sixth Phase of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) framework. The projected spatial and temporal changes were computed for three time slices: 2020–2039 (near future), 2040–2069 (mid-century), and 2080–2099 (end-of-the-century), relative to the baseline period (1995–2014). The results show that the spatial pattern of the projected ET was not uniform and varied across the climate region and under the SSP-RCPs scenarios. Although the trends varied, they were statistically significant for all SSP-RCPs. The SSP5-8.5 and SSP3-7.0 projected higher ET seasonality than SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5. In general, we suggest the need for modelers and forecasters to pay more attention to changes in the simulated ET and their impact on extreme events. The findings provide useful information for water resources managers to develop specific measures to mitigate extreme events in the regions most affected by possible changes in the region’s climate. However, readers are advised to treat the results with caution as they are based on a single GCM model. Further research on multi-model ensembles (as more models’ outputs become available) and possible key drivers may provide additional information on CMIP6 ET projections in the region.
Isaac Nooni; Daniel Hagan; Guojie Wang; Waheed Ullah; Jiao Lu; Shijie Li; Mawuli Dzakpasu; Nana Prempeh; Kenny Lim Kam Sian. Future Changes in Simulated Evapotranspiration across Continental Africa Based on CMIP6 CNRM-CM6. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6760 .
AMA StyleIsaac Nooni, Daniel Hagan, Guojie Wang, Waheed Ullah, Jiao Lu, Shijie Li, Mawuli Dzakpasu, Nana Prempeh, Kenny Lim Kam Sian. Future Changes in Simulated Evapotranspiration across Continental Africa Based on CMIP6 CNRM-CM6. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (13):6760.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsaac Nooni; Daniel Hagan; Guojie Wang; Waheed Ullah; Jiao Lu; Shijie Li; Mawuli Dzakpasu; Nana Prempeh; Kenny Lim Kam Sian. 2021. "Future Changes in Simulated Evapotranspiration across Continental Africa Based on CMIP6 CNRM-CM6." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 6760.
Canopy dynamics associated with fires in tropical forests play a critical role in the terrestrial carbon cycle and climate feedbacks. The aim of this study was to characterize forest canopy dynamics in the southern Amazon during the 2019 fire season (July–October) using passive microwave-based vegetation optical depth (VOD) and three optical-based indices. First, we found that precipitation during July–October 2019 was close to the climatic means, suggesting that there were no extreme hydrometeorological events in 2019 and that fire was the dominant factor causing forest canopy anomalies. Second, based on the active fire product (MCD14ML), the total number of active fires over each grid cell was calculated for each month. The number of active fires during the fire season in 2019 was above average, particularly in August and September. Third, we compared the anomalies of VOD and optical-based indices (the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and the normalized burn ratio (NBR)) against the spatiotemporal distribution of fires during July–October 2019. Spatially, the location with a concentrated distribution of significant negative VOD anomalies was matched with the grid cells with fire activities, whereas the concentrated distribution of strong negative anomalies in optical-based indices were found in both burned and unburned grid cells. When we focused on the temporal pattern over the grid cells with fire activity, the VOD and the optical-based indices behaved similarly from July to October 2019, i.e., the magnitude of negative anomalies became stronger with increased fire occurrences and reached the peak of negative anomalies in September before decreasing in October. A discrepancy was observed in the magnitude of negative anomalies of the optical-based indices and the VOD; the magnitude of optical-based indices was larger than the VOD in August–September and recovered much faster than the VOD over the grid cells with relatively low fire activity in October. The most likely reason for their different responses is that the VOD represents the dynamics of both photosynthetic (leaf) and nonphotosynthetic (branches) biomass, whereas optical-based indices are only sensitive to photosynthetic (leaf) active biomass, which recovers faster. Our results demonstrate that VOD can detect the spatiotemporal of canopy dynamics caused by fire and postfire canopy biomass recovery over high-biomass rainforest, which enables more comprehensive assessments, together with classic optical remote sensing approaches.
Huixian Zhang; Daniel Hagan; Ricardo Dalagnol; Yi Liu. Forest Canopy Changes in the Southern Amazon during the 2019 Fire Season Based on Passive Microwave and Optical Satellite Observations. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 2238 .
AMA StyleHuixian Zhang, Daniel Hagan, Ricardo Dalagnol, Yi Liu. Forest Canopy Changes in the Southern Amazon during the 2019 Fire Season Based on Passive Microwave and Optical Satellite Observations. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (12):2238.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuixian Zhang; Daniel Hagan; Ricardo Dalagnol; Yi Liu. 2021. "Forest Canopy Changes in the Southern Amazon during the 2019 Fire Season Based on Passive Microwave and Optical Satellite Observations." Remote Sensing 13, no. 12: 2238.
Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the most important variables in terrestrial ecosystems, linking the carbon-water-energy cycles. In this study, we first analyze the spatial patterns of annual ET changes during 1980–2010 across China using four ET products: (i) the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model version 3.0a (GLEAMv3.0), (ii) the EartH2Observe ensemble (EartH2Observe-En), (iii) the Global Land Data Assimilation System version 2.0 with Noah model (GLDAS2.0-Noah), and (iv) the Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Application-Land (MERRA-Land). The results show that the spatial distribution of annual mean ET values and long-term changes derived from these four ET products are similar. Overall, large-scale increases in ET are observed in southeastern China, while decreases in ET over the northeast. Furthermore, we apply a newly developed separation method with the Budyko framework to quantify the individual contribution of five climatic factors to ET changes, including precipitation (P), net radiation (Rn), air temperature (T), vapour pressure deficit (VPD), and wind speed (u). It is found that the dynamics of P, Rn, and VPD are all strongly correlated with ET, suggesting that they are the major climatic factors influencing ET changes. Specifically, precipitation is the dominant factor for ET in water-limited regions, while ET changes in energy-limited regions are dominated by VPD according to all ET products except the EartH2Observe-En in which Rn and VPD have comparable performance. Our study highlights the importance of VPD in ET changes across energy-limited regions of China and suggests that the role of VPD in land surface-atmosphere interactions should be considered in future studies.
