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Prof. Gianfranco Romanazzi
Marche Polytechnic University Ancona Italy

Basic Info


Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Grapevine
0 Plant Pathology
0 Plant disease
0 Vitis vinifera
0 grapevine trunk diseases

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Grapevine
postharvest decay
phytoplasma
Botrytis cinerea
Gray mold
Bois noir
Vitis vinifera
downy mildew
grapevine trunk diseases
Plant disease

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Short Biography

Degree ‘cum laude’ in Agricultural Sciences in 1995 and PhD in Crop Protection in 1999 at the University of Bari. He joined Marche Polytechnic University in Ancona in 2001, where he chairs the BSc in Agricultural Science and Technology and MSc in Land and Agricultural Technology programs. Since June 2020 he is President of the Italian Association for Plant Protection (Associazione Italiana per la Protezione delle Piante, AIPP).

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Journal article
Published: 04 August 2021 in Forests
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Oaks are dominant and key tree species in Mediterranean forest ecosystems. However, in recent decades, oak forests have been heavily impacted by oak decline, a worldwide phenomenon exacerbated by climate change. The charcoal disease agent Biscogniauxia mediterranea is involved in the decline of Mediterranean oak formations in a variety of contexts. Here, we investigated the impact and role of B. mediterranea in the decline of oaks in Castelfidardo Forest, a relict wood of the late Holocene and a Site of Community Importance. We established five plots within which we recorded tree positions, any symptoms and signs of decline, association of B. mediterranea to declining trees, and deadwood and associated mycota. Of 471 oaks inspected, 7.0% showed brownish exudates on the stems, 46.9% showed epicormic shoots along the main trunk, and 24.4% showed black carbonaceous stromata on diseased branches and trunks. The decline was most severe for Quercus cerris, which comprised plots #4 and #5, at 50.0% (81/162 trees) and 29.0% (33/114), respectively; then for Quercus robur for plot #3, at 40.0% (38/95); and finally for Quercus pubescens for plots #1 and #2, at 13.7% (7/51) and 12.3% (6/49), respectively. Bark tissues were collected from trees with charcoal cankers and taken to the laboratory for microscopic examination and identification by mycological and molecular methods. This investigation revealed a close association between oaks with pronounced reduction of vitality and incidence of B. mediterranea. Deadwood was equally distributed among the five plots, and was heavily colonized by Basidiomycota. The high incidence of the charcoal canker pathogen B. mediterranea appeared to be related to environmental stresses. However, the absence of silvicultural management, high competition among physiologically mature trees, and the geographic isolation of this residual forest may have predisposed oaks to decline.

ACS Style

Sergio Murolo; Jonathan Concas; Alessandro Salerno; Fedele Maiorano; Lorenzo Cingolani; Francesca Carloni; Salvatore Moricca; Gianfranco Romanazzi. Status of Charcoal Canker on Oak Trees at a Site of Community Importance: Case Study of the Relict Castelfidardo Forest (SIC Area IT520008, Castelfidardo, AN, Italy). Forests 2021, 12, 1032 .

AMA Style

Sergio Murolo, Jonathan Concas, Alessandro Salerno, Fedele Maiorano, Lorenzo Cingolani, Francesca Carloni, Salvatore Moricca, Gianfranco Romanazzi. Status of Charcoal Canker on Oak Trees at a Site of Community Importance: Case Study of the Relict Castelfidardo Forest (SIC Area IT520008, Castelfidardo, AN, Italy). Forests. 2021; 12 (8):1032.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sergio Murolo; Jonathan Concas; Alessandro Salerno; Fedele Maiorano; Lorenzo Cingolani; Francesca Carloni; Salvatore Moricca; Gianfranco Romanazzi. 2021. "Status of Charcoal Canker on Oak Trees at a Site of Community Importance: Case Study of the Relict Castelfidardo Forest (SIC Area IT520008, Castelfidardo, AN, Italy)." Forests 12, no. 8: 1032.

Research article
Published: 28 July 2021 in Phytopathology®
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Although chestnut mosaic disease (ChMD) was described several decades ago, its etiology is still not clear. Using classical approaches and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) techniques, we identified a novel Badnavirus that is a strong etiological candidate for ChMD. Two disease sources from Italy and France were submitted to HTS-based viral indexing. Total RNAs were extracted, ribodepleted, and sequenced on an Illumina NextSeq500 (2 × 150 nt or 2 × 75 nt). In each source, we identified a single contig of ≈7.2 kb that corresponds to a complete circular viral genome and shares homologies with various badnaviruses. The genomes of the two isolates have an average nucleotide identity of 90.5%, with a typical badnaviral genome organization comprising three open reading frames. Phylogenetic analyses and sequence comparisons showed that this virus is a novel species; we propose the name Chestnut mosaic virus (ChMV). Using a newly developed molecular detection test, we systematically detected the virus in symptomatic graft-inoculated indicator plants (chestnut and American oak) as well in chestnut trees presenting typical ChMD symptoms in the field (100 and 87% in France and Italy surveys, respectively). Datamining of publicly available chestnut sequence read archive transcriptomic data allowed the reconstruction of two additional complete ChMV genomes from two Castanea mollissima sources from the United States as well as ChMV detection in C. dentata from the United States. Preliminary epidemiological studies performed in France and central eastern Italy showed that ChMV has a high incidence in some commercial orchards and low within-orchard genetic diversity.

ACS Style

Armelle Marais; Sergio Murolo; Chantal Faure; Yoann Brans; Clément Larue; François Maclot; Sébastien Massart; Michela Chiumenti; Angelantonio Minafra; Gianfranco Romanazzi; Marie Lefebvre; Teresa Barreneche; Cécile Robin; Rémy J. Petit; Thierry Candresse. Sixty Years from the First Disease Description, a Novel Badnavirus Associated with Chestnut Mosaic Disease. Phytopathology® 2021, 1 -09.

