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Prof. Show Pau-Loke
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Nottingham Malaysia

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0 Biochemical Engineering
0 Biotechnology
0 Food
0 Bioprocess Engineering
0 Algae biorefinery

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Original article
Published: 16 August 2021 in Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
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Biodiesel is considered a suitable substitute and eco-friendly energy source. It is produced from renewable sources. Second-generation feedstocks are gaining attention due to their availability in many parts of the world. The non-edible biomass reduces food competition in the market. The Xanthium spinosum is one of the unexplored non-edible biomass, which contains a high content of linoleic acid in its seeds. In this research, the potential of seed oil for methyl ester production has been analysed. It possesses a higher oil content of 35.30 ± 0.10 wt%. The total lipid and linoleic acid content of the seeds were found to be 35 and 32.11 wt%. The fuel properties of a Xanthium spinosum proved its potentiality as a biodiesel feedstock. To test the potential, the oil was converted into the methyl ester via transesterification with a yield of 93%. The different fuel properties like density, cetane number (CN), flash point, pour point and cloud point were in accordance with internationally recognised biodiesel standards and showed its better quality compared to others accounted biodiesel. As an alternative renewable energy source for biodiesel production, the oil from Xanthium spinosum biomass has the potential to be used as a greener, cleaner and sustainable approach.

ACS Style

Saira Asif; Muhammad Mubashir; Jiří Jaromír Klemeš; Sidra Saqib; Ahmad Mukhtar; Awais Bokhari; Jacqueline Lukose; Apurav Krishna Koyande; Kit Wayne Chew; Pau Loke Show. Enhanced production of non-edible Xanthium spinosum-based biodiesel using waste biomass under dynamic conditions. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 2021, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Saira Asif, Muhammad Mubashir, Jiří Jaromír Klemeš, Sidra Saqib, Ahmad Mukhtar, Awais Bokhari, Jacqueline Lukose, Apurav Krishna Koyande, Kit Wayne Chew, Pau Loke Show. Enhanced production of non-edible Xanthium spinosum-based biodiesel using waste biomass under dynamic conditions. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2021; ():1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saira Asif; Muhammad Mubashir; Jiří Jaromír Klemeš; Sidra Saqib; Ahmad Mukhtar; Awais Bokhari; Jacqueline Lukose; Apurav Krishna Koyande; Kit Wayne Chew; Pau Loke Show. 2021. "Enhanced production of non-edible Xanthium spinosum-based biodiesel using waste biomass under dynamic conditions." Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery , no. : 1-12.

Journal article
Published: 16 August 2021 in Journal of Hazardous Materials
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Colourants, micropollutants and heavy metals are regarded as the most notorious hazardous contaminants found in rivers, oceans and sewage treatment plants, with detrimental impacts on human health and environment. In recent development, algal biomass showed great potential for the synthesis of engineered algal adsorbents suitable for the adsorptive management of various pollutants. This review presents comprehensive investigations on the engineered synthesis routes focusing mainly on mechanical, thermochemical and activation processes to produce algal adsorbents. The adsorptive performances of engineered algal adsorbents are assessed in accordance with different categories of hazardous pollutants as well as in terms of their experimental and modelled adsorption capacities. Due to the unique physicochemical properties of macroalgae and microalgae in their adsorbent forms, the adsorption of hazardous pollutants was found to be highly effective, which involved different mechanisms such as physisorption, chemisorption, ion-exchange, complexation and others depending on the types of pollutants. Overall, both macroalgae and microalgae not only can be tailored into different forms of adsorbents based on the applications, their adsorption capacities are also far more superior compared to the conventional adsorbents.

ACS Style

Xin Jiat Lee; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Jecksin Ooi; Kai Ling Yu; Thing Chai Tham; Wei-Hsin Chen; Yong Sik Ok. Engineered macroalgal and microalgal adsorbents: Synthesis routes and adsorptive performance on hazardous water contaminants. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2021, 126921 .

AMA Style

Xin Jiat Lee, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Jecksin Ooi, Kai Ling Yu, Thing Chai Tham, Wei-Hsin Chen, Yong Sik Ok. Engineered macroalgal and microalgal adsorbents: Synthesis routes and adsorptive performance on hazardous water contaminants. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2021; ():126921.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xin Jiat Lee; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Jecksin Ooi; Kai Ling Yu; Thing Chai Tham; Wei-Hsin Chen; Yong Sik Ok. 2021. "Engineered macroalgal and microalgal adsorbents: Synthesis routes and adsorptive performance on hazardous water contaminants." Journal of Hazardous Materials , no. : 126921.

Correction
Published: 10 August 2021 in Molecular Biotechnology
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ACS Style

Irfan Navabshan; Balasubramaniyan Sakthivel; Rajesh Pandiyan; Mariya Gover Antoniraj; Selvakumar Dharmaraj; Veeramuthu Ashokkumar; Kuan Shiong Khoo; Kit Wayne Chew; Abimanyu Sugumaran; Pau Loke Show. Correction to: Computational Lock and Key and Dynamic Trajectory Analysis of Natural Biophors Against COVID-19 Spike Protein to Identify Effective Lead Molecules. Molecular Biotechnology 2021, 1 -1.