Shijie Li; Guojie Wang; Shanlei Sun; Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan; Tiexi Chen; Han Dolman; Yi Liu. Long-term changes in evapotranspiration over China and attribution to climatic drivers during 1980–2010. Journal of Hydrology 2021, 595, 126037 .
AMA StyleShijie Li, Guojie Wang, Shanlei Sun, Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan, Tiexi Chen, Han Dolman, Yi Liu. Long-term changes in evapotranspiration over China and attribution to climatic drivers during 1980–2010. Journal of Hydrology. 2021; 595 ():126037.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShijie Li; Guojie Wang; Shanlei Sun; Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan; Tiexi Chen; Han Dolman; Yi Liu. 2021. "Long-term changes in evapotranspiration over China and attribution to climatic drivers during 1980–2010." Journal of Hydrology 595, no. : 126037.
Drought severity still remains a serious concern across Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) due to its destructive impact on multiple sectors of society. In this study, the interannual variability and trends in the changes of the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI) based on the Penman–Monteith (scPDSIPM) and Thornthwaite (scPDSITH) methods for measuring potential evapotranspiration (PET), precipitation (P), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies were investigated through statistical analysis of modeled and remote sensing data. It was shown that scPDSIPM and scPDSITH differed in the representation of drought characteristics over SSA. The regional trend magnitudes of scPDSI in SSA were 0.69 (scPDSIPM) and 0.2 mm/decade (scPDSITH), with a difference in values attributed to the choice of PET measuring method used. The scPDSI and remotely sensed-based anomalies of P and NDVI showed wetting and drying trends over the period 1980–2012 with coefficients of trend magnitudes of 0.12 mm/decade (0.002 mm/decade). The trend analysis showed increased drought events in the semi-arid and arid regions of SSA over the same period. A correlation analysis revealed a strong relationship between the choice of PET measuring method and both P and NDVI anomalies for monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons. The correlation analysis of the choice of PET measuring method with SST anomalies indicated significant positive and negative relationships. This study has demonstrated the applicability of multiple data sources for drought assessment and provides useful information for regional drought predictability and mitigation strategies.
Isaac Kwesi Nooni; Daniel Fiifi T. Hagan; Guojie Wang; Waheed Ullah; Shijie Li; Jiao Lu; Asher Samuel Bhatti; Xiao Shi; Dan Lou; Nana Agyemang Prempeh; Kenny T. C. Lim Kam Sian; Mawuli Dzakpasu; Solomon Obiri Yeboah Amankwah; Chenxia Zhu. Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Trend Analysis of Two Evapotranspiration-Based Drought Products and Their Mechanisms in Sub-Saharan Africa. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 533 .
AMA StyleIsaac Kwesi Nooni, Daniel Fiifi T. Hagan, Guojie Wang, Waheed Ullah, Shijie Li, Jiao Lu, Asher Samuel Bhatti, Xiao Shi, Dan Lou, Nana Agyemang Prempeh, Kenny T. C. Lim Kam Sian, Mawuli Dzakpasu, Solomon Obiri Yeboah Amankwah, Chenxia Zhu. Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Trend Analysis of Two Evapotranspiration-Based Drought Products and Their Mechanisms in Sub-Saharan Africa. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (3):533.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsaac Kwesi Nooni; Daniel Fiifi T. Hagan; Guojie Wang; Waheed Ullah; Shijie Li; Jiao Lu; Asher Samuel Bhatti; Xiao Shi; Dan Lou; Nana Agyemang Prempeh; Kenny T. C. Lim Kam Sian; Mawuli Dzakpasu; Solomon Obiri Yeboah Amankwah; Chenxia Zhu. 2021. "Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Trend Analysis of Two Evapotranspiration-Based Drought Products and Their Mechanisms in Sub-Saharan Africa." Remote Sensing 13, no. 3: 533.
Deviations in South Asian Summer Monsoon (SASM) precipitation affect the regional floods and drought patterns. In the current study, in-situ observations from Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD), remotely sensed precipitation data from Climate Hazard Infrared Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS), reanalysis data from ERA5, and National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) during 1981–2018 are used to explore the atmospheric circulation patterns during above and below-normal precipitation episodes. In a statistical sense, two methods, namely the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) and Percent Normal (PN) indices are used to derive dominant spatial patterns and temporal evolution of extreme monsoon precipitation episodes. Results inferred 60% of the variance to the leading EOF mode depicting a similar spatial pattern of eigenvectors across the region. The leading principal component (PC) and PN index together depicted similar deviations, complementing the extreme flooding and drought years. From the composites, an anomalous increase (decrease) in seasonal precipitation magnitude was observed. The possible mechanism suggests an active control of atmospheric and sea-surface temperature (SST) forcing by altering the wind ascent (descent). The jet streams (200 hPa) intensification of Rossby waves high (low) pressure provides favorable frontal boundaries between polar cold and tropical warm air masses. The westerlies and easterlies are intensified (suppressed) during the above (below) normal precipitation composites, affecting the moisture transport. The enhanced (reduced) convective activities in the Indian Ocean as a primary source affected precipitation in the region during each composite.
Waheed Ullah; Guojie Wang; Dan Lou; Safi Ullah; Asher Samuel Bhatti; Aisha Karim; Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan; Gohar Ali. Large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns associated with extreme monsoon precipitation in Pakistan during 1981–2018. Atmospheric Research 2021, 253, 105489 .