AMA Style

Armelle Marais, Sergio Murolo, Chantal Faure, Yoann Brans, Clément Larue, François Maclot, Sébastien Massart, Michela Chiumenti, Angelantonio Minafra, Gianfranco Romanazzi, Marie Lefebvre, Teresa Barreneche, Cécile Robin, Rémy J. Petit, Thierry Candresse. Sixty Years from the First Disease Description, a Novel Badnavirus Associated with Chestnut Mosaic Disease. Phytopathology®. 2021; ():1-09.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Armelle Marais; Sergio Murolo; Chantal Faure; Yoann Brans; Clément Larue; François Maclot; Sébastien Massart; Michela Chiumenti; Angelantonio Minafra; Gianfranco Romanazzi; Marie Lefebvre; Teresa Barreneche; Cécile Robin; Rémy J. Petit; Thierry Candresse. 2021. "Sixty Years from the First Disease Description, a Novel Badnavirus Associated with Chestnut Mosaic Disease." Phytopathology® , no. : 1-09.

Preprint
Published: 29 June 2021
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Oaks are a dominant and key tree species in Mediterranean forest ecosystems. However, in recent decades, oak forests have been heavily impacted by oak decline, a worldwide phenomenon exacerbated by climate change. The charcoal disease agent Biscogniauxia mediterranea is involved in the decline of Mediterranean oak formations in a variety of contexts. Here, we investigated the impact and role of B. mediterranea in decline of oaks in Castelfidardo Forest, a relict wood of the late Holocene and a Site of Community Importance. We established five plots within which we recorded the tree positions, any symptoms and signs of decline, association of B. mediterranea to declining trees, and the deadwood and associated mycota. Of 471 oaks inspected, 7.0% showed brownish exudates on the stems, 46.9% showed epicormic shoots along the main trunk, and 24.4% showed black carbonaceous stromata on diseased branches and trunks. The decline was most severe for Quercus cerris, which comprised plots #4 and #5, at 50.0% (81/162 trees) and 29.0% (33/114), respectively; then for Quercus robur for plot #3, at 40.0% (38/95); and finally for Quercus pubescens for plots #1 and #2, at 13.7% (7/51) and 12.3% (6/49), respectively. Bark tissue was collected from trees with charcoal cankers, with microscopy examination and identification by mycological and molecular methods. This investigation revealed close association between oaks with pronounced reduction of vitality and incidence of B. mediterranea. The deadwood was equally distributed among the five plots, and was heavily colonized by Basidiomycota. The high incidence of this oak-weakening pathogen B. mediterranea appears to be related to stress conditions (e.g., water scarcity, prolonged drought). However, absence of silvicultural management, high competition among physiologically mature trees, and the geographic isolation of this residual forest might have predisposed these oaks to decline.

ACS Style

Sergio Murolo; Jonathan Concas; Alessandro Salerno; Fedele Maiorano; Lorenzo Cingolani; Francesca Carloni; Salvatore Moricca; Gianfranco Romanazzi. Impact of Charcoal Canker on Oak Trees at a Site of Community Importance: Case Study of the Relict Castelfidardo Forest (SIC Area IT520008, Castelfidardo, AN, Italy). 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Sergio Murolo, Jonathan Concas, Alessandro Salerno, Fedele Maiorano, Lorenzo Cingolani, Francesca Carloni, Salvatore Moricca, Gianfranco Romanazzi. Impact of Charcoal Canker on Oak Trees at a Site of Community Importance: Case Study of the Relict Castelfidardo Forest (SIC Area IT520008, Castelfidardo, AN, Italy). . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sergio Murolo; Jonathan Concas; Alessandro Salerno; Fedele Maiorano; Lorenzo Cingolani; Francesca Carloni; Salvatore Moricca; Gianfranco Romanazzi. 2021. "Impact of Charcoal Canker on Oak Trees at a Site of Community Importance: Case Study of the Relict Castelfidardo Forest (SIC Area IT520008, Castelfidardo, AN, Italy)." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 18 April 2021 in Molecules
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Essential oils are gaining interest as environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic fungicides for management of seedborne pathogens. Here, seven essential oils were initially tested in vivo for disinfection of squash seeds (Cucurbita maxima) naturally contaminated by Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium fujikuro, Fusarium solani, Paramyrothecium roridum, Albifimbria verrucaria, Curvularia spicifera, and Rhizopus stolonifer. The seeds were treated with essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Lavandula dentata, Lavandula hybrida, Melaleuca alternifolia, Laurus nobilis, and Origanum majorana (#1 and #2). Incidence of S. cucurbitacearum was reduced, representing a range between 67.0% in L. nobilis to 84.4% in O. majorana #2. Treatments at 0.5 mg/mL essential oils did not affect seed germination, although radicles were shorter than controls, except with C. citratus and O. majorana #1 essential oils. Four days after seeding, seedling emergence was 20%, 30%, and 10% for control seeds and seeds treated with C. citratus essential oil (0.5 mg/mL) and fungicides (25 g/L difenoconazole plus 25 g/L fludioxonil). S. cucurbitacearum incidence was reduced by ~40% for plantlets from seeds treated with C. citratus essential oil. These data show the effectiveness of this essential oil to control the transmission of S. cucurbitacearum from seeds to plantlets, and thus define their potential use for seed decontamination in integrated pest management and organic agriculture.

ACS Style

Marwa Moumni; Mohamed Allagui; Kaies Mezrioui; Hajer Ben Amara; Gianfranco Romanazzi. Evaluation of Seven Essential Oils as Seed Treatments against Seedborne Fungal Pathogens of Cucurbita maxima. Molecules 2021, 26, 2354 .

AMA Style

Marwa Moumni, Mohamed Allagui, Kaies Mezrioui, Hajer Ben Amara, Gianfranco Romanazzi. Evaluation of Seven Essential Oils as Seed Treatments against Seedborne Fungal Pathogens of Cucurbita maxima. Molecules. 2021; 26 (8):2354.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marwa Moumni; Mohamed Allagui; Kaies Mezrioui; Hajer Ben Amara; Gianfranco Romanazzi. 2021. "Evaluation of Seven Essential Oils as Seed Treatments against Seedborne Fungal Pathogens of Cucurbita maxima." Molecules 26, no. 8: 2354.

