This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.

Prof. Hong-Jian Yang
China Agricultural University

Basic Info


Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Ruminant Nutrition
0 methane production from ruminants
0 Rumen Microbiology
0 ruminant production
0 Animal Feed Science

Fingerprints

methane production from ruminants

Honors and Awards

The user has no records in this section


Career Timeline

The user has no records in this section.


Short Biography

The user biography is not available.
Following
Followers
Co Authors
The list of users this user is following is empty.
Following: 0 users

Feed

Journal article
Published: 28 August 2021 in Animals
Reads 0
Downloads 0

To better understand the transition of rumen function during the weaning period in dairy calves, sixteen Holstein dairy calves were selected and divided into two groups: pre-weaning (age = 56 ± 7 day, n = 8) and post-weaning (age = 80 ± 6 day, n = 8). The rumen fluid was obtained by an oral gastric tube. The rumen fermentation profile, enzyme activity, bacteria composition, and their inter-relationship were investigated. The results indicated that the post-weaning calves had a higher rumen acetate, propionate, butyrate, and microbial crude protein (MCP) than the pre-weaning calves (p< 0.05). The rumen pH in the post-weaning calves was lower than the pre-weaning calves (p< 0.05). The protease, carboxymethyl cellulase, cellobiohydrolase, and glucosidase in the post-weaning calves had a lower trend than the pre-weaning calves (0.05 < p< 0.1). There was no difference in α and β diversity between the two groups. Linear discriminant analysis showed that the phylum of Fibrobacteres in the post-weaning group was higher than the pre-weaning group. At the genus level, Shuttleworthia, Rikenellaceae, Fibrobacter, and Syntrophococcus could be worked as the unique bacteria in the post-weaning group. The rumen bacteria network node degree in the post-weaning group was higher than the pre-weaning group (16.54 vs. 9.5). The Shuttleworthia genus was highly positively correlated with MCP, propionate, total volatile fatty acid, glucosidase, acetate, and butyrate (r > 0.65, and p< 0.01). Our study provided new information about the rumen enzyme activity and its relationship with bacteria, which help us to better understand the effects of weaning on the rumen function.

ACS Style

Yangyi Hao; Chunyan Guo; Yue Gong; Xiaoge Sun; Wei Wang; Yajing Wang; Hongjian Yang; Zhijun Cao; Shengli Li. Rumen Fermentation, Digestive Enzyme Activity, and Bacteria Composition between Pre-Weaning and Post-Weaning Dairy Calves. Animals 2021, 11, 2527 .

AMA Style

Yangyi Hao, Chunyan Guo, Yue Gong, Xiaoge Sun, Wei Wang, Yajing Wang, Hongjian Yang, Zhijun Cao, Shengli Li. Rumen Fermentation, Digestive Enzyme Activity, and Bacteria Composition between Pre-Weaning and Post-Weaning Dairy Calves. Animals. 2021; 11 (9):2527.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yangyi Hao; Chunyan Guo; Yue Gong; Xiaoge Sun; Wei Wang; Yajing Wang; Hongjian Yang; Zhijun Cao; Shengli Li. 2021. "Rumen Fermentation, Digestive Enzyme Activity, and Bacteria Composition between Pre-Weaning and Post-Weaning Dairy Calves." Animals 11, no. 9: 2527.

Journal article
Published: 23 August 2021 in Microorganisms
Reads 0
Downloads 0

To understand the effects of diet and age on the rumen bacterial community and function, forty-eight dairy cattle at 1.5 (M1.5), 6 (M6), 9 (M9), 18 (M18), 23 (M23), and 27 (M27) months old were selected. Rumen fermentation profile, enzyme activity, and bacteria community in rumen fluid were measured. The acetate to propionate ratio (A/P) at M9, M18, and M23 was higher than other ages, and M6 was the lowest (p< 0.05). The total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) at M23 and M27 was higher than at other ages (p< 0.05). The urease at M18 was lower than at M1.5, M6, and M9, and the xylanase at M18 was higher than at M1.5, M23, and M27 (p< 0.05). Thirty-three bacteria were identified as biomarkers of the different groups based on the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) when the LDA score >4. The variation partitioning approach analysis showed that the age and diet had a 7.98 and 32.49% contribution to the rumen bacteria community variation, respectively. The richness of Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-002 and Fibrobacter were positive correlated with age (r > 0.60, p< 0.01) and positively correlated with TVFA and acetate (r > 0.50, p< 0.01). The Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Saccharofermentans has a positive correlation (r > 0.80, p< 0.05) with diet fiber and a negative correlation (r < −0.80, p< 0.05) with diet protein and starch, which were also positively correlated with the acetate and A/P (r > 0.50, p< 0.01). The genera of Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Saccharofermentans could be worked as the target bacteria to modulate the rumen fermentation by diet; meanwhile, the high age correlated bacteria such as Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-002 and Fibrobacter also should be considered when shaping the rumen function.