AMA StyleWaheed Ullah, Guojie Wang, Dan Lou, Safi Ullah, Asher Samuel Bhatti, Aisha Karim, Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan, Gohar Ali. Large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns associated with extreme monsoon precipitation in Pakistan during 1981–2018. Atmospheric Research. 2021; 253 ():105489.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWaheed Ullah; Guojie Wang; Dan Lou; Safi Ullah; Asher Samuel Bhatti; Aisha Karim; Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan; Gohar Ali. 2021. "Large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns associated with extreme monsoon precipitation in Pakistan during 1981–2018." Atmospheric Research 253, no. : 105489.
While air temperature has been widely investigated to better understand the recent climate changes, the importance of soil temperature has been underestimated and rarely studied. Here, the long‐term soil temperature changes and the occurrence of extreme heats have been studied based on daily measurements in Jiangsu Province for 1970–2017. A general warming trend in soil temperature is observed at most stations, and these trends are more pronounced in the cold seasons than the warm seasons. Due to the asymmetric warming of maximum and minimum soil temperatures over the past 48 years, the diurnal range shows a long‐term decreasing trend with a rate of −0.34°C/10a. The occurrences of extreme soil temperatures have been analysed based on the probability density functions. It is found that the hot soil days have increased and cold soil days have decreased significantly, and these changes are particularly significant in the most recent decades.
Xiao Shi; Guojie Wang; Tiexi Chen; Shijie Li; Jiao Lu; Daniel Fiifi T. Hagan. Long‐term changes in layered soil temperature based on ground measurements in Jiangsu Province, China. International Journal of Climatology 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleXiao Shi, Guojie Wang, Tiexi Chen, Shijie Li, Jiao Lu, Daniel Fiifi T. Hagan. Long‐term changes in layered soil temperature based on ground measurements in Jiangsu Province, China. International Journal of Climatology. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiao Shi; Guojie Wang; Tiexi Chen; Shijie Li; Jiao Lu; Daniel Fiifi T. Hagan. 2021. "Long‐term changes in layered soil temperature based on ground measurements in Jiangsu Province, China." International Journal of Climatology , no. : 1.
Understanding the Tibetan Plateau (TP) thermal processes is of utmost significance in changing climate. This study investigates the effect of soil moisture in changing the TP thermal profile and consequently summer precipitation in South Asia (SA). Soil moisture from Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) developed from the F-08, F-11, and F-13 fundamental climate data record and atmospheric reanalysis from ERA-Interim, MERRA-2, and NCEP/CFSR during 1988–2008 are used. A generalized linear method that assesses the reciprocal forcing between two connected fields, named the coupled manifold technique (CMT), is applied to TP soil moisture and SA summer precipitation. It is revealed that interannual variations of SA precipitation are significantly (confidence level = 99%) impacted by TP soil moisture and the explained ratio of variance in SA is 0.3–0.4. Composite analysis indicates that SA summer precipitation has positive anomalies in response to dry TP soil moisture in the previous spring and vice versa. For understanding the possible mechanism, thermal processes, relative humidity, wind components, and moisture flux anomalies were calculated for dry and wet TP soil moisture and summer precipitation. The results suggested that TP soil moisture is likely to regulate near-surface energy balance and diabatic heating profile over TP. As a result, the surrounding lower-level westerlies (easterlies) (at 850 hPa) converge (diverge), associated with divergence (convergence) at the upper troposphere (200 hPa). The westerlies (easterlies) are usually moisture-rich (moisture-deficient) and thus cause more (less) precipitation in western (eastern) SA. It is thus suggested that the spring soil moisture may affect the thermal profile of TP, affecting the summer precipitation in SA as a consequence.
Waheed Ullah; Wang Guojie; Zhiqiu Gao; Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan; Asher Samuel Bhatti; Chenxia Zhua. Observed Linkage between Tibetan Plateau Soil Moisture and South Asian Summer Precipitation and the Possible Mechanism. Journal of Climate 2021, 34, 361 -377.
AMA StyleWaheed Ullah, Wang Guojie, Zhiqiu Gao, Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan, Asher Samuel Bhatti, Chenxia Zhua. Observed Linkage between Tibetan Plateau Soil Moisture and South Asian Summer Precipitation and the Possible Mechanism. Journal of Climate. 2021; 34 (1):361-377.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWaheed Ullah; Wang Guojie; Zhiqiu Gao; Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan; Asher Samuel Bhatti; Chenxia Zhua. 2021. "Observed Linkage between Tibetan Plateau Soil Moisture and South Asian Summer Precipitation and the Possible Mechanism." Journal of Climate 34, no. 1: 361-377.
Land surface temperature (LST) plays a critical role in the water cycle and energy balance at global and regional scales. Large-scale LST estimates can be obtained from satellite observations and reanalysis data. In this study, we first investigate the long-term changes of LST during 2003–2017 on a per-pixel basis using three different datasets derived from (i) the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard Aqua satellite, (ii) the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) also aboard Aqua, and (iii) the recently released ERA5-Land reanalysis data. It was found that the spatio-temporal patterns of these data agree very well. All three products globally showed an uptrend in the annual average LST during 2003–2017 but with considerable spatial variations. The strongest increase was found over the region north of 45 °N, particularly over Asian Russia, whereas a slight decrease was observed over Australia. The regression analysis indicated that precipitation (P), incoming surface solar radiation (SW↓), and incoming surface longwave radiation (LW↓) can together explain the inter-annual LST variations over most regions, except over tropical forests, where the inter-annual LST variation is low. Spatially, the LST changes during 2003–2017 over the region north of 45 °N were mainly influenced by LW↓, while P and SW↓ played a more important role over other regions. A detailed look at Asian Russia and the Amazon rainforest at a monthly time scale showed that warming in Asian Russia is dominated by LST increases in February–April, which are closely related with the simultaneously increasing LW↓ and clouds. Over the southern Amazon, the most apparent LST increase is found in the dry season (August–September), primarily affected by decreasing P. In addition, increasing SW↓ associated with decreasing atmospheric aerosols was another factor found to cause LST increases. This study shows a high level of consistency among LST trends derived from satellite and reanalysis products, thus providing more robust characteristics of the spatio-temporal LST changes during 2003–2017. Furthermore, the major climatic drivers of LST changes during 2003–2017 were identified over different regions, which might help us predict the LST in response to changing climate in the future.