Review
Published: 10 March 2021 in Journal of Fungi
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Background: The role of fungi in cocoa crops is mainly associated with plant diseases and contamination of harvest with unwanted metabolites such as mycotoxins that can reach the final consumer. However, in recent years there has been interest in discovering other existing interactions in the environment that may be beneficial, such as antagonism, commensalism, and the production of specific enzymes, among others. Scope and approach: This review summarizes the different fungi species involved in cocoa production and the cocoa supply chain. In particular, it examines the presence of fungal species during cultivation, harvest, fermentation, drying, and storage, emphasizing the factors that possibly influence their prevalence in the different stages of production and the health risks associated with the production of mycotoxins in the light of recent literature. Key findings and conclusion: Fungi associated with the cocoa production chain have many different roles. They have evolved in a varied range of ecosystems in close association with plants and various habitats, affecting nearly all the cocoa chain steps. Reports of the isolation of 60 genera of fungi were found, of which only 19 were involved in several stages. Although endophytic fungi can help control some diseases caused by pathogenic fungi, climate change, with increased rain and temperatures, together with intensified exchanges, can favour most of these fungal infections, and the presence of highly aggressive new fungal genotypes increasing the concern of mycotoxin production. For this reason, mitigation strategies need to be determined to prevent the spread of disease-causing fungi and preserve beneficial ones.

ACS Style

Johannes Delgado-Ospina; Junior Molina-Hernández; Clemencia Chaves-López; Gianfranco Romanazzi; Antonello Paparella. The Role of Fungi in the Cocoa Production Chain and the Challenge of Climate Change. Journal of Fungi 2021, 7, 202 .

AMA Style

Johannes Delgado-Ospina, Junior Molina-Hernández, Clemencia Chaves-López, Gianfranco Romanazzi, Antonello Paparella. The Role of Fungi in the Cocoa Production Chain and the Challenge of Climate Change. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7 (3):202.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johannes Delgado-Ospina; Junior Molina-Hernández; Clemencia Chaves-López; Gianfranco Romanazzi; Antonello Paparella. 2021. "The Role of Fungi in the Cocoa Production Chain and the Challenge of Climate Change." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 3: 202.

Journal article
Published: 22 January 2021 in Antibiotics
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Essential oils represent novel alternatives to application of synthetic fungicides to control against seedborne pathogens. This study investigated seven essential oils for in vitro growth inhibition of the main seedborne pathogens of cucurbits. Cymbopogon citratus essential oil completely inhibited mycelial growth of Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum and Alternaria alternata at 0.6 and 0.9 mg/mL, respectively. At 1 mg/mL, Lavandula dentata, Lavandula hybrida, Melaleuca alternifolia, Laurus nobilis, and two Origanum majorana essential oils inhibited mycelia growth of A. alternata by 54%, 71%, 68%, 36%, 90%, and 74%, respectively. S. cucurbitacearum mycelia growth was more sensitive to Lavandula essential oils, with inhibition of ~74% at 1 mg/mL. To determine the main compounds in these essential oils that might be responsible for this antifungal activity, they were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). C. citratus essential oil showed cirtal as its main constituent, while L. dentata and L. nobilis essential oils showed eucalyptol. The M. alternifolia and two O. majorana essential oils had terpinen-4-ol as the major constituent, while for L. hybrida essential oil, this was linalool. Thus, in vitro, these essential oils can inhibit the main seedborne fungi of cucurbits, with future in vivo studies now needed to confirm these activities.

ACS Style

Marwa Moumni; Gianfranco Romanazzi; Basma Najar; Luisa Pistelli; Hajer Ben Amara; Kaies Mezrioui; Olfa Karous; Ikbal Chaieb; Mohamed Allagui. Antifungal Activity and Chemical Composition of Seven Essential Oils to Control the Main Seedborne Fungi of Cucurbits. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 104 .

AMA Style

Marwa Moumni, Gianfranco Romanazzi, Basma Najar, Luisa Pistelli, Hajer Ben Amara, Kaies Mezrioui, Olfa Karous, Ikbal Chaieb, Mohamed Allagui. Antifungal Activity and Chemical Composition of Seven Essential Oils to Control the Main Seedborne Fungi of Cucurbits. Antibiotics. 2021; 10 (2):104.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marwa Moumni; Gianfranco Romanazzi; Basma Najar; Luisa Pistelli; Hajer Ben Amara; Kaies Mezrioui; Olfa Karous; Ikbal Chaieb; Mohamed Allagui. 2021. "Antifungal Activity and Chemical Composition of Seven Essential Oils to Control the Main Seedborne Fungi of Cucurbits." Antibiotics 10, no. 2: 104.

Journal article
Published: 26 November 2020 in Biology
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Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are the most widespread fungal diseases, affecting grapevines in all the major growing regions of the world, and their complete eradication is still not possible. Aiming to search alternatives to avoid the spread and high incidence of these diseases, the present work intended to molecularly identify the grapevine endophytic community, the phytopathogenic fungi associated with GTDs in vineyards within the Alentejo region, and to test potential antagonist microorganisms as biological control candidates against GTDs-associated fungi. Grapevine endophytic community showed a wide variety of fungi in GTDs’ asymptomatic and symptomatic plants, nine of them previously described as GTDs-associated fungi. GTDs prevalent fungi identified in symptomatic plants were Diaporthe sp., Neofusicoccum sp., and H. viticola. Almost all these fungi were also detected in asymptomatic plants, which shows the importance of investigating the interactions of fungal communities and confirms the need for early diagnosis of these diseases. Direct inhibition antagonism tests were performed among identified endophytes and GTDs phytopathogenic fungi, and all the endophyte fungi showed potential as biocontrol agents. Our findings suggest that endophytes are promising candidates for their use in biological control due to their antagonistic activity against the mycelia growth of some GTDs-associated fungi.

ACS Style

Angela Billar De Almeida; Jonathan Concas; Maria Doroteia Campos; Patrick Materatski; Carla Varanda; Mariana Patanita; Sergio Murolo; Gianfranco Romanazzi; Maria Do Rosário Félix. Endophytic Fungi as Potential Biological Control Agents against Grapevine Trunk Diseases in Alentejo Region. Biology 2020, 9, 420 .