AMA Style

Irfan Navabshan, Balasubramaniyan Sakthivel, Rajesh Pandiyan, Mariya Gover Antoniraj, Selvakumar Dharmaraj, Veeramuthu Ashokkumar, Kuan Shiong Khoo, Kit Wayne Chew, Abimanyu Sugumaran, Pau Loke Show. Correction to: Computational Lock and Key and Dynamic Trajectory Analysis of Natural Biophors Against COVID-19 Spike Protein to Identify Effective Lead Molecules. Molecular Biotechnology. 2021; ():1-1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Irfan Navabshan; Balasubramaniyan Sakthivel; Rajesh Pandiyan; Mariya Gover Antoniraj; Selvakumar Dharmaraj; Veeramuthu Ashokkumar; Kuan Shiong Khoo; Kit Wayne Chew; Abimanyu Sugumaran; Pau Loke Show. 2021. "Correction to: Computational Lock and Key and Dynamic Trajectory Analysis of Natural Biophors Against COVID-19 Spike Protein to Identify Effective Lead Molecules." Molecular Biotechnology , no. : 1-1.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2021 in Processes
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In this study, the response surface methodology (RSM) optimization technique was employed for investigating the impact of hydroxy gas (HHO) enriched diesel on performance, acoustics, smoke and exhaust gas emissions of the compression ignition (CI) engine. The engine was operated within the HHO flow rate range of 0–10 L/min and engine loads of 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 75%. The results disclosed that HHO concentration and engine load had a substantial influence on the response variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results of developed quadratic models indicated the appropriate fit for all models. Moreover, the optimization of the user-defined historical design of an experiment identified an optimum HHO flow rate of 8 L/min and 41% engine load, with composite desirability of 0.733. The responses corresponding to optimal study factors were 25.44%, 0.315 kg/kWh, 117.73 ppm, 140.87 ppm, 99.37 dB, and 1.97% for brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), CO, HC, noise, and smoke, respectively. The absolute percentage errors (APEs) of RSM were predicted and experimental results were below 5%, which vouched for the reliable use of RSM for the prediction and optimization of acoustics and smoke and exhaust emission characteristics along with the performance of a CI engine.

ACS Style

Muhammad Usman; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Mei Ong; Muhammad Saleem; Muneeb Irshad; Zain Hassan; Fahid Riaz; Muhammad Shah; Muhammad Qyyum; Moonyong Lee; Pau Show. Response Surface Methodology Routed Optimization of Performance of Hydroxy Gas Enriched Diesel Fuel in Compression Ignition Engines. Processes 2021, 9, 1355 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Usman, Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Mei Ong, Muhammad Saleem, Muneeb Irshad, Zain Hassan, Fahid Riaz, Muhammad Shah, Muhammad Qyyum, Moonyong Lee, Pau Show. Response Surface Methodology Routed Optimization of Performance of Hydroxy Gas Enriched Diesel Fuel in Compression Ignition Engines. Processes. 2021; 9 (8):1355.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Usman; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Mei Ong; Muhammad Saleem; Muneeb Irshad; Zain Hassan; Fahid Riaz; Muhammad Shah; Muhammad Qyyum; Moonyong Lee; Pau Show. 2021. "Response Surface Methodology Routed Optimization of Performance of Hydroxy Gas Enriched Diesel Fuel in Compression Ignition Engines." Processes 9, no. 8: 1355.

Review
Published: 29 July 2021 in Sustainability
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The rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in early 2020 prompted a global lockdown from March to July 2020. Due to strict lockdown measures, many countries experienced economic downturns, negatively affecting many industries including energy, manufacturing, agriculture, finance, healthcare, food, education, tourism, and sports. Despite this, the COVID-19 pandemic provided a rare opportunity to observe the impacts of worldwide lockdown on global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and climate change. Being the main greenhouse gas responsible for rising global surface temperature, CO2 is released to the atmosphere primarily by burning fossil fuels. Compared to 2019, CO2 emissions for the world and Malaysia decreased significantly by 4.02% (−1365.83 MtCO2) and 9.7% (−225.97 MtCO2) in 2020. However, this is insufficient to cause long-term impacts on global CO2 levels and climate change. Therefore, in this review, we explored the effects of worldwide lockdown on global CO2 levels, the impacts of national lockdown on Malaysia’s CO2 emissions, and the influence of climate change in Malaysia.

ACS Style

Chung Tan; Mei Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Abd Shamsuddin; Pau Show. The Influence of COVID-19 on Global CO2 Emissions and Climate Change: A Perspective from Malaysia. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8461 .

AMA Style

Chung Tan, Mei Ong, Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Abd Shamsuddin, Pau Show. The Influence of COVID-19 on Global CO2 Emissions and Climate Change: A Perspective from Malaysia. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8461.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chung Tan; Mei Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Abd Shamsuddin; Pau Show. 2021. "The Influence of COVID-19 on Global CO2 Emissions and Climate Change: A Perspective from Malaysia." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8461.

Journal article
Published: 29 July 2021 in Processes
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The traditional pig manure wastewater treatment in Taiwan has been low in methane production efficiency due to unstable influent concentration, wastewater volume, and quality. Two-stage anaerobic systems, in contrast, have the advantage of buffering the organic loading rate in the first stage (hydrolysis-acidogenesis phase), allowing a more constant feeding rate to the second stage (methanogenesis phase). Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the operational period (0.5–2.0 d) and initial operational pH (4–10) for hydrolysis and acidogenesis of the swine manure (total solid 5.3%) at 35 °C in batch operation mode. A methanogenesis verification experiment with the optimal condition of operational period 1.5 d and pH 6.5 using batch operation resulted in peak volatile acid production 7 g COD/L, methane production rate (MPR) 0.3 L-CH4/L-d, and methane yield (MY) 92 mL-CH4/g-CODre (chemical oxygen demand removed). Moreover, a two-stage system including a hydrolysis-acidogenesis reactor with the optimal operating condition and a methanogenesis reactor provided an average MPR 163 mL/L-d and MY 38 mL/g volatile solids, which values are 60% higher than those of a single-stage system; both systems have similar dominant methane-producing species of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with each having around 30%–40%. The advantages of a two-stage anaerobic fermentation system in treating swine manure for biogas production are obvious.