ACS Style

Yangyi Hao; Yue Gong; Shuai Huang; Shoukun Ji; Wei Wang; Yajing Wang; Hongjian Yang; Zhijun Cao; Shengli Li. Effects of Age, Diet CP, NDF, EE, and Starch on the Rumen Bacteria Community and Function in Dairy Cattle. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1788 .

AMA Style

Yangyi Hao, Yue Gong, Shuai Huang, Shoukun Ji, Wei Wang, Yajing Wang, Hongjian Yang, Zhijun Cao, Shengli Li. Effects of Age, Diet CP, NDF, EE, and Starch on the Rumen Bacteria Community and Function in Dairy Cattle. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (8):1788.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yangyi Hao; Yue Gong; Shuai Huang; Shoukun Ji; Wei Wang; Yajing Wang; Hongjian Yang; Zhijun Cao; Shengli Li. 2021. "Effects of Age, Diet CP, NDF, EE, and Starch on the Rumen Bacteria Community and Function in Dairy Cattle." Microorganisms 9, no. 8: 1788.

Journal article
Published: 13 August 2021 in Animals
Reads 0
Downloads 0

High-yield dairy cows with high-concentrate diets are more prone to experiencing health problems associated with rumen microbial imbalance. This study assessed the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture (SC), a food supplement, on ruminal pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), inflammatory cytokines, and performance of high-yield dairy cows. Forty Holstein cows with similar characteristics (e.g., milk yield, days of milk, and parity) were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group fed the basal ration supplemented with the SC of 100 g of SC per cow per day (hour, SC group), and a control group fed the same basal ration diet without SC (i.e., CON group). On average, the supplementation of SC started at 73 days of lactation. The experimental period lasted approximately 70 days (from 18 January to 27 March 2020), including 10 days for dietary adaptation. Milk yield was recorded daily. Rumen fluid and milk samples were collected after 2 h of feeding in the morning of day 0, 15, 30, and 60. The data showed that rumen pH increased (p< 0.05) when cows were provided with SC. On average, the cows in the SC group produced 1.36 kg (p< 0.05) more milk per day than those in the CON group. Milk fat content of cows in the SC group was also higher (4.11% vs. 3.96%) (p< 0.05). Compared with the CON group, the concentration of acetic acid in the rumen fluid of dairy cows in the SC group was significantly higher (p< 0.05). There were no differences (p > 0.05) found in milk protein content and propionic acid between groups. The SC group had a tendency increase in butyric acid (p = 0.062) and total VFA (p = 0.058). The result showed that SC supplementation also enhanced the ratio between acetic and propionic. Most of the mean inflammatory cytokine (IL-2, IL-6, γ-IFN, and TNF-α) concentrations (p< 0.05) of the SC group were lower than CON group. This study demonstrated that high-yield cows receiving supplemental SC could produce more milk with higher fat content, have higher rumen acetate, and potentially less inflammatory cytokines.

ACS Style

Xiaoge Sun; Yue Wang; Erdan Wang; Shu Zhang; Qianqian Wang; Yan Zhang; Yajing Wang; Zhijun Cao; Hongjian Yang; Wei Wang; Shengli Li. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Culture on Ruminal Fermentation, Blood Metabolism, and Performance of High-Yield Dairy Cows. Animals 2021, 11, 2401 .