AMA Style

Angela Billar De Almeida, Jonathan Concas, Maria Doroteia Campos, Patrick Materatski, Carla Varanda, Mariana Patanita, Sergio Murolo, Gianfranco Romanazzi, Maria Do Rosário Félix. Endophytic Fungi as Potential Biological Control Agents against Grapevine Trunk Diseases in Alentejo Region. Biology. 2020; 9 (12):420.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Angela Billar De Almeida; Jonathan Concas; Maria Doroteia Campos; Patrick Materatski; Carla Varanda; Mariana Patanita; Sergio Murolo; Gianfranco Romanazzi; Maria Do Rosário Félix. 2020. "Endophytic Fungi as Potential Biological Control Agents against Grapevine Trunk Diseases in Alentejo Region." Biology 9, no. 12: 420.

Journal article
Published: 23 November 2020 in Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
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Consumers are increasingly aware of the importance of regular consumption of fresh fruit in their diet. Since fresh fruit are highly sensitive to postharvest decay, several investigations focused on the study natural compounds alternative to synthetic fungicides, to extend their shelf life. A long list of studies reported the effectiveness of the natural biopolymer chitosan in control of postharvest diseases of fresh fruit. However, these findings remain controversial, with many mixed claims in the literature. In this work, we used random‐effects meta‐analysis to investigate the effects of 1% chitosan on (a) postharvest decay incidence; (b) mycelium growth of fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium spp., Colletotrichum spp. and Alternaria spp.; and (c) phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, chitinase and β‐1,3‐glucanase activities. Chitosan significantly reduced postharvest disease incidence (mean difference [MD], −30.22; p < 0.00001) and in vitro mycelium growth (MD, −54.32; p < 0.00001). For host defense responses, there were significantly increased activities of β‐1,3‐glucanase (MD, 115.06; p = 0.003) and chitinase (MD, 75.95; p < 0.0002). This systematic review contributes to confirm the multiple mechanisms of mechanisms of action of chitosan, which has unique properties in the natural compound panorama. Chitosan thus represents a model plant protection biopolymer for sustainable control of postharvest decay of fresh fruit.

ACS Style

Razieh Rajestary; Lucia Landi; Gianfranco Romanazzi. Chitosan and postharvest decay of fresh fruit: Meta‐analysis of disease control and antimicrobial and eliciting activities. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2020, 20, 563 -582.

AMA Style

Razieh Rajestary, Lucia Landi, Gianfranco Romanazzi. Chitosan and postharvest decay of fresh fruit: Meta‐analysis of disease control and antimicrobial and eliciting activities. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2020; 20 (1):563-582.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Razieh Rajestary; Lucia Landi; Gianfranco Romanazzi. 2020. "Chitosan and postharvest decay of fresh fruit: Meta‐analysis of disease control and antimicrobial and eliciting activities." Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 20, no. 1: 563-582.

Journal article
Published: 21 November 2020 in Pathogens
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Grapevine Bois noir (BN) is associated with infection by “Candidatus Phytoplasma solani” (CaPsol). In this study, an array of CaPsol strains was identified from 142 symptomatic grapevines in vineyards of northern, central, and southern Italy and North Macedonia. Molecular typing of the CaPsol strains was carried out by analysis of genes encoding 16S rRNA and translation elongation factor EF-Tu, as well as eight other previously uncharacterized genomic fragments. Strains of tuf-type a and b were found to be differentially distributed in the examined geographic regions in correlation with the prevalence of nettle and bindweed. Two sequence variants were identified in each of the four genomic segments harboring hlyC, cbiQ-glyA, trxA-truB-rsuA, and rplS-tyrS-csdB, respectively. Fifteen CaPsol lineages were identified based on distinct combinations of sequence variations within these genetic loci. Each CaPsol lineage exhibited a unique collective restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern and differed from each other in geographic distribution, probably in relation to the diverse ecological complexity of vineyards and their surroundings. This RFLP-based typing method could be a useful tool for investigating the ecology of CaPsol and the epidemiology of its associated diseases. Phylogenetic analyses highlighted that the sequence variants of the gene hlyC, which encodes a hemolysin III-like protein, separated into two clusters consistent with the separation of two distinct lineages on the basis of tufB gene sequences. Alignments of deduced full protein sequences of elongation factor-Tu (tufB gene) and hemolysin III-like protein (hlyC gene) revealed the presence of critical amino acid substitutions distinguishing CaPsol strains of tuf-type a and b. Findings from the present study provide new insights into the genetic diversity and ecology of CaPsol populations in vineyards.

ACS Style

Alessandro Passera; Yan Zhao; Sergio Murolo; Roberto Pierro; Emilija Arsov; Nicola Mori; Abdelhameed Moussa; Maria R. Silletti; Paola Casati; Alessandra Panattoni; Wei Wei; Sasa Mitrev; Alberto Materazzi; Andrea Luvisi; Gianfranco Romanazzi; Piero A. Bianco; Robert E. Davis; Fabio Quaglino. Multilocus Genotyping Reveals New Molecular Markers for Differentiating Distinct Genetic Lineages among “Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani” Strains Associated with Grapevine Bois Noir. Pathogens 2020, 9, 970 .

AMA Style

Alessandro Passera, Yan Zhao, Sergio Murolo, Roberto Pierro, Emilija Arsov, Nicola Mori, Abdelhameed Moussa, Maria R. Silletti, Paola Casati, Alessandra Panattoni, Wei Wei, Sasa Mitrev, Alberto Materazzi, Andrea Luvisi, Gianfranco Romanazzi, Piero A. Bianco, Robert E. Davis, Fabio Quaglino. Multilocus Genotyping Reveals New Molecular Markers for Differentiating Distinct Genetic Lineages among “Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani” Strains Associated with Grapevine Bois Noir. Pathogens. 2020; 9 (11):970.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alessandro Passera; Yan Zhao; Sergio Murolo; Roberto Pierro; Emilija Arsov; Nicola Mori; Abdelhameed Moussa; Maria R. Silletti; Paola Casati; Alessandra Panattoni; Wei Wei; Sasa Mitrev; Alberto Materazzi; Andrea Luvisi; Gianfranco Romanazzi; Piero A. Bianco; Robert E. Davis; Fabio Quaglino. 2020. "Multilocus Genotyping Reveals New Molecular Markers for Differentiating Distinct Genetic Lineages among “Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani” Strains Associated with Grapevine Bois Noir." Pathogens 9, no. 11: 970.