ACS Style

Chiu-Yue Lin; Wai Chai; Chyi-How Lay; Chin-Chao Chen; Chun-Yi Lee; Pau Show. Optimization of Hydrolysis-Acidogenesis Phase of Swine Manure for Biogas Production Using Two-Stage Anaerobic Fermentation. Processes 2021, 9, 1324 .

AMA Style

Chiu-Yue Lin, Wai Chai, Chyi-How Lay, Chin-Chao Chen, Chun-Yi Lee, Pau Show. Optimization of Hydrolysis-Acidogenesis Phase of Swine Manure for Biogas Production Using Two-Stage Anaerobic Fermentation. Processes. 2021; 9 (8):1324.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chiu-Yue Lin; Wai Chai; Chyi-How Lay; Chin-Chao Chen; Chun-Yi Lee; Pau Show. 2021. "Optimization of Hydrolysis-Acidogenesis Phase of Swine Manure for Biogas Production Using Two-Stage Anaerobic Fermentation." Processes 9, no. 8: 1324.

Research article
Published: 29 July 2021 in Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology
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Bacillus species have been well-documented as bacteria isolated from soil with primary characteristics which were identified, and applied on agriculture, wastewater treatment, pharmaceutic and human life. This study paid attention to the characterization of Bacillus strains isolated from a particular resource such as seafood wastewater, and to list which correlating and different properties with those coming from soil. Of 15 Bacillus strains isolated Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and Bacillus cereus (B. cereus), which were analyzed by the phylogenetic tree from results of their sequences, were chosen for further investigation due to their majority of isolates. For antagonistic activity against E.coli ATCC 85922, no visible inhibitory zones were direct observed to isolates type strain B. cereus. Opposingly, of four B. subtilis exploiting this activity with AU>200, only one exhibited a strong AU of 327. In case of antibiotic susceptibility, B. subtilis was sensitive to most of the five antibiotics investigated in this study, particularly the high coefficient of cell's susceptibility over 0.8 against penicillin and tetracyclin. Additionally, the critical property in biofilm production, which was elucidated isolates, was amplified with two genes abrB and spo0A, and exhibited through SEM visualization.

ACS Style

Thi Ngoc Thu Tran; Nguyen Thi Dong Phuong; Ha Thuong Dinh; Bui Thi Tho; Ho Le Han; Truc Xuyen Nguyen‐Phan; Kuan Shiong Khoo; Kit Wayne Chew; Pau Loke Show. Characterization of bacteria type strain Bacillus . spp isolated from extracellular polymeric substance harvested in seafood wastewater. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Thi Ngoc Thu Tran, Nguyen Thi Dong Phuong, Ha Thuong Dinh, Bui Thi Tho, Ho Le Han, Truc Xuyen Nguyen‐Phan, Kuan Shiong Khoo, Kit Wayne Chew, Pau Loke Show. Characterization of bacteria type strain Bacillus . spp isolated from extracellular polymeric substance harvested in seafood wastewater. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thi Ngoc Thu Tran; Nguyen Thi Dong Phuong; Ha Thuong Dinh; Bui Thi Tho; Ho Le Han; Truc Xuyen Nguyen‐Phan; Kuan Shiong Khoo; Kit Wayne Chew; Pau Loke Show. 2021. "Characterization of bacteria type strain Bacillus . spp isolated from extracellular polymeric substance harvested in seafood wastewater." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 27 July 2021 in Chemosphere
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The experimental determination of thermophysical properties of nanofluid (NF) is time-consuming and costly, leading to the use of soft computing methods such as response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) to estimate these properties. The present study involves modelling and optimization of thermal conductivity and viscosity of NF, which comprises multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and thermal oil. The modelling is performed to predict the thermal conductivity and viscosity of NF by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Both models were tested and validated, which showed promising results. In addition, a detailed optimization study was conducted to investigate the optimum thermal conductivity and viscosity by varying temperature and NF weight per cent. Four case studies were explored using different objective functions based on NF application in various industries. The first case study aimed to maximize thermal conductivity (0.15985 W/m oC) while minimizing viscosity (0.03501 Pa.s) obtained at 57.86 °C and 0.85 NF wt%. The goal of the second case study was to minimize thermal conductivity (0.13949 W/m °C) and viscosity (0.02526 Pa.s) obtained at 55.88 °C and 0.15 NF wt%. The third case study targeted maximizing thermal conductivity (0.15797 W/m °C) and viscosity (0.07611 Pa.s), and the optimum temperature and NF wt% were 30.64 °C and 0.0.85 respectively. The last case study explored the minimum thermal conductivity (0.13735) and maximum viscosity (0.05263 Pa.s) obtained at 30.64 °C and 0.15 NF wt%.

ACS Style

Khuram Maqsood; Abulhassan Ali; Suhaib Umer Ilyas; Sahil Garg; Mohd Danish; Aymn Abdulrahman; Saeed Rubaiee; Mustafa Alsaady; Abdulkader S. Hanbazazah; Abdullah Bin Mahfouz; Syahrir Ridha; Muhammad Mubashir; Hooi Ren Lim; Kuan Shiong Khoo; Pau Loke Show. Multi-objective optimization of thermophysical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes based nanofluids. Chemosphere 2021, 286, 131690 .

AMA Style

Khuram Maqsood, Abulhassan Ali, Suhaib Umer Ilyas, Sahil Garg, Mohd Danish, Aymn Abdulrahman, Saeed Rubaiee, Mustafa Alsaady, Abdulkader S. Hanbazazah, Abdullah Bin Mahfouz, Syahrir Ridha, Muhammad Mubashir, Hooi Ren Lim, Kuan Shiong Khoo, Pau Loke Show. Multi-objective optimization of thermophysical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes based nanofluids. Chemosphere. 2021; 286 ():131690.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Khuram Maqsood; Abulhassan Ali; Suhaib Umer Ilyas; Sahil Garg; Mohd Danish; Aymn Abdulrahman; Saeed Rubaiee; Mustafa Alsaady; Abdulkader S. Hanbazazah; Abdullah Bin Mahfouz; Syahrir Ridha; Muhammad Mubashir; Hooi Ren Lim; Kuan Shiong Khoo; Pau Loke Show. 2021. "Multi-objective optimization of thermophysical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes based nanofluids." Chemosphere 286, no. : 131690.