Jiang Liu; Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan; Yi Liu. Global Land Surface Temperature Change (2003–2017) and Its Relationship with Climate Drivers: AIRS, MODIS, and ERA5-Land Based Analysis. Remote Sensing 2020, 13, 44 .
AMA StyleJiang Liu, Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan, Yi Liu. Global Land Surface Temperature Change (2003–2017) and Its Relationship with Climate Drivers: AIRS, MODIS, and ERA5-Land Based Analysis. Remote Sensing. 2020; 13 (1):44.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang Liu; Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan; Yi Liu. 2020. "Global Land Surface Temperature Change (2003–2017) and Its Relationship with Climate Drivers: AIRS, MODIS, and ERA5-Land Based Analysis." Remote Sensing 13, no. 1: 44.
Drought severity still remains a serious concern across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) due to the destructive impact on multiple sectors of our society The interannual variability and trends in the changes of self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index based on Penman–Monteith (scPDSIPM) and Thornthwaite (scPDSITH) methods for potential evapotranspiration (PET), precipitation (P) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) anomalies, and sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly were investigated through statistical analysis of modelled and remote sensing data. It is shown that scPDSIPM and scPDSITH differed in the representation of drought characteristics over SSA. The scPDSI and remotely-sensed-based anomalies of P and NDVI showed wetting and drying trends over the period 1980-2012. The trend analysis showed increased drought events in the semi-arid and arid regions of SSA over the same period. A correlation analysis reveals a strong relationship between scPDSI variability and P, and NDVI anomalies for monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons. The correlation analysis of scPDSI variability with SST anomalies indicates significant positive and negative relationships, respectively. This study has demonstrated the applicability of multiple data sources for drought assessment and provides useful information for regional drought predictability and mitigation strategies.
Isaac Kwesi Nooni; Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan; Guojie Wang; Waheed Ullah; Shijie Li; Jiao Lu; Asher Samuel Bhatti; Xiao Shi; Dan Lou; Nana Agyemang Prempeh; Kenny T.C. Lim Kam Sian; Mawuli Dzakpasu; Solomon Obiri Yeboah Amankwah; Chenxia Zhu. Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Trend Analysis of two Evapotranspiration-based droughts products and their mechanisms in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleIsaac Kwesi Nooni, Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan, Guojie Wang, Waheed Ullah, Shijie Li, Jiao Lu, Asher Samuel Bhatti, Xiao Shi, Dan Lou, Nana Agyemang Prempeh, Kenny T.C. Lim Kam Sian, Mawuli Dzakpasu, Solomon Obiri Yeboah Amankwah, Chenxia Zhu. Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Trend Analysis of two Evapotranspiration-based droughts products and their mechanisms in Sub-Saharan Africa. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsaac Kwesi Nooni; Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan; Guojie Wang; Waheed Ullah; Shijie Li; Jiao Lu; Asher Samuel Bhatti; Xiao Shi; Dan Lou; Nana Agyemang Prempeh; Kenny T.C. Lim Kam Sian; Mawuli Dzakpasu; Solomon Obiri Yeboah Amankwah; Chenxia Zhu. 2020. "Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Trend Analysis of two Evapotranspiration-based droughts products and their mechanisms in Sub-Saharan Africa." , no. : 1.
The Sahel, a semi-arid climatic zone with highly seasonal and erratic rainfall, experienced severe droughts in the 1970s and 1980s. Based on remote sensing vegetation indices since early 1980, a clear greening trend is found, which can be attributed to the recovery of contemporaneous precipitation. Here, we present an analysis using long-term leaf area index (LAI), precipitation, and sea surface temperature (SST) records to investigate their trends and relationships. LAI and precipitation show a significant positive trend between 1982 and 2016, at 1.72 × 10 −3 yr −1 (p < 0.01) and 4.63 mm yr−1 (p < 0.01), respectively. However, a piecewise linear regression approach indicates that the trends in both LAI and precipitation are not continuous throughout the 35 year period. In fact, both the greening and wetting of the Sahel have been leveled off (pause of rapid growth) since about 1999. The trends of LAI and precipitation between 1982 and 1999 and 1999–2016 are 4.25 × 10 − 3 yr −1 to − 0.27 × 10 −3 yr −1, and 9.72 mm yr −1 to 2.17 mm yr −1, respectively. These declines in trends are further investigated using an SST index, which is composed of the SSTs of the Mediterranean Sea, the subtropical North Atlantic, and the global tropical oceans. Causality analysis based on information flow theory affirms this precipitation stabilization between 2003 and 2014. Our results highlight that both the greening and the wetting of the Sahel have been leveled off, a feature that was previously hidden in the apparent long-lasting greening and wetting records since the extreme low values in the 1980s.
Tiexi Chen; Shengjie Zhou; Chuanzhuang Liang; Daniel Hagan; Ning Zeng; Jun Wang; Tingting Shi; Xin Chen; A.J. Dolman. The Greening and Wetting of the Sahel Have Leveled off since about 1999 in Relation to SST. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 2723 .
AMA StyleTiexi Chen, Shengjie Zhou, Chuanzhuang Liang, Daniel Hagan, Ning Zeng, Jun Wang, Tingting Shi, Xin Chen, A.J. Dolman. The Greening and Wetting of the Sahel Have Leveled off since about 1999 in Relation to SST. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (17):2723.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTiexi Chen; Shengjie Zhou; Chuanzhuang Liang; Daniel Hagan; Ning Zeng; Jun Wang; Tingting Shi; Xin Chen; A.J. Dolman. 2020. "The Greening and Wetting of the Sahel Have Leveled off since about 1999 in Relation to SST." Remote Sensing 12, no. 17: 2723.