Research article
Published: 18 November 2020 in Plant Disease
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Grapevine downy mildew (GDM) is one of the most serious diseases of grapevines. Limitations for the use of copper-based products in organic agriculture according to EU Regulation EU/2002/473 and the later EU Commission Implementing Regulation 2018/1981 has promoted a search for alternatives. This 5-year field trial evaluated the effectiveness against GDM of several strategies using different chitosan-based formulations and application rates in comparison with other natural compounds, with these applied individually or with copper hydroxide. Trials were run in commercial vineyards, with different environmental conditions and grapevine cultivars. For the natural compounds applied as individual treatments, a 0.5%/0.8% chitosan formulation provided the best protection against GDM, with the other compounds and formulations less effective. When copper hydroxide use was halved by combination with these natural compounds according to three different strategies, GDM incidence, severity and McKinney Index were reduced, in particular for copper hydroxide applied in combinations with the 0.5%/0.8% chitosan formulation, rather than with a mixture of laminarin and Saccharomyces spp. extract. The 0.5%/0.8% chitosan formulation alone and with copper hydroxide provided good protection against GDM for both high-pressure and low-pressure disease seasons. Chitosan thus represents a good alternative to copper formulations for control of GDM for both organic and integrated disease management.

ACS Style

Gianfranco Romanazzi; Valeria Mancini; Renzo Foglia; Diego Marcolini; Mojtaba Kavari; Simone Piancatelli. Use of Chitosan and Other Natural Compounds Alone or in Different Strategies with Copper Hydroxide for Control of Grapevine Downy Mildew. Plant Disease 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Gianfranco Romanazzi, Valeria Mancini, Renzo Foglia, Diego Marcolini, Mojtaba Kavari, Simone Piancatelli. Use of Chitosan and Other Natural Compounds Alone or in Different Strategies with Copper Hydroxide for Control of Grapevine Downy Mildew. Plant Disease. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gianfranco Romanazzi; Valeria Mancini; Renzo Foglia; Diego Marcolini; Mojtaba Kavari; Simone Piancatelli. 2020. "Use of Chitosan and Other Natural Compounds Alone or in Different Strategies with Copper Hydroxide for Control of Grapevine Downy Mildew." Plant Disease , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 06 November 2020 in Pathogens
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Bois noir is caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’, and it is one of the most important and widespread diseases in the Euro-Mediterranean region. There are complex interactions between phytoplasma and grapevines, weeds, and vectors. These ecological relationships can be tracked according to molecular epidemiology. The aims of the 2-year study (2014–2015) were to describe incidence and spatial distribution of Bois noir in a vineyard with three grapevine varieties in Sicily, and to identify the molecular types of the tuf and vmp1 genes in these naturally infected grapevines, according to the potential reservoir plants and vectors. Disease incidence in 2015 was significantly higher in ‘Chardonnay’ (up to 35%) than for ‘Nero d’Avola’ and ‘Pinot noir’ (Ca. P. solani’ tuf-type b. Most of the collected insects were strictly related to Vitis spp. and belonged to Neoaliturus fenestratus, Empoasca spp., and Zygina rhamni. The characterization of the vmp1 gene revealed six different vmp types in grapevines (V1, V4, V9, V11, V12, V24), three in weeds (V4, V9, V11), and four in insects (V4, V9, V11, V24). Notably, V4, V9, appear both in hosts and vectors, with V9 predominant. Virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis based on the nucleotide sequences supported the data of the conventional RFLP. Connections between the molecular data recorded in the vineyard ecosystems and the application of innovative tools based on the geostatistical analysis will contribute to further clarification of the specific ecological and epidemiological aspects of ‘Ca. P. solani’ in Sicily.

ACS Style

Gaetano Conigliaro; Elham Jamshidi; Gabriella Lo Verde; Patrizia Bella; Vincenzo Mondello; Selene Giambra; Vera D’Urso; Haralabos Tsolakis; Sergio Murolo; Santella Burruano; Gianfranco Romanazzi. Epidemiological Investigations and Molecular Characterization of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ in Grapevines, Weeds, Vectors and Putative Vectors in Western Sicily, (Southern Italy). Pathogens 2020, 9, 918 .

AMA Style

Gaetano Conigliaro, Elham Jamshidi, Gabriella Lo Verde, Patrizia Bella, Vincenzo Mondello, Selene Giambra, Vera D’Urso, Haralabos Tsolakis, Sergio Murolo, Santella Burruano, Gianfranco Romanazzi. Epidemiological Investigations and Molecular Characterization of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ in Grapevines, Weeds, Vectors and Putative Vectors in Western Sicily, (Southern Italy). Pathogens. 2020; 9 (11):918.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gaetano Conigliaro; Elham Jamshidi; Gabriella Lo Verde; Patrizia Bella; Vincenzo Mondello; Selene Giambra; Vera D’Urso; Haralabos Tsolakis; Sergio Murolo; Santella Burruano; Gianfranco Romanazzi. 2020. "Epidemiological Investigations and Molecular Characterization of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ in Grapevines, Weeds, Vectors and Putative Vectors in Western Sicily, (Southern Italy)." Pathogens 9, no. 11: 918.

Journal article
Published: 24 August 2020 in Molecules
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Black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vitt.) is a fine agro-food product known for its unique aroma and very limited shelf life (maximum of 5–7 days, room temperature). Hypobaric packaging at 30 kPa, a mix of 1% O2/99% N2, and 40% CO2/60% N2 were studied to prolong the shelf life of black truffle at 4 °C in sealed polypropylene vessels, compared to normal atmosphere. Epiphytic microbial population, firmness, weight loss, CO2 formation, and sensory properties were monitored weekly up to 35 days of storage and were related to the volatile profile. Principal components analysis revealed good correlation between the storage time and the decrease of firmness, and the increase of the microbial count and CO2 production. Only truffles stored under hypobaric conditions showed an acceptable quality after 14 days storage. Hypobaric packaging is a cheap strategy to prevent the swelling of vessels caused by respiration and can reduce the deviation from the high-quality level of the fresh product from one to at least two weeks.