Journal article
Published: 27 July 2021 in Renewable Energy
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This study aims to investigate the density and viscosity of ternary biodiesel blends. Fuel density and viscosity play an important role in the fuel injection system, flame propagation, and combustion process in compression ignition engine. The density and viscosity of biodiesel are higher than high-speed diesel which is an implication in the commercialization of biodiesel. In the present study, palm oil has been used for the production of biodiesel through the ultrasound-assisted transesterification process. Three different types of fuel additives including butanol, dimethyl carbonate, and plastic oil have been used for the preparation of nine ternary biodiesel blends. The density and viscosity of individual fuels and ternary biodiesel were measured experimentally in a temperature range of 281.51 K–348.15 K. For the prediction of density and viscosity of ternary biodiesel blends, four density and viscosity models were developed. The prediction accuracy of these developed models was assessed by a statistical tool absolute percentage error (APE). Newly proposed exponential regression models predicted well compared to experimental data for density and viscosity values with high regression coefficient 0.9995 and 0.9841 and lower mean absolute percentage of error 0.012 % and – 0.516 % at (348.15 K) temperature respectively. These correlations are significant for the automobile industry in developing fuel pipeline and transport equipment where additives would be present in diesel-biodiesel fuel blends.

ACS Style

M.A. Mujtaba; M.A. Kalam; H.H. Masjuki; Luqman Razzaq; Haris Mehmood Khan; Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar; M. Gul; Waqar Ahmed; V. Dhana Raju; Ravinder Kumar; Hwai Chyuan Ong. Development of empirical correlations for density and viscosity estimation of ternary biodiesel blends. Renewable Energy 2021, 179, 1447 -1457.

AMA Style

M.A. Mujtaba, M.A. Kalam, H.H. Masjuki, Luqman Razzaq, Haris Mehmood Khan, Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar, M. Gul, Waqar Ahmed, V. Dhana Raju, Ravinder Kumar, Hwai Chyuan Ong. Development of empirical correlations for density and viscosity estimation of ternary biodiesel blends. Renewable Energy. 2021; 179 ():1447-1457.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M.A. Mujtaba; M.A. Kalam; H.H. Masjuki; Luqman Razzaq; Haris Mehmood Khan; Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar; M. Gul; Waqar Ahmed; V. Dhana Raju; Ravinder Kumar; Hwai Chyuan Ong. 2021. "Development of empirical correlations for density and viscosity estimation of ternary biodiesel blends." Renewable Energy 179, no. : 1447-1457.

Journal article
Published: 26 July 2021 in Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification
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This study reports the isolation of a potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermented Solanum macrocarpon food and evaluates shrimp bacterial pathogens' inhibition. The isolate was determined by identifying the inhibition zone against Vibrio parahaemolyticus with an antagonistic activity of 360 AU/mL. Molecular identification based on 16S rRNA indicated that the isolate belongs to the Pediococcus genus, Pediococcus pentosaceus HN10. The isolate exhibited effective inhibitory ability against various pathogenic Vibrio spp. including antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli ATCC 85922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25023. P. pentosaceus HN10 showed potential probiotic properties such as strong salt tolerance, low pH and bile salts resistance, autoaggregation and coaggregation activities. P. pentosaceus HN10 was negative for β-hemolytic and amino acid decarboxylase. Antibiotic resistance assay showed that this strain was sensitive to ampicillin and chloramphenicol. P. pentosaceus HN10 expressed strongly antioxidant activity. In vivo challenge to V. parahaemolyticus in shrimp model indicated P. pentosaceus HN10 enhanced survival rate, weight gain as well as reduced the number of Vibrio in shrimp intestine tract. Overall, this study suggests that P. pentosaceus HN10 could be applied as a supplementation feed for shrimp to minimize pathogenic bacteria's negative effect.

ACS Style

Trinh Thi Phuong Thao; Le Thi Kim Thoa; Le My Tieu Ngoc; Truong Thi Phuong Lan; Tran Vinh Phuong; Truong Thi Hong Hai; Kuan Shiong Khoo; Sivakumar Manickam; Truong Thi Hoa; Nguyen Duy Quynh Tram; Pau Loke Show; Nguyen Duc Huy. Characterization halotolerant lactic acid bacteria Pediococcus pentosaceus HN10 and in vivo evaluation for bacterial pathogens inhibition. Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification 2021, 108576 .

AMA Style

Trinh Thi Phuong Thao, Le Thi Kim Thoa, Le My Tieu Ngoc, Truong Thi Phuong Lan, Tran Vinh Phuong, Truong Thi Hong Hai, Kuan Shiong Khoo, Sivakumar Manickam, Truong Thi Hoa, Nguyen Duy Quynh Tram, Pau Loke Show, Nguyen Duc Huy. Characterization halotolerant lactic acid bacteria Pediococcus pentosaceus HN10 and in vivo evaluation for bacterial pathogens inhibition. Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification. 2021; ():108576.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Trinh Thi Phuong Thao; Le Thi Kim Thoa; Le My Tieu Ngoc; Truong Thi Phuong Lan; Tran Vinh Phuong; Truong Thi Hong Hai; Kuan Shiong Khoo; Sivakumar Manickam; Truong Thi Hoa; Nguyen Duy Quynh Tram; Pau Loke Show; Nguyen Duc Huy. 2021. "Characterization halotolerant lactic acid bacteria Pediococcus pentosaceus HN10 and in vivo evaluation for bacterial pathogens inhibition." Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification , no. : 108576.