AMA Style

Xiaoge Sun, Yue Wang, Erdan Wang, Shu Zhang, Qianqian Wang, Yan Zhang, Yajing Wang, Zhijun Cao, Hongjian Yang, Wei Wang, Shengli Li. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Culture on Ruminal Fermentation, Blood Metabolism, and Performance of High-Yield Dairy Cows. Animals. 2021; 11 (8):2401.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaoge Sun; Yue Wang; Erdan Wang; Shu Zhang; Qianqian Wang; Yan Zhang; Yajing Wang; Zhijun Cao; Hongjian Yang; Wei Wang; Shengli Li. 2021. "Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Culture on Ruminal Fermentation, Blood Metabolism, and Performance of High-Yield Dairy Cows." Animals 11, no. 8: 2401.

Journal article
Published: 22 June 2021 in AMB Express
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Regarding whole cottonseed (WCS), cottonseed meal (CSM), and cottonseed hull (CSH), in situ rumen incubation was applied to determine their nutrient and gossypol degradation characteristics and bacterial colonization profile in lactating Holstein cows. Nylon bags containing the cotton by-products were incubated for 0, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h in the rumen, respectively. The relationship between nutrient degradability and free gossypol (FG) content were examined, and the differences in the composition and inferred gene function of the colonized microbiota were studied. As a result, CSM presented highest effective degradability of dry matter, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre, but the highest effective degradability of crude protein was found in WCS. Free gossypol disappearance rate increased significantly in the first 6 h, and it reached approximately 94% at 72 h of incubation among all samples. The level of FG did not affect nutrient degradability of cotton by-products. Significant differences were noted in attached bacterial community structure among cotton by-products after 24 h rumen incubation. Among the most abundant taxa at genus level, a greater abundance of Cercis gigantea and Succiniclasticum was observed in WCS samples, whereas the CSH and CSM samples contained a greater proportion of Prevotella 1 and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group. The redundancy analysis revealed that the level of neutral detergent fibre, ether extract, and FG in cotton by-products were significantly positive related with the composition of the attached bacteria. Collectively, our results revealed the dynamics of degradation characteristics, and the difference in the composition of bacterial colonization. These findings are of importance for the targeted improvement of cotton by-products nutrient use efficiency in ruminants and further understanding of the gossypol degradation mechanism in the rumen.

ACS Style

Wei-Kang Wang; Yan-Lu Wang; Wen-Juan Li; Qi-Chao Wu; Kai-Lun Yang; Sheng-Li Li; Hong-Jian Yang. In situ rumen degradation characteristics and bacterial colonization of whole cottonseed, cottonseed hull and cottonseed meal with different gossypol content. AMB Express 2021, 11, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Wei-Kang Wang, Yan-Lu Wang, Wen-Juan Li, Qi-Chao Wu, Kai-Lun Yang, Sheng-Li Li, Hong-Jian Yang. In situ rumen degradation characteristics and bacterial colonization of whole cottonseed, cottonseed hull and cottonseed meal with different gossypol content. AMB Express. 2021; 11 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei-Kang Wang; Yan-Lu Wang; Wen-Juan Li; Qi-Chao Wu; Kai-Lun Yang; Sheng-Li Li; Hong-Jian Yang. 2021. "In situ rumen degradation characteristics and bacterial colonization of whole cottonseed, cottonseed hull and cottonseed meal with different gossypol content." AMB Express 11, no. 1: 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 16 May 2021 in Microorganisms
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Non-digestible polysaccharides are of great significance to human and animal intestinal health. Cellulose, arabinoxylan, β−glucan and glucomannan were selected in the present study to investigate the fermentation characteristics and fiber-degrading enzyme kinetics by inoculating pig fecal microbiota in vitro. Our results showed that fermentation of arabinoxylan and β-glucan produced the highest amount of acetate and lactate, respectively. The abundance of Prevotella_9 was the highest in β-glucan group and positively correlated with lactate and acetate. Glucomannan fermentation produced the highest amount of butyrate, and the abundance of Lachnospiraceae_XPB_1014_group and Bacteroides were the lowest. A significant negative correlation was found between Lachnospiraceae_XPB_1014_group, Bacteroides and butyrate. Exo-β-1,4-xylanase had the highest activity at 24 h during arabinoxylan fermentation. The activity of β-glucosidase and β-mannosidase at 36 h were higher than those at 15 h in the glucomannan group. The abundance of Prevotella_9 was positively correlated with β-glucosidase while Lachnospiraceae_XPB_1014_group and Bacteroides were negatively correlated with β-xylosidase. Our findings demonstrated the β-glucan and arabinoxylan promote proliferation of Prevotella_9, with the preference to secret β-glucosidase, β-mannosidase and the potential to produce lactate and acetate. Butyrate production can be improved by inhibiting the proliferation of Lachnospiraceae_XPB_1014_group and Bacteroides, which have the lack of potential to secret β-xylosidase.