ACS Style

Sara Savini; Edoardo Longo; Andrea Servili; Sergio Murolo; Massimo Mozzon; Gianfranco Romanazzi; Emanuele Boselli. Hypobaric Packaging Prolongs the Shelf Life of Refrigerated Black Truffles (Tuber melanosporum). Molecules 2020, 25, 3837 .

AMA Style

Sara Savini, Edoardo Longo, Andrea Servili, Sergio Murolo, Massimo Mozzon, Gianfranco Romanazzi, Emanuele Boselli. Hypobaric Packaging Prolongs the Shelf Life of Refrigerated Black Truffles (Tuber melanosporum). Molecules. 2020; 25 (17):3837.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sara Savini; Edoardo Longo; Andrea Servili; Sergio Murolo; Massimo Mozzon; Gianfranco Romanazzi; Emanuele Boselli. 2020. "Hypobaric Packaging Prolongs the Shelf Life of Refrigerated Black Truffles (Tuber melanosporum)." Molecules 25, no. 17: 3837.

Journal article
Published: 24 June 2020 in Pathogens
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Grapevine Bois noir (BN) is caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (‘Ca. P. solani’) and is one of the most important phytoplasma diseases in the Euro-Mediterranean viticultural areas. The epidemiology of BN can include grapevine as a plant host and is usually transmitted via sap-sucking insects that inhabit herbaceous host plants. Tracking the spread of ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains is of great help for the identification of plant reservoirs and insect vectors involved in local BN outbreaks. The molecular epidemiology of ‘Ca. P. solani’ is primarily based on sequence analysis of the tuf housekeeping gene (which encodes elongation factor Tu). In this study, molecular typing of tuf, through restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing, was carried out on grapevine samples from Iranian vineyards. According to the molecular characterization, three molecular types—tuf b1, tuf b5 and tuf b6—were found, with tuf b1 being the most prominent. These data provide further knowledge of tuf gene diversity and question the ecological role of such “minor” tuf types in Iranian vineyards, which have been detected only in grapevines.

ACS Style

Elham Jamshidi; Sergio Murolo; Mohammad Salehi; Gianfranco Romanazzi. Sequence Analysis of New Tuf Molecular Types of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani’ in Iranian Vineyards. Pathogens 2020, 9, 508 .

AMA Style

Elham Jamshidi, Sergio Murolo, Mohammad Salehi, Gianfranco Romanazzi. Sequence Analysis of New Tuf Molecular Types of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani’ in Iranian Vineyards. Pathogens. 2020; 9 (6):508.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elham Jamshidi; Sergio Murolo; Mohammad Salehi; Gianfranco Romanazzi. 2020. "Sequence Analysis of New Tuf Molecular Types of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani’ in Iranian Vineyards." Pathogens 9, no. 6: 508.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2020 in Scientific Reports
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Bois noir (BN) is the most important phytoplasma disease of Euro-Mediterranean area and induces severe loss of production and even the death of vines. Understanding the delicate balance between disease progression and recovery of BN infected plants over space and time is crucial to set up management tools. The data collected and analysed allowed to provide insights into dispersal pattern of the disease, caused by’Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’. Point pattern analysis (PPA) was applied to assess the spatial arrangement of symptomatic plants and the spatial correlation of disease levels in four vineyards. For spatio-temporal patterns of BN, a mark-correlation function was applied. Space-time PPA over multiple years (2011–2015) provided graphical visualisation of grapevines more severely affected by BN along the borders of the vineyards, mainly in 2011 when disease incidence was high. PPA across the symptomatic plants in the four vineyards confirmed this visual trend: an overall aggregated pattern at small (<10 m) spatial scales (2013) that were more evident later at all spatial scales (0–15 m). Application of this innovative spatial approach based on point and surface pattern analyses allowed the spread and severity of BN to be monitored, to define the dispersal routes of the pathogen. Such data will contribute to better understand the distribution of symptomatic plants over space and time and to define a model for preventive strategies to reduce future infections.

ACS Style

Sergio Murolo; Matteo Garbarino; Valeria Mancini; Gianfranco Romanazzi. Spatial pattern of Bois noir: case study of a delicate balance between disease progression and recovery. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Sergio Murolo, Matteo Garbarino, Valeria Mancini, Gianfranco Romanazzi. Spatial pattern of Bois noir: case study of a delicate balance between disease progression and recovery. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sergio Murolo; Matteo Garbarino; Valeria Mancini; Gianfranco Romanazzi. 2020. "Spatial pattern of Bois noir: case study of a delicate balance between disease progression and recovery." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-11.

Research article
Published: 01 May 2020 in Plant Disease
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Squash is one of the most important crops of tropical and temperate regions, and it can be affected by several fungal pathogens. Most of these pathogens infect the seeds, which become an efficient vehicle to disperse seedborne pathogens over long distances, with consequent severe crop losses. The main objective of this study was the identification of the principal seedborne fungi in seeds extracted from 66 samples of asymptomatic and symptomatic squash fruit (Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita moschata) collected in two countries, Tunisia and Italy. The symptoms of fruit decay were identified and classified according to lesion size. Following the blotter test, 14 fungal species were detected from the seeds. Seedborne fungi were identified in all fruit samples tested, including asymptomatic fruit. The most frequent fungi from Tunisian seeds were Alternaria alternata (25.1%), followed by Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum (24.6%), Fusarium solani (16.6%), Rhizopus stolonifer (13.3%), F. fujikuroi (7.8%), Albifimbria verrucaria (3.3%), and Stemphylium vesicarium (2.3%). For the fruits from Italy, the most frequently identified fungal species in seed samples were Alternaria alternata (40.0%), followed by F. fujikuroi (20.8%), Stemphylium vesicarium (3.0%), and Curvularia spicifera (2.1%). Morphological identification was confirmed by molecular diagnosis using the available species-specific primers. Furthermore, specific primers were designed to identify Albifimbria verrucaria, Paramyrothecium roridum, and Stemphylium vesicarium. Application of seed-health testing methods, including such conventional and molecular diagnostic tools, will help to improve seed quality and crop yields.