Review article
Published: 24 July 2021 in Trends in Food Science & Technology
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With the advent of the 21st century, natural food products and functional food ingredients have been heavily marketed as additives to improve human health and well-being. Although the early iterations were chemically synthesized, more emphasis on natural raw materials for pharmaceutical products shifted the focus towards microorganisms such as algae Algae are known to contain a wide range of functional components, such as carotenoids, chlorophyll, docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and astaxanthin. These components possess numerous benefits for value-added food applications and are widely sought after in the current market. Due to the high expenditure related to the production of these nutraceutical items, researchers are looking towards enhancing the yield with the help of nanotechnology. Algae also proved to be a safe and cheaper alternative in the production of nanoparticles (NPs), which demonstrate a range of antimicrobial properties. Additionally, algae secrete various important biomolecules and bioactive components upon exposure to nanoparticles which can be utilized in the pharmaceutical industry. Further research focused on improving biomolecules secretion and sustainable NPs production is necessary for the exponential growth of this sector in the industrial world. This review highlights the studies conducted in the field of nanotechnology mediated with algae to enhance the generation of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals.

ACS Style

Apurav Krishna Koyande; Kit Wayne Chew; Sivakumar Manickam; Jo-Shu Chang; Pau-Loke Show. Emerging algal nanotechnology for high-value compounds: A direction to future food production. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2021, 116, 290 -302.

AMA Style

Apurav Krishna Koyande, Kit Wayne Chew, Sivakumar Manickam, Jo-Shu Chang, Pau-Loke Show. Emerging algal nanotechnology for high-value compounds: A direction to future food production. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2021; 116 ():290-302.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Apurav Krishna Koyande; Kit Wayne Chew; Sivakumar Manickam; Jo-Shu Chang; Pau-Loke Show. 2021. "Emerging algal nanotechnology for high-value compounds: A direction to future food production." Trends in Food Science & Technology 116, no. : 290-302.

Review article
Published: 12 July 2021 in Chemosphere
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Genetic engineering applications in the field of biofuel are rapidly expanding due to their potential to boost biomass productivity while lowering its cost and enhancing its quality. Recently, fourth-generation biofuel (FGB), which is biofuel obtained from genetically modified (GM) algae biomass, has gained considerable attention from academic and industrial communities. However, replacing fossil resources with FGB is still beset with many challenges. Most notably, technical aspects of genetic modification operations need to be more fully articulated and elaborated. However, relatively little attention has been paid to GM algal biomass. There is a limited number of reviews on the progress and challenges faced in the algal genetics of FGB. Therefore, the present review aims to fill this gap in the literature by recapitulating the findings of recent studies and achievements on safe and efficient genetic manipulation in the production of FGB. Then, the essential issues and parameters related to genome editing in algal strains are highlighted. Finally, the main challenges to FGB pertaining to the diffusion risk and regulatory frameworks are addressed. This review concluded that the technical and biosafety aspects of FGB, as well as the complexity and diversity of the related regulations, legitimacy concerns, and health and environmental risks, are among the most important challenges that require a strong commitment at the national/international levels to reach a global consensus.

ACS Style

Hoofar Shokravi; Zahra Shokravi; Mahshid Heidarrezaei; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Seyed Saeid Rahimian Koloor; Michal Petrů; Woei Jye Lau; Ahmad Fauzi Ismail. Fourth generation biofuel from genetically modified algal biomass: Challenges and future directions. Chemosphere 2021, 285, 131535 .

AMA Style

Hoofar Shokravi, Zahra Shokravi, Mahshid Heidarrezaei, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Seyed Saeid Rahimian Koloor, Michal Petrů, Woei Jye Lau, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail. Fourth generation biofuel from genetically modified algal biomass: Challenges and future directions. Chemosphere. 2021; 285 ():131535.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hoofar Shokravi; Zahra Shokravi; Mahshid Heidarrezaei; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Seyed Saeid Rahimian Koloor; Michal Petrů; Woei Jye Lau; Ahmad Fauzi Ismail. 2021. "Fourth generation biofuel from genetically modified algal biomass: Challenges and future directions." Chemosphere 285, no. : 131535.

Review
Published: 12 July 2021 in Energies
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Air pollution caused by vehicle emissions has raised serious public health concerns. Vehicle emissions generally depend on many factors, such as the nature of the vehicle, driving style, traffic conditions, emission control technologies, and operational conditions. Concerns about the certification cycles used by various regulatory authorities are growing due to the difference in emission during certification procedure and Real Driving Emissions (RDE). Under laboratory conditions, certification tests are performed in a ‘chassis dynamometer’ for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and an ‘engine dynamometer’ for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). As a result, the test drive cycles used to measure the automotive emissions do not correctly reflect the vehicle’s real-world driving pattern. Consequently, the RDE regulation is being phased in to reduce the disparity between type approval and vehicle’s real-world emissions. According to this review, different variables such as traffic signals, driving dynamics, congestions, altitude, ambient temperature, and so on have a major influence on actual driving pollution. Aside from that, cold-start and hot-start have been shown to have an effect on on-road pollution. Contrary to common opinion, new technology such as start-stop systems boost automotive emissions rather than decreasing them owing to unfavourable conditions from the point of view of exhaust emissions and exhaust after-treatment systems. In addition, the driving dynamics are not represented in the current laboratory-based test procedures. As a result, it is critical to establish an on-road testing protocol to obtain a true representation of vehicular emissions and reduce emissions to a standard level. The incorporation of RDE clauses into certification procedures would have a positive impact on global air quality.