In this study, an existing combination approach that maximizes temporal correlations is used to combine six passive microwave satellite soil moisture products from 1998 to 2015 to assess its added value in long-term applications. Five of the products used are included in existing merging schemes such as the European Space Agency’s essential climate variable soil moisture (ECV) program. These include the Special Sensor Microwave Imagers (SSM/I), the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM/TMI), the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) sensor on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Aqua satellite, the WindSAT radiometer, onboard the Coriolis satellite and the soil moisture retrievals from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) sensor onboard the Global Change Observation Mission on Water (GCOM-W). The sixth, the microwave radiometer imager (MWRI) onboard China’s Fengyun-3B (FY3B) satellite, is absent in the ECV scheme. Here, the normalized soil moisture products are merged based on their availability within the study period. Evaluation of the merged product demonstrated that the correlations and unbiased root mean square differences were improved over the whole period. Compared to ECV, the merged product from this scheme performed better over dense and sparsely vegetated regions. Additionally, the trends in the parent inputs are preserved in the merged data. Further analysis of FY3B’s contribution to the merging scheme showed that it is as dependable as the widely used AMSR2, as it contributed significantly to the improvements in the merged product.
Daniel Hagan; Guojie Wang; Seokhyeon Kim; Robert Parinussa; Yi Liu; Waheed Ullah; Asher Bhatti; Xiaowen Ma; Tong Jiang; Buda Su. Maximizing Temporal Correlations in Long-Term Global Satellite Soil Moisture Data-Merging. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 2164 .
AMA StyleDaniel Hagan, Guojie Wang, Seokhyeon Kim, Robert Parinussa, Yi Liu, Waheed Ullah, Asher Bhatti, Xiaowen Ma, Tong Jiang, Buda Su. Maximizing Temporal Correlations in Long-Term Global Satellite Soil Moisture Data-Merging. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (13):2164.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Hagan; Guojie Wang; Seokhyeon Kim; Robert Parinussa; Yi Liu; Waheed Ullah; Asher Bhatti; Xiaowen Ma; Tong Jiang; Buda Su. 2020. "Maximizing Temporal Correlations in Long-Term Global Satellite Soil Moisture Data-Merging." Remote Sensing 12, no. 13: 2164.
Fire is a common circumstance in the world. It causes direct casualties and economic losses, and also brings severe negative influences on the atmospheric environment. In the background of climate warming and rising population, it is important to understand the fire responses regarding the spatio-temporal changes. Thus, a long-term change analysis of fires is needed in China. We use the remote sensed MOD14A1/MYD14A1 fire products to analyze the seasonal variations and long-term trends, based on five main land cover types (forest, cropland, grassland, savannas and urban areas). The fires are found to have clear seasonal variations; there are more fires in spring and autumn in vegetated lands, which are related to the amount of dry biomass and temperature. The fire numbers have significantly increased during the study period, especially from spring to autumn, and those have decreased in winter. The long-term fire trends are different when delineated into different land cover types. There are significant increasing fire trends in grasslands and croplands in North, East and Northeast China during the study period. The urban fires also show increasing trends. On the contrary, there are significant decreasing fire trends in forests and savannas in South China where it is most densely vegetated. This study provides an overall analysis of the spatio-temporal fire changes from satellite products, and it may help to understand the fire risk in the changing climate for a better risk management.
Xikun Wei; Guojie Wang; Tiexi Chen; Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan; Waheed Ullah. A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Active Fires over China during 2003–2016. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 1787 .
AMA StyleXikun Wei, Guojie Wang, Tiexi Chen, Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan, Waheed Ullah. A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Active Fires over China during 2003–2016. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (11):1787.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXikun Wei; Guojie Wang; Tiexi Chen; Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan; Waheed Ullah. 2020. "A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Active Fires over China during 2003–2016." Remote Sensing 12, no. 11: 1787.
The semi-arid and arid drylands of China, which are located in the inland region of Eurasia, have experienced rapid climate change. Some regions in particular, have shown upward trends in the observational records of precipitation. However, there is more to drying and wetting than just changes in precipitation which still have large uncertainties. Coherent results, however, can be obtained, at the regional scale, with the use of multiple indices as shown in the recent literature. We divided the drylands of China into three sub-regions, i.e., a semi-arid (SA), an eastern-arid (EA) and a western-arid (WA) region. Precipitation from the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) and Climatic Research Unit (CRU), statistical and physical drought indices, including the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), self-calibrating PDSI (sc_PDSI), Root zone soil moisture (Root_sm) and Surface soil moisture (Surf_sm) from Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM), and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were used to identify temporal and spatial patterns in drying and wetting. Data were selected from 1982–2012, in line with the availability of the remotely sensed vegetation data. Results show that the drylands of China exhibits a pattern of wetting in the west and drying in the east. The semi-arid region in the east is becoming drier and the drought area is increasing, with the values of CMA_P, CRU_P, PDSI, sc_PDSI, SPEI-01,SPEI-06, SPEI-12, Root_sm, Surf_sm at −1.064 mm yr−1, −0.834 mm yr−1, −0.050 yr−1 (p < 0.1), −0.174 yr−1 (p < 0.1), −0.014 yr−1, −0.06, −0.021 (p < 0.1), −0.257×10−3 m3 m−3 yr−1, −0.024×10−3 m3 m−3 yr−1, respectively. The arid region generally exhibits a wetting trend, while the area in drought declines only in the western arid region, but not in the eastern arid part. In the semi-arid region, growing season (May to September) NDVI is significantly correlated (p < 0.1) with eight out of nine indicators. We show in this study that the semi-arid region needs more study to protect the vegetation ecosystem and the water resources.