ACS Style

Yu Bai; Xingjian Zhou; Na Li; Jinbiao Zhao; Hao Ye; Shiyi Zhang; Hongjian Yang; Yu Pi; Shiyu Tao; Dandan Han; Shuai Zhang; Junjun Wang. In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Fiber-Degrading Enzyme Kinetics of Cellulose, Arabinoxylan, β-Glucan and Glucomannan by Pig Fecal Microbiota. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1071 .

AMA Style

Yu Bai, Xingjian Zhou, Na Li, Jinbiao Zhao, Hao Ye, Shiyi Zhang, Hongjian Yang, Yu Pi, Shiyu Tao, Dandan Han, Shuai Zhang, Junjun Wang. In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Fiber-Degrading Enzyme Kinetics of Cellulose, Arabinoxylan, β-Glucan and Glucomannan by Pig Fecal Microbiota. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (5):1071.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu Bai; Xingjian Zhou; Na Li; Jinbiao Zhao; Hao Ye; Shiyi Zhang; Hongjian Yang; Yu Pi; Shiyu Tao; Dandan Han; Shuai Zhang; Junjun Wang. 2021. "In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Fiber-Degrading Enzyme Kinetics of Cellulose, Arabinoxylan, β-Glucan and Glucomannan by Pig Fecal Microbiota." Microorganisms 9, no. 5: 1071.

Journal article
Published: 08 March 2021 in Toxics
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Gossypol is a key anti-nutritional factor which limits the feeding application of cottonseed by-products in animal production. A 2 × 4 factorial in vitro experiment was conducted to determine the effect of gossypol addition levels of 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 mg/g on ruminal fermentation of a high-forage feed (HF, Chinese wildrye hay/corn meal = 3:2) in comparison with a low-forage feed (LF, Chinese wildrye hay/corn meal = 2:3). After 48 h of incubation, in vitro dry matter disappearance was greater in the LF than the HF group, while the cumulative gas production and asymptotic gas production were greater in the HF than the LF group (p < 0.05). Regardless of whatever ration type was incubated, the increasing gossypol addition did not alter in vitro dry matter disappearance. The asymptotic gas production, cumulative gas production, molar percentage of CO2 and H2 in fermentation gases, and microbial protein in cultural fluids decreased with the increase in the gossypol addition. Conversely, the gossypol addition increased the molar percentage of CH4, ammonia N, and total volatile fatty acid production. More than 95% of the gossypol addition disappeared after 48 h of in vitro incubation. Regardless of whatever ration type was incubated, the real-time PCR analysis showed that the gossypol addition decreased the populations of Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Prevotella ruminicola, Selenomonas ruminantium, and fungi but increased Ruminococcus flavefaciens, protozoa, and total bacteria in culture fluids in comparison with the control (p < 0.01). Additionally, the tendency of a smaller population was observed for R. albus, B. fibrisolvens, and fungi with greater inclusion of gossypol, but a greater population was observed for F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens, S. ruminantium, protozoa, and total bacteria. In summary, the present results suggest that rumen microorganisms indeed presented a high ability to degrade gossypol, but there was an obvious detrimental effect of the gossypol addition on rumen fermentation by decreasing microbial activity when the gossypol inclusion exceeded 0.5 mg/g, and such inhibitory effect was more pronounced in the low-forage than the high-forage group.