ACS Style

S. Rahman; I. Fattah; Hwai Ong; Fajle Ashik; Mohammad Hassan; Tausif Murshed; Ashraful Imran; Rahman; Rahman; Mohammad Hasan; T. Mahlia. State-of-the-Art of Establishing Test Procedures for Real Driving Gaseous Emissions from Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles. Energies 2021, 14, 4195 .

AMA Style

S. Rahman, I. Fattah, Hwai Ong, Fajle Ashik, Mohammad Hassan, Tausif Murshed, Ashraful Imran, Rahman, Rahman, Mohammad Hasan, T. Mahlia. State-of-the-Art of Establishing Test Procedures for Real Driving Gaseous Emissions from Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles. Energies. 2021; 14 (14):4195.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Rahman; I. Fattah; Hwai Ong; Fajle Ashik; Mohammad Hassan; Tausif Murshed; Ashraful Imran; Rahman; Rahman; Mohammad Hasan; T. Mahlia. 2021. "State-of-the-Art of Establishing Test Procedures for Real Driving Gaseous Emissions from Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles." Energies 14, no. 14: 4195.

Journal article
Published: 09 July 2021 in Journal of Environmental Management
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The production of chemicals and fuels from renewable biomass with the primary aim of reducing carbon footprints has recently become one of the central points of interest. The use of lignocellulosic biomass for energy production is believed to meet the main criteria of maximizing the available global energy source and minimizing pollutant emissions. However, before usage in bioenergy production, lignocellulosic biomass needs to undergo several processes, among which biomass pretreatment plays an important role in the yield, productivity, and quality of the products. Acid-based pretreatment, one of the existing methods applied for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment, has several advantages, such as short operating time and high efficiency. A thorough analysis of the characteristics of acid-based biomass pretreatment is presented in this review. The environmental concerns and future challenges involved in using acid pretreatment methods are discussed in detail to achieve clean and sustainable bioenergy production. The application of acid to biomass pretreatment is considered an effective process for biorefineries that aim to optimize the production of desired products while minimizing the by-products.

ACS Style

Anh Tuan Hoang; Sandro Nizetic; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Cheng Tung Chong; A.E. Atabani; Van Viet Pham. Acid-based lignocellulosic biomass biorefinery for bioenergy production: Advantages, application constraints, and perspectives. Journal of Environmental Management 2021, 296, 113194 .

AMA Style

Anh Tuan Hoang, Sandro Nizetic, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Cheng Tung Chong, A.E. Atabani, Van Viet Pham. Acid-based lignocellulosic biomass biorefinery for bioenergy production: Advantages, application constraints, and perspectives. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021; 296 ():113194.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anh Tuan Hoang; Sandro Nizetic; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Cheng Tung Chong; A.E. Atabani; Van Viet Pham. 2021. "Acid-based lignocellulosic biomass biorefinery for bioenergy production: Advantages, application constraints, and perspectives." Journal of Environmental Management 296, no. : 113194.

Journal article
Published: 08 July 2021 in Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
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The present research aims to study the long-term impacts of soil extractable carbohydrate content from the conversion of forest to paddy field, using three environmentally friendly methods: ultrasound assist (37 Hz/30 min), hot water (80 °C/4 h), and cold water (25 °C/30 min). Soil samples collected at the depth of 0–15 cm from natural forest, rice paddy, and border area were extracted by distilled water at the ratio 1:10 (soil: water). Contents of soil organic carbon (SOC) and extracted carbohydrate (ECH) in the natural forest and rice paddy were similar, and higher than in border area by 50%. Results showed the highest content of ECH was extracted using hot water (304–691 mg.Carbohydrate/kg soil, 4% of SOC), followed by ultrasound (102–305 mg.Carbohydrate/kg soil, 1.7% of SOC), and the lowest amount addressed to cold-water extraction (65–252 mg.Carbohydrate/kg soil, 1.2% of SOC). The ECH/SOC ratios in three soil types were the same and ranged from 0.9% to 4.2%. We conclude the long-term conversion of forest to rice paddy maintain both SOC and ECH, furthermore, hot water extraction at 80 °C/4 h is the optimum method for extraction of carbohydrate using non-chemical solvents.

ACS Style

Nguyen-Sy Toan; Xuefei Tan; Nguyen Thi Dong Phuong; Nurul Syahirah Mat Aron; Kit Wayne Chew; Kuan Shiong Khoo; Tran Thi Ngoc Thu; Duong Thi Lim; Pham Duy Dong; Wei Lun Ang; Pau Loke Show. Advanced green bioprocess of soil carbohydrate extraction from long-term conversion of forest soil to paddy field. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2021, 9, 106021 .

AMA Style

Nguyen-Sy Toan, Xuefei Tan, Nguyen Thi Dong Phuong, Nurul Syahirah Mat Aron, Kit Wayne Chew, Kuan Shiong Khoo, Tran Thi Ngoc Thu, Duong Thi Lim, Pham Duy Dong, Wei Lun Ang, Pau Loke Show. Advanced green bioprocess of soil carbohydrate extraction from long-term conversion of forest soil to paddy field. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2021; 9 (5):106021.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nguyen-Sy Toan; Xuefei Tan; Nguyen Thi Dong Phuong; Nurul Syahirah Mat Aron; Kit Wayne Chew; Kuan Shiong Khoo; Tran Thi Ngoc Thu; Duong Thi Lim; Pham Duy Dong; Wei Lun Ang; Pau Loke Show. 2021. "Advanced green bioprocess of soil carbohydrate extraction from long-term conversion of forest soil to paddy field." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 9, no. 5: 106021.