Chuanzhuang Liang; Tiexi Chen; Han Dolman; Tingting Shi; Xueqiong Wei; Jialu Xu; Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan. Drying and Wetting Trends and Vegetation Covariations in the Drylands of China. Water 2020, 12, 933 .
AMA StyleChuanzhuang Liang, Tiexi Chen, Han Dolman, Tingting Shi, Xueqiong Wei, Jialu Xu, Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan. Drying and Wetting Trends and Vegetation Covariations in the Drylands of China. Water. 2020; 12 (4):933.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChuanzhuang Liang; Tiexi Chen; Han Dolman; Tingting Shi; Xueqiong Wei; Jialu Xu; Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan. 2020. "Drying and Wetting Trends and Vegetation Covariations in the Drylands of China." Water 12, no. 4: 933.
Assessing the long-term precipitation changes is of utmost importance for understanding the impact of climate change. This study investigated the variability of extreme precipitation events over Pakistan on the basis of daily precipitation data from 51 weather stations from 1980-2016. The non-parametric Mann–Kendall, Sen’s slope estimator, least squares method, and two-tailed simple t-test methods were used to assess the trend in eight precipitation extreme indices. These indices were wet days (R1 ≥1 mm), heavy precipitation days (R10 ≥ 10 mm), very heavy precipitation days (R20 ≥ 20 mm), severe precipitation (R50 ≥ 50 mm), very wet days (R95p) defining daily precipitation ≥ 95 percentile, extremely wet days (R99p) defining daily precipitation ≥ 99 percentile, annual total precipitation in wet days (PRCPTOT), and mean precipitation amount on wet days as simple daily intensity index (SDII). The study is unique in terms of using high stations’ density, extended temporal coverage, advanced statistical techniques, and additional extreme indices. Furthermore, this study is the first of its kind to detect abrupt changes in the temporal trend of precipitation extremes over Pakistan. The results showed that the spatial distribution of trends in different precipitation extreme indices over the study region increased as a whole; however, the monsoon and westerlies humid regions experienced a decreasing trend of extreme precipitation indices during the study period. The results of the sequential Mann–Kendall (SqMK) test showed that all precipitation extremes exhibited abrupt dynamic changes in temporal trend during the study period; however, the most frequent mutation points with increasing tendency were observed during 2011 and onward. The results further illustrated that the linear trend of all extreme indices showed an increasing tendency from 1980- 2016. Similarly, for elevation, most of the precipitation extremes showed an inverse relationship, suggesting a decrease of precipitation along the latitudinal extent of the country. The spatiotemporal variations in precipitation extremes give a possible indication of the ongoing phenomena of climate change and variability that modified the precipitation regime of Pakistan. On the basis of the current findings, the study recommends that future studies focus on underlying physical and natural drivers of precipitation variability over the study region.
Asher Samuel Bhatti; Guojie Wang; Waheed Ullah; Safi Ullah; Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan; Isaac Kwesi Nooni; Dan Lou; Irfan Ullah. Trend in Extreme Precipitation Indices Based on Long Term In Situ Precipitation Records over Pakistan. Water 2020, 12, 797 .
AMA StyleAsher Samuel Bhatti, Guojie Wang, Waheed Ullah, Safi Ullah, Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan, Isaac Kwesi Nooni, Dan Lou, Irfan Ullah. Trend in Extreme Precipitation Indices Based on Long Term In Situ Precipitation Records over Pakistan. Water. 2020; 12 (3):797.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsher Samuel Bhatti; Guojie Wang; Waheed Ullah; Safi Ullah; Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan; Isaac Kwesi Nooni; Dan Lou; Irfan Ullah. 2020. "Trend in Extreme Precipitation Indices Based on Long Term In Situ Precipitation Records over Pakistan." Water 12, no. 3: 797.
Soil moisture is an important factor in land-atmosphere interactions and other land processes. Improved estimates from climate models have, in the last two decades, become an important alternate source of information. In this study, we extend the evaluation of soil moisture anomalies of different generations of three families of model datasets (the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts’ (ECMWF) reanalysis, the Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications of NASA, and the Global Land Data Assimilation System of theNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)) in recent studies to the People’s Republic of China. Two validation techniques, namely, root-mean-square error (RMSE) from triple collocation analysis (TCA) and correlations (R) with ground observations, were used. The study confirmed the results of previous studies that focused on other regions and showed that the newer generations of each modeling family generally had better skill than the older generations with higher correlations and lower RMSEs. A cross-validation of the results from the two techniques for the newer products showed that the higher correlations and lower RMSEs from the TCA were found over regions with moderate vegetation cover, while regions with less vegetation cover had lower correlations and larger RMSEs (ECMWF (R: −0.93), NASA (R: −0.73), and NOAA (R: −0.61)), indicating that these two techniques complement each other to fairly validate the products.
Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan; Robert M. Parinussa; Guojie Wang; Clara S. Draper. An Evaluation of Soil Moisture Anomalies from Global Model-Based Datasets over the People’s Republic of China. Water 2019, 12, 117 .
AMA StyleDaniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan, Robert M. Parinussa, Guojie Wang, Clara S. Draper. An Evaluation of Soil Moisture Anomalies from Global Model-Based Datasets over the People’s Republic of China. Water. 2019; 12 (1):117.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan; Robert M. Parinussa; Guojie Wang; Clara S. Draper. 2019. "An Evaluation of Soil Moisture Anomalies from Global Model-Based Datasets over the People’s Republic of China." Water 12, no. 1: 117.