ACS Style

Wei-Kang Wang; Yan-Lu Wang; Wen-Juan Li; Qi-Chao Wu; Sheng-Li Li; Hong-Jian Yang. Gossypol Exhibited Higher Detrimental Effect on Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics of Low-Forage in Comparison with High-Forage Mixed Feeds. Toxics 2021, 9, 51 .

AMA Style

Wei-Kang Wang, Yan-Lu Wang, Wen-Juan Li, Qi-Chao Wu, Sheng-Li Li, Hong-Jian Yang. Gossypol Exhibited Higher Detrimental Effect on Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics of Low-Forage in Comparison with High-Forage Mixed Feeds. Toxics. 2021; 9 (3):51.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei-Kang Wang; Yan-Lu Wang; Wen-Juan Li; Qi-Chao Wu; Sheng-Li Li; Hong-Jian Yang. 2021. "Gossypol Exhibited Higher Detrimental Effect on Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics of Low-Forage in Comparison with High-Forage Mixed Feeds." Toxics 9, no. 3: 51.

Journal article
Published: 28 January 2021 in Animals
Reads 0
Downloads 0

This study was conducted to evaluate the dietary supplemental effects of 2-nitroethanol (NEOH) in comparison with monensin on methane (CH4) emission, growth performance and carcass characteristics in female lambs. Sixty female, small-tailed Chinese Han lambs (3.5 ± 0.3 month) were randomly allotted into three dietary treatment groups: (1) Control group, a basal control diet, (2) monensin group, the basal diet added with 40 mg/kg monensin, (3) NEOH group, the basal diet added with 277 mg/kg nitroethanol, and the feedlotting trial lasted for 70 days. Although dietary addition of monensin and NEOH did not affect nutrient digestibility of lambs, both monensin and NEOH decreased the calculated CH4 production (12.7% vs. 17.4% decrease; p < 0.01). In addition, the CH4 production represents less dietary energy loss in the monensin and NEOH group than in the control, indicating that monensin and NEOH are potent CH4 inhibitors that can reduce dietary energy loss. Dietary addition of monensin and NEOH decreased dry matter intake (p < 0.01); however, they increased the ADG of female lambs (p < 0.01). As a result, both monensin and NEOH increased feed conversion efficiency of the feedlotting lambs (p < 0.01), suggesting that feed energy saved from CH4 production promoted the feed efficiency and ADG in the present study. Except for the fact that NEOH addition increased the net muscle percentage to carcass weight (p = 0.03), neither monensin nor NEOH had a significant influence on carcass characteristics of female lambs (p > 0.05). From an economic point of view, NEOH and monensin caused a reduction in feed consumption costs, therefore resulting in a higher net revenue and economic efficiency than the control. In summary, dietary supplementation of NEOH in comparison with monensin presented a more promoting effect on energy utilization in female lambs by inhibiting rumen methanogenesis more efficiently, and NEOH improved the net revenue and economic efficiency more significantly than monensin.

ACS Style

Zhen-Wei Zhang; Yan-Lu Wang; Yong-Yan Chen; Luo-Tong Zhang; Ying-Jie Zhang; Yue-Qin Liu; Yun-Xia Guo; Hong-Jian Yang. The Dietary Supplemental Effect of Nitroethanol in Comparison with Monensin on Methane Emission, Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Female Lambs. Animals 2021, 11, 327 .

AMA Style

Zhen-Wei Zhang, Yan-Lu Wang, Yong-Yan Chen, Luo-Tong Zhang, Ying-Jie Zhang, Yue-Qin Liu, Yun-Xia Guo, Hong-Jian Yang. The Dietary Supplemental Effect of Nitroethanol in Comparison with Monensin on Methane Emission, Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Female Lambs. Animals. 2021; 11 (2):327.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhen-Wei Zhang; Yan-Lu Wang; Yong-Yan Chen; Luo-Tong Zhang; Ying-Jie Zhang; Yue-Qin Liu; Yun-Xia Guo; Hong-Jian Yang. 2021. "The Dietary Supplemental Effect of Nitroethanol in Comparison with Monensin on Methane Emission, Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Female Lambs." Animals 11, no. 2: 327.