Journal article
Published: 08 July 2021 in Chemosphere
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The restoration of mechanical properties is desired for creating the self-healing coatings with no corrosion capabilities. The encapsulation of epoxy resins is limited by various factors in urea and melamine formaldehyde microcapsules. An improved method was developed, where epoxy resin was encapsulated by individual wrapping of poly(melamine-formaldehyde) and poly(urea-formaldehyde) shell around emulsified epoxy droplets via oil-in-water emulsion polymerization method. The synthesized materials were characterized analytically. The curing of the epoxy was achieved by adding the [Ni/Co(2-MI)6].2NO3 as a latent hardener and iron acetylacetonate [Fe(acac)3] as a latent accelerator. Isothermal and non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetric analysis revealed lower curing temperature (Tonset = 116 °C) and lower activation energies (Ea ≈ 69–75 kJ/mol). The addition of microcapsules and complexes did not adversely alter the flexural strength and flexural modulus of the epoxy coatings. The adhesion strength of neat coating decreased from 6310.8 ± 31 to 4720.9 ± 60 kPa and percent healing increased from 50.83 to 67.45% in the presence of acetylacetonate complex at 10 wt% of microcapsules.

ACS Style

Hafeez Ullah; Khurram Shehzad Qureshi; Usama Khan; Maryam Zaffar; Yap Jen Yang; Nurul Ekmi Rabat; Muhammad Irfan Khan; Sidra Saqib; Ahmad Mukhtar; Sami Ullah; Muhammad Mubashir; Awais Bokhari; Wai Siong Chai; Kit Wayne Chew; Pau Loke Show. Self-healing epoxy coating synthesis by embedment of metal 2-methyl imidazole and acetylacetonate complexes with microcapsules. Chemosphere 2021, 285, 131492 .

AMA Style

Hafeez Ullah, Khurram Shehzad Qureshi, Usama Khan, Maryam Zaffar, Yap Jen Yang, Nurul Ekmi Rabat, Muhammad Irfan Khan, Sidra Saqib, Ahmad Mukhtar, Sami Ullah, Muhammad Mubashir, Awais Bokhari, Wai Siong Chai, Kit Wayne Chew, Pau Loke Show. Self-healing epoxy coating synthesis by embedment of metal 2-methyl imidazole and acetylacetonate complexes with microcapsules. Chemosphere. 2021; 285 ():131492.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hafeez Ullah; Khurram Shehzad Qureshi; Usama Khan; Maryam Zaffar; Yap Jen Yang; Nurul Ekmi Rabat; Muhammad Irfan Khan; Sidra Saqib; Ahmad Mukhtar; Sami Ullah; Muhammad Mubashir; Awais Bokhari; Wai Siong Chai; Kit Wayne Chew; Pau Loke Show. 2021. "Self-healing epoxy coating synthesis by embedment of metal 2-methyl imidazole and acetylacetonate complexes with microcapsules." Chemosphere 285, no. : 131492.

Review article
Published: 01 July 2021 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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Aviation sector discharges approximately 2% of the global anthropogenic CO2, and the proportion is growing. The search for cost-effective and environmental-friendly bio-jet fuels derived from natural resources is gaining momentum. The microalgae cultivation conditions including temperature, pH, light intensity and nutrients have shown significant influence on the microalgae growth rate and chemical composition, which create the opportunities to enhance the yield and quality of microalgae bio-jet fuel. This review is focused on the hydroprocessing method for converting microalgae oil into bio-jet fuel, as well as the novel conceptual approaches for bio-jet fuel production such as gasification with Fischer-Tropsch and sugar-to-jet. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of biomass is one of the best alternative ways to replace natural aviation fuel due to the high maximum energy efficiency and low emission of greenhouse gas. In addition, hydroprocessing with the aid of Ni and zeolites catalysts has successfully converted the microalgae biodiesel to bio-jet fuel with high yield and alkane selectivity. Among these techniques, hydroprocessing used the lowest production cost with the longest duration, whereas the bio-jet fuel with high selectivity (C8–C16) could be produced by using gasification with the Fischer-Tropsch process. Consequently, gasification and Fischer-Tropsch and sugar-to-jet can become the future alternative process to convert microalgae to bio-jet fuel. The development of microalgae bio-jet fuel will increase the security of energy supply and reduce the fuel expenses in aviation industry.

ACS Style

Jackson Hwa Keen Lim; Yong Yang Gan; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Beng Fye Lau; Wei-Hsin Chen; Cheng Tung Chong; Tau Chuan Ling; Jiří Jaromír Klemeš. Utilization of microalgae for bio-jet fuel production in the aviation sector: Challenges and perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2021, 149, 111396 .

AMA Style

Jackson Hwa Keen Lim, Yong Yang Gan, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Beng Fye Lau, Wei-Hsin Chen, Cheng Tung Chong, Tau Chuan Ling, Jiří Jaromír Klemeš. Utilization of microalgae for bio-jet fuel production in the aviation sector: Challenges and perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2021; 149 ():111396.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jackson Hwa Keen Lim; Yong Yang Gan; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Beng Fye Lau; Wei-Hsin Chen; Cheng Tung Chong; Tau Chuan Ling; Jiří Jaromír Klemeš. 2021. "Utilization of microalgae for bio-jet fuel production in the aviation sector: Challenges and perspective." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 149, no. : 111396.