Soil moisture is an important parameter in land surface processes, which can control the surface energy and water budgets and thus affect the air temperature. Studying the coupling between soil moisture and air temperature is of vital importance for forecasting climate change. This study evaluates this coupling over China from 1980–2013 by using an energy-based diagnostic method, which represents the momentum, heat, and water conservation equations in the atmosphere, while the contributions of soil moisture are treated as external forcing. The results showed that the soil moisture–temperature coupling is strongest in the transitional climate zones between wet and dry climates, which here includes Northeast China and part of the Tibetan Plateau from a viewpoint of annual average. Furthermore, the soil moisture–temperature coupling was found to be stronger in spring than in the other seasons over China, and over different typical climatic zones, it also varied greatly in different seasons. We conducted two case studies (the heatwaves of 2013 in Southeast China and 2009 in North China) to understand the impact of soil moisture–temperature coupling during heatwaves. The results indicated that over areas with soil moisture deficit and temperature anomalies, the coupling strength intensified. This suggests that soil moisture deficits could lead to enhanced heat anomalies, and thus, result in enhanced soil moisture coupling with temperature. This demonstrates the importance of soil moisture and the need to thoroughly study it and its role within the land–atmosphere interaction and the climate on the whole.
Qing Yuan; Guojie Wang; Chenxia Zhu; Dan Lou; Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan; Xiaowen Ma; Mingyue Zhan. Coupling of Soil Moisture and Air Temperature from Multiyear Data During 1980–2013 over China. Atmosphere 2019, 11, 25 .
AMA StyleQing Yuan, Guojie Wang, Chenxia Zhu, Dan Lou, Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan, Xiaowen Ma, Mingyue Zhan. Coupling of Soil Moisture and Air Temperature from Multiyear Data During 1980–2013 over China. Atmosphere. 2019; 11 (1):25.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQing Yuan; Guojie Wang; Chenxia Zhu; Dan Lou; Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan; Xiaowen Ma; Mingyue Zhan. 2019. "Coupling of Soil Moisture and Air Temperature from Multiyear Data During 1980–2013 over China." Atmosphere 11, no. 1: 25.
The Tibetan Plateau is the largest and highest plateau in the world, and its complex terrain affects the distribution of precipitable water vapor (PWV) in the atmosphere, which plays an important role in the weather and climate of East Asia. In this paper, the characteristics of PWV over the Tibetan Plateau are studied using the FengYun-3A Medium Resolution Spectral Imager (MERSI) water vapor products, which are retrieved from the MERSI raw images of Chinese second-generation polar orbit meteorological satellite. Firstly, the accuracy of the MERSI 5-minute water vapor product is validated using three referenced water vapor data from TERRA/MODIS, ground-based GPS, and AERONET sun photometer over the Tibetan Plateau. Then, the spatial distribution and seasonal variation of PWV over the plateau are analyzed, and the effects of topographic factors on PWV are discussed. The results indicate that the MERSI 5-minute water vapor product has a good accuracy over the Tibetan Plateau, which the mean absolute error of MERSI water vapor product is in the range of 28.91%-37.54%, the mean absolute error range between 1.87 and 2.76 millimeter (mm), and the mean bias is between -1.14 and 0.64 mm comparing three referenced data. The PWV content appears as a typical spatial pattern over the Tibetan Plateau where there is a decrease from east to west of the Tibetan Plateau with increasing elevation, with the highest values over the south of Tibet. A second pattern also appears over the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, where the PWV content in the Qaidam Basin and the south of Tarim Basin are also considerably high. The seasonal variation of PWV content over the Tibetan Plateau presents to be highest in summer, followed by autumn and spring, and lowest in winter. The PWV content changes periodically during the year, which fits with a quadratic polynomial over monthly scales. The topographical factors of the Tibetan Plateau were found to affect the water vapor, where the altitude and latitude are negatively correlated with water vapor, while the slope and longitude show a positive correlation with water vapor; however, the aspect does not appear to have any significant influence on water vapor.
Shaoqi Gong; Daniel F. T. Hagan; Cunjie Zhang. Analysis on Precipitable Water Vapor over the Tibetan Plateau Using FengYun-3A Medium Resolution Spectral Imager Products. Journal of Sensors 2019, 2019, 1 -12.
AMA StyleShaoqi Gong, Daniel F. T. Hagan, Cunjie Zhang. Analysis on Precipitable Water Vapor over the Tibetan Plateau Using FengYun-3A Medium Resolution Spectral Imager Products. Journal of Sensors. 2019; 2019 ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShaoqi Gong; Daniel F. T. Hagan; Cunjie Zhang. 2019. "Analysis on Precipitable Water Vapor over the Tibetan Plateau Using FengYun-3A Medium Resolution Spectral Imager Products." Journal of Sensors 2019, no. : 1-12.
The interaction between the land surface and the atmosphere is of significant importance in the climate system because it is a key driver of the exchanges of energy and water. Several important relations to heat waves, floods, and droughts exist that are based on the interaction of soil moisture and, for instance, air temperature and humidity. Our ability to separate the elements of this coupling, identify the exact locations where they are strongest, and quantify their strengths is, therefore, of paramount importance to their predictability. A recent rigorous causality formalism based on the Liang–Kleeman (LK) information flow theory has been shown, both theoretically and in real-world applications, to have the necessary asymmetry to infer the directionality and magnitude within geophysical interactions. However, the formalism assumes stationarity in time, whereas the interactions within the land surface and atmosphere are generally nonstationary; furthermore, it requires a sufficiently long time series to ensure statistical sufficiency. In this study, we remedy this difficulty by using the square root Kalman filter to estimate the causality based on the LK formalism to derive a time-varying form. Results show that the new formalism has similar properties compared to its time-invariant form. It is shown that it is also able to capture the time-varying causality structure within soil moisture–air temperature coupling. An advantage is that it does not require very long time series to make an accurate estimation. Applying a wavelet transform to the results also reveals the full range of temporal scales of the interactions.
Daniel Fiifi T. Hagan; Guojie Wang; X. San Liang; Han A. J. Dolman. A Time-Varying Causality Formalism Based on the Liang–Kleeman Information Flow for Analyzing Directed Interactions in Nonstationary Climate Systems. Journal of Climate 2019, 32, 7521 -7537.