ACS Style

Marwa Moumni; Mohamed Bechir Allagui; Valeria Mancini; Sergio Murolo; Neji Tarchoun; Gianfranco Romanazzi. Morphological and Molecular Identification of Seedborne Fungi in Squash (Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita moschata). Plant Disease 2020, 104, 1335 -1350.

AMA Style

Marwa Moumni, Mohamed Bechir Allagui, Valeria Mancini, Sergio Murolo, Neji Tarchoun, Gianfranco Romanazzi. Morphological and Molecular Identification of Seedborne Fungi in Squash (Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita moschata). Plant Disease. 2020; 104 (5):1335-1350.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marwa Moumni; Mohamed Bechir Allagui; Valeria Mancini; Sergio Murolo; Neji Tarchoun; Gianfranco Romanazzi. 2020. "Morphological and Molecular Identification of Seedborne Fungi in Squash (Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita moschata)." Plant Disease 104, no. 5: 1335-1350.

Research article
Published: 01 February 2020 in Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions®
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Monilinia laxa is the causal agent of brown rot on stone fruit, and it can cause heavy yield losses during field production and postharvest storage. This article reports the draft genome assembly of the M. laxa Mlax316 strain, obtained using a hybrid genome assembly with both Illumina short-reads and PacBio long-reads sequencing technologies. The complete draft genome consists of 49 scaffolds with total size of 42.81 Mb, and scaffold N50 of 2,449.4 kb. Annotation of the M. laxa assembly identified 11,163 genes and 12,424 proteins which were functionally annotated. This new genome draft improves current genomic resources available for M. laxa and represents a useful tool for further research into its interactions with host plants and into evolution in the Monilinia genus.

ACS Style

Lucia Landi; Stefania Pollastro; Caterina Rotolo; Gianfranco Romanazzi; Francesco Faretra; Rita Milvia De Miccolis Angelini. Draft Genomic Resources for the Brown Rot Fungal Pathogen Monilinia laxa. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 2020, 33, 145 -148.

AMA Style

Lucia Landi, Stefania Pollastro, Caterina Rotolo, Gianfranco Romanazzi, Francesco Faretra, Rita Milvia De Miccolis Angelini. Draft Genomic Resources for the Brown Rot Fungal Pathogen Monilinia laxa. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions®. 2020; 33 (2):145-148.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lucia Landi; Stefania Pollastro; Caterina Rotolo; Gianfranco Romanazzi; Francesco Faretra; Rita Milvia De Miccolis Angelini. 2020. "Draft Genomic Resources for the Brown Rot Fungal Pathogen Monilinia laxa." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 33, no. 2: 145-148.

Chapter
Published: 03 January 2020 in The First Outstanding 50 Years of “Università Politecnica delle Marche”
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The increasing World population requires high quantities and guaranteed quality of food with high nutritional value and little or no residues of synthetic pesticides. Therefore, it is mandatory to set up new agricultural techniques to improve soil fertility, favor optimal growth of crop plants, and increase crop resilience and resistance to pathogens and pests. An appropriate strategy for crop management includes optimization of application rates, available tools and the environmental fate of pesticides. Integrated pathogen and pest management involves a number of preventive measures based on agronomic, genetic, biological, and chemical control methods that will reduce the sensitivity of the agroecosystem. To obtain good results with minimal input, the correct application of biological, biotechnical, and chemical approaches needs to be followed according to best practice. In addition, evaluation of agricultural residues and supply-chain by- products can contribute to improvements to product sustainability, as highlighted by many life-cycle assessment studies. Finally, modern agriculture can benefit from new tools provided by precision farming, for improved efficiency of fertilizer use and effectiveness of application of organic soil improvers, biocontrol agents, semiochemicals, and botanical, microbiological, and synthetic pesticides. Such sustainable integrated approaches can be used for both small-scale and large-scale farming, with the main target of improved crop production, and in particular for organic farming, where agriculture can also have an important role in social inclusion.

ACS Style

Gianfranco Romanazzi; Paola Riolo; Daniele Duca; Roberto Orsini; Elga Monaci; Sergio Murolo; Roxana Luisa Minuz; Chiara Mengarelli; Martina Perugini; Elisa Verdolini; Alessio Ilari; Valeria Mancini; Erica Feliziani; Lucia Landi; Ester Foppa Pedretti; Rodolfo Santilocchi; Costantino Vischetti; Nunzio Isidoro. Innovation in Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests, and Effects on the Environment. The First Outstanding 50 Years of “Università Politecnica delle Marche” 2020, 601 -616.

AMA Style

Gianfranco Romanazzi, Paola Riolo, Daniele Duca, Roberto Orsini, Elga Monaci, Sergio Murolo, Roxana Luisa Minuz, Chiara Mengarelli, Martina Perugini, Elisa Verdolini, Alessio Ilari, Valeria Mancini, Erica Feliziani, Lucia Landi, Ester Foppa Pedretti, Rodolfo Santilocchi, Costantino Vischetti, Nunzio Isidoro. Innovation in Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests, and Effects on the Environment. The First Outstanding 50 Years of “Università Politecnica delle Marche”. 2020; ():601-616.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gianfranco Romanazzi; Paola Riolo; Daniele Duca; Roberto Orsini; Elga Monaci; Sergio Murolo; Roxana Luisa Minuz; Chiara Mengarelli; Martina Perugini; Elisa Verdolini; Alessio Ilari; Valeria Mancini; Erica Feliziani; Lucia Landi; Ester Foppa Pedretti; Rodolfo Santilocchi; Costantino Vischetti; Nunzio Isidoro. 2020. "Innovation in Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests, and Effects on the Environment." The First Outstanding 50 Years of “Università Politecnica delle Marche” , no. : 601-616.