Review
Published: 01 July 2021 in Energies
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Biodiesel is a clean, renewable, liquid fuel that can be used in existing diesel engines without modification as pure or blend. Transesterification (the primary process for biodiesel generation) via heterogeneous catalysis using low-cost waste feedstocks for catalyst synthesis improves the economics of biodiesel production. Heterogeneous catalysts are preferred for the industrial generation of biodiesel due to their robustness and low costs due to the easy separation and relatively higher reusability. Calcium oxides found in abundance in nature, e.g., in seashells and eggshells, are promising candidates for the synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts. However, process improvements are required to design productive calcium oxide-based catalysts at an industrial scale. The current work presents an overview of the biodiesel production advancements using calcium oxide-based catalysts (e.g., pure, supported, and mixed with metal oxides). The review discusses different factors involved in the synthesis of calcium oxide-based catalysts, and the effect of reaction parameters on the biodiesel yield of calcium oxide-based catalysis are studied. Further, the common reactor designs used for the heterogeneous catalysis using calcium oxide-based catalysts are explained. Moreover, the catalytic activity mechanism, challenges and prospects of the application of calcium oxide-based catalysts in biodiesel generation are discussed. The study of calcium oxide-based catalyst should continue to be evaluated for the potential of their application in the commercial sector as they remain the pivotal goal of these studies.

ACS Style

Hoora Mazaheri; Hwai Ong; Zeynab Amini; Haji Masjuki; M. Mofijur; Chia Su; Irfan Anjum Badruddin; T.M. Khan. An Overview of Biodiesel Production via Calcium Oxide Based Catalysts: Current State and Perspective. Energies 2021, 14, 3950 .

AMA Style

Hoora Mazaheri, Hwai Ong, Zeynab Amini, Haji Masjuki, M. Mofijur, Chia Su, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, T.M. Khan. An Overview of Biodiesel Production via Calcium Oxide Based Catalysts: Current State and Perspective. Energies. 2021; 14 (13):3950.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hoora Mazaheri; Hwai Ong; Zeynab Amini; Haji Masjuki; M. Mofijur; Chia Su; Irfan Anjum Badruddin; T.M. Khan. 2021. "An Overview of Biodiesel Production via Calcium Oxide Based Catalysts: Current State and Perspective." Energies 14, no. 13: 3950.

Review
Published: 01 July 2021 in Catalysts
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Biodiesel is a promising alternative to fossil fuels and mainly produced from oils/fat through the (trans)esterification process. To enhance the reaction efficiency and simplify the production process, various catalysts have been introduced for biodiesel synthesis. Recently, the use of bio-derived catalysts has attracted more interest due to their high catalytic activity and ecofriendly properties. These catalysts include alkali catalysts, acid catalysts, and enzymes (biocatalysts), which are (bio)synthesized from various natural sources. This review summarizes the latest findings on these bio-derived catalysts, as well as their source and catalytic activity. The advantages and disadvantages of these catalysts are also discussed. These bio-based catalysts show a promising future and can be further used as a renewable catalyst for sustainable biodiesel production.

ACS Style

Hoang Nguyen; My-Linh Nguyen; Chia-Hung Su; Hwai Ong; Horng-Yi Juan; Shao-Jung Wu. Bio-Derived Catalysts: A Current Trend of Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production. Catalysts 2021, 11, 812 .

AMA Style

Hoang Nguyen, My-Linh Nguyen, Chia-Hung Su, Hwai Ong, Horng-Yi Juan, Shao-Jung Wu. Bio-Derived Catalysts: A Current Trend of Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production. Catalysts. 2021; 11 (7):812.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hoang Nguyen; My-Linh Nguyen; Chia-Hung Su; Hwai Ong; Horng-Yi Juan; Shao-Jung Wu. 2021. "Bio-Derived Catalysts: A Current Trend of Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production." Catalysts 11, no. 7: 812.

Review
Published: 27 June 2021 in Fuel
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With increasing threat of global warming to the livelihood of planet earth, reduction of carbon emission to the atmosphere is inevitable. Carbon emission reduction can be achieved through carbon capture and replacement technologies. Microalgae and ammonia (NH3) have been known to be carbon capture and carbon replacement option, respectively. This paper examines the inter-relationship between these two candidates with carbon reduction potential: microalgae and ammonia, and their future perspectives. Firstly, impact of ammonia presence in natural habitat of microalgae is identified, from the aspect of microalgal growth characteristic, photosynthetic performance, and biochemical composition. Possible solutions of ammonia removal in aquatic system include biotreatment with microalgae, nitrification–denitrification with bacteria, ion exchange using zeolites, and membrane contactor technologies. Next, with ammonia being identified as potential future energy source, conventional ammonia production, as well as bio-ammonia production are discussed. Microalgae technology used to produce syngas through pyrolysis and hydrothermal gasification (HTG) are reviewed and is identified to produce ammonia to achieve carbon emission reduction target. Finally, the challenges and impacts of bio-ammonia production using microalgae are highlighted. The main factors determining the sustainability of microalgae-based technology are energy demand, environmental impacts, and production cost, with each having challenges to varied extent. Governmental policies that drive the development in this field are also discussed. However, further research on the impact on environment and energy consumption need to be thoroughly carried out, to enable clear improvement over current usage of fossil fuel.

ACS Style

Wai Siong Chai; Chee Hong Chew; Heli Siti Halimatul Munawaroh; Veeramuthu Ashokkumar; Chin Kui Cheng; Young-Kwon Park; Pau Loke Show. Microalgae and ammonia: A review on inter-relationship. Fuel 2021, 303, 121303 .

AMA Style

Wai Siong Chai, Chee Hong Chew, Heli Siti Halimatul Munawaroh, Veeramuthu Ashokkumar, Chin Kui Cheng, Young-Kwon Park, Pau Loke Show. Microalgae and ammonia: A review on inter-relationship. Fuel. 2021; 303 ():121303.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wai Siong Chai; Chee Hong Chew; Heli Siti Halimatul Munawaroh; Veeramuthu Ashokkumar; Chin Kui Cheng; Young-Kwon Park; Pau Loke Show. 2021. "Microalgae and ammonia: A review on inter-relationship." Fuel 303, no. : 121303.