Journal article
Published: 26 January 2021 in Animals
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The feeding value of replacing concentrate with cassava (Manihot esculenta) residue in the feed of Holstein cows was confirmed using an in vitro gas test. The treatments consisted of 0% (control, CON), 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% inclusion of cassava residue in fermentation culture medium composed of buffer solution (50 mL) and filtrated rumen fluid (25 mL). The parameters analyzed included the kinetics of gas production and fermentation indexes. Forty-eight hours later, there were no significant differences on in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), pH, and microbial crude protein (MCP) content among treatments (p > 0.05). However, the “cumulative gas production at 48 h” (GP48), the “asymptotic gas production” (A), and the “maximum gas production rate” (RmaxG) all increased linearly or quadratically (p < 0.01). The GP48 was significantly higher in the 25% treatment compared to the other treatments, except for the 30% (p < 0.01). The A was significantly larger in the 25% treatment compared to the other treatments, except for the 20% and 30% (p < 0.01). The RmaxG was distinctly larger in the 25% treatment compared to other treatments (p < 0.01); moreover, the “time at which RmaxG is reached” (TRmaxG) and the “time at which the maximum rate of substrate degradation is reached” (TRmaxS) were significantly higher in the 25% treatment than the CON, 20%, and 30% treatments (p < 0.01). Additionally, the content of ammonia-N (NH3-N) in all treatments showed linearly and quadratically decreases (p < 0.01), whereas total volatile fatty acid (VFA), iso-butyrate, butyrate, and iso-valerate contents changed quadratically (p = 0.02, p = 0.05, p = 0.01, and p = 0.02, respectively); all of these values peaked in the 25% treatment. In summary, the 25% treatment was associated with more in vitro gas and VFA production, indicating that this cassava residue inclusion level may be used to replace concentrate in the feed of Holstein cows. However, these results need to be verified in vivo.

ACS Style

Yuhui Zheng; Yanyan Zhao; Shenglin Xue; Wei Wang; Yajing Wang; Zhijun Cao; Hongjian Yang; Shengli Li. Feeding Value Assessment of Substituting Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Residue for Concentrate of Dairy Cows Using an In Vitro Gas Test. Animals 2021, 11, 307 .

AMA Style

Yuhui Zheng, Yanyan Zhao, Shenglin Xue, Wei Wang, Yajing Wang, Zhijun Cao, Hongjian Yang, Shengli Li. Feeding Value Assessment of Substituting Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Residue for Concentrate of Dairy Cows Using an In Vitro Gas Test. Animals. 2021; 11 (2):307.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuhui Zheng; Yanyan Zhao; Shenglin Xue; Wei Wang; Yajing Wang; Zhijun Cao; Hongjian Yang; Shengli Li. 2021. "Feeding Value Assessment of Substituting Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Residue for Concentrate of Dairy Cows Using an In Vitro Gas Test." Animals 11, no. 2: 307.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2020 in Foods
Reads 0
Downloads 0

In this study, the content of chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in domestic and imported infant formulas from Beijing, China were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The content of Cr, As, Cd and Pb was 2.51–83.80, 0.89–7.87, 0.13–3.58 and 0.36–5.57 μg/kg, respectively. Even though there were no significant differences in toxic elements content between domestic and imported infant formulas, Cd content was slightly lower in domestic samples. The estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) were calculated for infants between 0.5 and 5 y of age. The EDIs were lower than the oral reference doses. THQ of As, Cr, Cd and Pb was 0.027–0.103, 0.024–0.093, 0.0025–0.0090 and 0.0015–0.0046, respectively. HI values were 0.055–0.192 for boys and 0.056–0.209 for girls and were inversely associated with age with a threshold < 1. The non-carcinogenic risk value were in the safe range, indicating that exposure of As, Pb, Cr and Cd from infant formulas do not represent a health risk in China.

ACS Style

Chuanyou Su; Nan Zheng; Yanan Gao; Shengnan Huang; Xue Yang; Ziwei Wang; Hongjian Yang; Jiaqi Wang. Content and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Toxic Elements in Infant Formulas from the Chinese Market. Foods 2020, 9, 1839 .