Review
Published: 24 December 2019 in Crop Protection
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Colletotrichum spp is one of the major cosmopolitan phytopathogens that cause postharvest anthracnose in dragon fruits. The pathogen attacks fruits on the field, during long-distance transport, and cold storage, leading to shorter shelf life. Traditionally, the plants are sprayed with synthetic fungicides, which is a strategic approach to control diseases in general and anthracnose in particular for dragon fruit production. Due to the demand for safe storage methods for consumers and the concerns about the use of synthetic fungicides, their use is restricted to control dragon fruits anthracnose after harvest. Despite “Umikai” (natural Calcium) is the commonly used preservative by some exporters of dragon fruits in Vietnam, recent reports indicated that Sodium nitroprusside (a Nitric oxide donor) markedly controlled anthracnose in dragon fruit at recommended levels. However, due to detrimental effect of these nitric oxide donors and other synthetic chemicals on human health, concerns are raised by the governments and other stakeholders to abolish, if not regulate the use of these synthetic chemicals in pre- and postharvest management of anthracnose. Consequently, several alternative methods have been developed to control postharvest decay, but with little success. This review summarizes the findings published within the last decade on current management practices on postharvest anthracnose in dragon fruit. We conclude that hot air/vapor heat treatment, water treatment, modified and controlled atmosphere packaging are commercially practiced and effective in reducing postharvest decay in dragon fruits while, X-ray irradiation is still under experimentation, Additionally, natural products (propolis and chitosan) shows promising effect without leaving residual harmful effect and could be adopted on a commercial scale to reduce postharvest losses after further commercial trials.

ACS Style

Paa K. Bordoh; Asgar Ali; Matthew Dickinson; Yasmeen Siddiqui; Gianfranco Romanazzi. A review on the management of postharvest anthracnose in dragon fruits caused by Colletotrichum spp. Crop Protection 2019, 130, 105067 .

AMA Style

Paa K. Bordoh, Asgar Ali, Matthew Dickinson, Yasmeen Siddiqui, Gianfranco Romanazzi. A review on the management of postharvest anthracnose in dragon fruits caused by Colletotrichum spp. Crop Protection. 2019; 130 ():105067.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paa K. Bordoh; Asgar Ali; Matthew Dickinson; Yasmeen Siddiqui; Gianfranco Romanazzi. 2019. "A review on the management of postharvest anthracnose in dragon fruits caused by Colletotrichum spp." Crop Protection 130, no. : 105067.

Journal article
Published: 27 September 2019 in Genome Biology and Evolution
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Brown rot is a worldwide fungal disease of stone and pome fruit that is caused by several Monilinia species. Among these, Monilinia fructicola can cause severe preharvest and postharvest losses, especially for stone fruit. Here, we present a high-quality draft genome assembly of M. fructicola Mfrc123 strain obtained using both Illumina and PacBio sequencing technologies. The genome assembly comprised 20 scaffolds, including 29 telomere sequences at both ends of 10 scaffolds, and at a single end of 9 scaffolds. The total length was 44.05 Mb, with a scaffold N50 of 2,592 kb. Annotation of the M. fructicola assembly identified a total of 12,118 genes and 13,749 proteins that were functionally annotated. This newly generated reference genome is expected to significantly contribute to comparative analysis of genome biology and evolution within Monilinia species.

ACS Style

Rita Milvia De Miccolis Angelini; Gianfranco Romanazzi; Stefania Pollastro; Caterina Rotolo; Francesco Faretra; Lucia Landi. New High-Quality Draft Genome of the Brown Rot Fungal Pathogen Monilinia fructicola. Genome Biology and Evolution 2019, 11, 2850 -2855.

AMA Style

Rita Milvia De Miccolis Angelini, Gianfranco Romanazzi, Stefania Pollastro, Caterina Rotolo, Francesco Faretra, Lucia Landi. New High-Quality Draft Genome of the Brown Rot Fungal Pathogen Monilinia fructicola. Genome Biology and Evolution. 2019; 11 (10):2850-2855.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rita Milvia De Miccolis Angelini; Gianfranco Romanazzi; Stefania Pollastro; Caterina Rotolo; Francesco Faretra; Lucia Landi. 2019. "New High-Quality Draft Genome of the Brown Rot Fungal Pathogen Monilinia fructicola." Genome Biology and Evolution 11, no. 10: 2850-2855.

Research article
Published: 01 September 2019 in Plant Disease
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Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important horticultural crops in Iran, with >200,000 ha of cultivated area. Recently, outbreaks of the grapevine yellows Bois noir that is associated with phytoplasma strains related to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ were recorded in several Iranian regions. This has resulted in severe economic losses. We carried out a survey in 2015, followed by collection of leaf samples from symptomatic grapevines and weeds. Because no information is available on the molecular epidemiology of ‘Ca. P. solani’ in Iran, multiple gene analyses were carried out here according to molecular characterization of the tuf and vmp1 genes. From the molecular characterization, all of the samples (i.e., grapevines, weeds) were infected with tuf b type. Detailed molecular characterization of the vmp1 gene (i.e., PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism, sequence analysis) defined five molecular types: V1, V4, V10, V15, and V20. The abundance of Convolvulus arvensis in vineyards and detection of the same ‘Ca. P. solani’ molecular types in grapevines and weeds suggest that C. arvensis has a major role in Bois noir epidemiology of Iranian vineyards. Therefore, control strategies should be developed to manage these host plants to reduce inoculum sources of the phytoplasma in vineyards.

ACS Style

Elham Jamshidi; Sergio Murolo; Sareh Baghaee Ravari; Mohammad Salehi; Gianfranco Romanazzi. Molecular Typing of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ in Iranian Vineyards. Plant Disease 2019, 103, 2412 -2416.

AMA Style

Elham Jamshidi, Sergio Murolo, Sareh Baghaee Ravari, Mohammad Salehi, Gianfranco Romanazzi. Molecular Typing of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ in Iranian Vineyards. Plant Disease. 2019; 103 (9):2412-2416.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elham Jamshidi; Sergio Murolo; Sareh Baghaee Ravari; Mohammad Salehi; Gianfranco Romanazzi. 2019. "Molecular Typing of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ in Iranian Vineyards." Plant Disease 103, no. 9: 2412-2416.