AMA StyleDaniel Fiifi T. Hagan, Guojie Wang, X. San Liang, Han A. J. Dolman. A Time-Varying Causality Formalism Based on the Liang–Kleeman Information Flow for Analyzing Directed Interactions in Nonstationary Climate Systems. Journal of Climate. 2019; 32 (21):7521-7537.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Fiifi T. Hagan; Guojie Wang; X. San Liang; Han A. J. Dolman. 2019. "A Time-Varying Causality Formalism Based on the Liang–Kleeman Information Flow for Analyzing Directed Interactions in Nonstationary Climate Systems." Journal of Climate 32, no. 21: 7521-7537.
The sharp rise in temperature has increased the frequency, intensity, duration, and timing of heat waves (HWs) over different regions of the world. Due to climate change, the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is one of the highly vulnerable regions to HWs and needs comprehensive research studies to investigate the HW phenomenon in the region. This study analyzed the spatial and temporal changes in the daytime and nighttime HW characteristics based on multiple indices over the CPEC region. We used daily maximum and minimum temperatures (hereafter Tmax and Tmin) of 48 meteorological stations for the time period of 1980–2016. The non-parametric modified Mann–Kendall, Theil–Sen’s test, least square method, student t-test, and chi-square goodness-of-fit test techniques were used to analyze the long-term spatiotemporal changes in the daytime and nighttime HW characteristics. The results of the study show that the number of annual daytime/nighttime HW events, annual sum of participating daytime/nighttime HW days, the average length of annual daytime/nighttime HW events, duration of the longest annual daytime/nighttime HW event, the average magnitude of all annual daytime/nighttime HW events, amplitude of the hottest annual daytime/nighttime HW event, and the ending date of annual last daytime/nighttime HW event exhibited significant increasing trends at the rate of 0.78/1.43 events decade−1, 10/11.82, 2/1.74, 2.16/1.52 days decade−1, 0.40/0.59, 0.24/0.73 °C decade−1, and 12.29/10 days decade−1, respectively. Despite all, the onset date of the annual first daytime/nighttime HW event has shown a significant decreasing trend of − 5.71/− 5 days decade−1. The obvious positive trend of HW behaviors indicates that the country has experienced more frequent, stronger, more intense, and longer HWs during the study period. The spatial pattern of the trend indicates that the southern, central and eastern parts of Pakistan exhibited prominent and consistent HW activities, while the northwestern mountainous regions showed high spatial variability with some stations exhibited decreasing trends in HW indices. The findings of this study will be a base for the projection and mitigation of HWs in the region. Based on the study findings, we recommend that the mechanism of HW and its natural and anthropogenic drivers should be thoroughly investigated over the study region.
Safi Ullah; Qinglong You; Waheed Ullah; Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan; Amjad Ali; Gohar Ali; Yuqing Zhang; Mushtaq Ahmad Jan; Asher Samuel Bhatti; Wenxin Xie. Daytime and nighttime heat wave characteristics based on multiple indices over the China–Pakistan economic corridor. Climate Dynamics 2019, 53, 6329 -6349.
AMA StyleSafi Ullah, Qinglong You, Waheed Ullah, Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan, Amjad Ali, Gohar Ali, Yuqing Zhang, Mushtaq Ahmad Jan, Asher Samuel Bhatti, Wenxin Xie. Daytime and nighttime heat wave characteristics based on multiple indices over the China–Pakistan economic corridor. Climate Dynamics. 2019; 53 (9-10):6329-6349.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSafi Ullah; Qinglong You; Waheed Ullah; Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan; Amjad Ali; Gohar Ali; Yuqing Zhang; Mushtaq Ahmad Jan; Asher Samuel Bhatti; Wenxin Xie. 2019. "Daytime and nighttime heat wave characteristics based on multiple indices over the China–Pakistan economic corridor." Climate Dynamics 53, no. 9-10: 6329-6349.
Actual evapotranspiration (ET) and its individual components’ contributions to the water–energy nexus provide insights into our hydrological cycle in a changing climate. Based on long-term satellite ET data assimilated by the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM), we analyzed changes in ET and its components over the Nile River Basin from 1980 to 2014. The results show a multi-year mean ET of 518 mm·year–1. The long-term ET trend showed a decline at a rate of 18.8 mm·year–10. ET and its components showed strong seasonality and the ET components’ contribution to total ET varied in space and time. ET and its components decreased in humid regions, which was related to precipitation deficits. ET increases in arid-semiarid regions were due to water availability from crop irrigation fields in the Nile Plain. Precipitation was the dominant limiting driver of ET in the region. Vegetation transpiration (an average of 78.1% of total ET) dominated the basin’s water fluxes, suggesting biological fluxes play a role in the regional water cycle’s response to climate change. This analysis furthers our understanding of the water dynamics in the region and may significantly improve our knowledge of future hydrological modelling.
Isaac Kwesi Nooni; Guojie Wang; Daniel Fiifi T. Hagan; Jiao Lu; Waheed Ullah; Shijie Li. Evapotranspiration and its Components in the Nile River Basin Based on Long-Term Satellite Assimilation Product. Water 2019, 11, 1400 .
AMA StyleIsaac Kwesi Nooni, Guojie Wang, Daniel Fiifi T. Hagan, Jiao Lu, Waheed Ullah, Shijie Li. Evapotranspiration and its Components in the Nile River Basin Based on Long-Term Satellite Assimilation Product. Water. 2019; 11 (7):1400.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsaac Kwesi Nooni; Guojie Wang; Daniel Fiifi T. Hagan; Jiao Lu; Waheed Ullah; Shijie Li. 2019. "Evapotranspiration and its Components in the Nile River Basin Based on Long-Term Satellite Assimilation Product." Water 11, no. 7: 1400.