AMA Style

Chuanyou Su, Nan Zheng, Yanan Gao, Shengnan Huang, Xue Yang, Ziwei Wang, Hongjian Yang, Jiaqi Wang. Content and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Toxic Elements in Infant Formulas from the Chinese Market. Foods. 2020; 9 (12):1839.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chuanyou Su; Nan Zheng; Yanan Gao; Shengnan Huang; Xue Yang; Ziwei Wang; Hongjian Yang; Jiaqi Wang. 2020. "Content and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Toxic Elements in Infant Formulas from the Chinese Market." Foods 9, no. 12: 1839.

Journal article
Published: 20 June 2020 in Animals
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The domestic donkey is a unique equid species with specific nutritional requirements, however, limited laboratory evidences are available to address the digestibility contribution of the prececum in relation to the total digestive tract. In the present study, six caecum-fistulated adult female Xinjiang donkeys served as the experimental animals in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, and mobile nylon bag technique was applied to determine the effect of dietary F:C ratio on pre-caececum and total digestive tract digestibility of rice straw, alfalfa hay, corn meal, and soybean meal. The dietary treatments included: (1) HF, a high-fiber ration (F:C = 80:20), (2) MF, a medium-fiber ration (F:C = 55:45), and (3), LF, a low-fiber ration (F:C = 35:65). The experiment consisted of three consecutive Latin square periods, and each period lasted 25 days. In each period, the animals were administrated naso-gastrically nylon bags (38 μm pore size) containing aforementioned feeds. After 1.5 h intubation, the bags were checked once an hour and collected at the ileo-caecal junction (small intestine bag, D1) and in the feces (fecal bag, D2). Regardless whatever feeds were introduced, the percentage of bag collected (BC) was quadratically (HF) or linearly (MF and LF) increased against different fixed bag collection time. The highest BC occurred in MF (73.8%), but no significant difference was observed between HF (62.3%) and LF (50.8%). The lowest mean bag retention time was observed in HF (2.7 h), and no significant difference occurred between MF (4.6 h) and LF (5.0 h) diets. For each feed, D1 and D2 digestibility for DM, CP, NDF, and ADF did not differ among three dietary treatments (p > 0.05). Regardless of whatever diets were fed to the donkeys, D2 digestibility for DM and CP among the feeds ranked as: soybean meal > corn meal > alfalfa hay > rice straw (p < 0.01). D1 digestibility for DM among the feeds ranked as: corn meal > soybean meal > alfalfa hay > rice straw (p < 0.01). D1 digestibility for CP among the feeds ranked as: soybean meal > corn meal > alfalfa hay > rice straw (p < 0.01). In summary, dietary forage: concentrate ratio did not affect pre-caecal or total tract nutrient digestibility. The fiber level in feeds was the main limiting factor to affect the digestibility contribution of the pre-caecum in relation to the total digestive tract.

ACS Style

Li-Lin Liu; Xiao-Ling Zhou; Hong-Jian Yang. Effect of Dietary Forage: Concentrate Ratio on Pre-Caecal and Total Digestive Tract Digestibility of Diverse Feedstuffs in Donkeys as Measured by the Mobile Nylon Bag Technique. Animals 2020, 10, 1070 .

AMA Style

Li-Lin Liu, Xiao-Ling Zhou, Hong-Jian Yang. Effect of Dietary Forage: Concentrate Ratio on Pre-Caecal and Total Digestive Tract Digestibility of Diverse Feedstuffs in Donkeys as Measured by the Mobile Nylon Bag Technique. Animals. 2020; 10 (6):1070.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li-Lin Liu; Xiao-Ling Zhou; Hong-Jian Yang. 2020. "Effect of Dietary Forage: Concentrate Ratio on Pre-Caecal and Total Digestive Tract Digestibility of Diverse Feedstuffs in Donkeys as Measured by the Mobile Nylon Bag Technique." Animals 10, no. 6: 1070.

Journal article
Published: 12 June 2020 in Animals
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The domestic donkey is a unique equid species with specific nutritional requirements; however, limited feeding studies have been addressed so far to understand nutrient digestion and metabolism in donkeys. In the present study, six adult female Xinjiang donkeys (180 ± 10 kg live weight) were applied in a 3 × 3 Latin square design to investigate the effect of the forage/concentrate ratio (F/C) in three experimental diets on N and energy balance within 12 weeks. Rice straw and alfalfa hay were chosen as forage ingredients, and the diets included the following: (1) a high-fiber (HF) ration (F/C = 80:20), (2) a medium-fiber (MF) ration (F/C = 55:45), and (3) a low-fiber (LF) ration (35:45). After the fixed amount of diets were daily allowed to the animals, total feces and urine were collected to determine total tract digestibility, N and energy balance. As a result, dry matter intake did not differ among the three diet groups. Decreasing the dietary F/C significantly promoted protein digestibility and decreased fiber digestibility. The N and energy balance analysis showed that increasing the F/C remarkably (p < 0.01) decreased N retention through the increase in N excretion in urine, and the highest N loss relative to N intake was observed in MF. Meanwhile, decreasing the F/C linearly increased the conversion efficiency of digestible energy to metabolizable energy. Taken together, the results obtained in the present study implicated that the dietary forage level should not be less than 55% to maintain greater N and energy utilization in feeding practice, otherwise, a donkey’s N utilization might be highly discounted.

ACS Style

Li-Lin Liu; Xiao-Ling Zhou; Hong-Jian Yang; Rong Chen. Effect of Dietary Forage/Concentrate Ratio on Nutrient Digestion and Energy and Protein Metabolism in Adult Donkeys. Animals 2020, 10, 1 .

AMA Style

Li-Lin Liu, Xiao-Ling Zhou, Hong-Jian Yang, Rong Chen. Effect of Dietary Forage/Concentrate Ratio on Nutrient Digestion and Energy and Protein Metabolism in Adult Donkeys. Animals. 2020; 10 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li-Lin Liu; Xiao-Ling Zhou; Hong-Jian Yang; Rong Chen. 2020. "Effect of Dietary Forage/Concentrate Ratio on Nutrient Digestion and Energy and Protein Metabolism in Adult Donkeys." Animals 10, no. 6: 1.

Journal article
Published: 13 March 2020 in Animals
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The present study comparatively investigates the inhibitory difference of nitroethane (NE), 2-nitroethanol (NEOH), and 2-nitro-1-propanol (NPOH) on in vitro rumen fermentation, microbial populations, and coenzyme activities associated with methanogenesis. The results showed that both NE and NEOH were more effective in reducing ruminal methane (CH4) production than NPOH. This work provides evidence that NE, NEOH, and NPOH were able to inhibit methanogen population and dramatically decrease methyl-coenzyme M reductase gene expression and the content of coenzymes F420 and F430 with different magnitudes in order to reduce ruminal CH4 production. Nitroethane (NE), 2-nitroethanol (NEOH), and 2-nitro-1-propanol (NPOH) were comparatively examined to determine their inhibitory actions on rumen fermentation and methanogenesis in vitro. Fermentation characteristics, CH4 and total gas production, and coenzyme contents were determined at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h incubation time, and the populations of ruminal microbiota were analyzed by real-time PCR at 72 h incubation time. The addition of NE, NEOH, and NPOH slowed down in vitro rumen fermentation and reduced the proportion of molar CH4 by 96.7%, 96.7%, and 41.7%, respectively (p < 0.01). The content of coenzymes F420 and F430 and the relative expression of the mcrA gene declined with the supplementation of NE, NEOH, and NPOH in comparison with the control (p < 0.01). The addition of NE, NEOH, and NPOH decreased total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and acetate (p < 0.05), but had no effect on propionate concentration (p > 0.05). Real-time PCR results showed that the relative abundance of total methanogens, Methanobacteriales, Methanococcales, and Fibrobacter succinogenes were reduced by NE, NEOH, and NPOH (p < 0.05). In addition, the nitro-degradation rates in culture fluids were ranked as NEOH (−0.088) > NE (−0.069) > NPOH (−0.054). In brief, the results firstly provided evidence that NE, NEOH, and NPOH were able to decrease methanogen abundance and dramatically decrease mcrA gene expression and coenzyme F420 and F430 contents with different magnitudes to reduce ruminal CH4 production.

ACS Style

Zhenwei Zhang; Yanlu Wang; Xuemeng Si; Zhijun Cao; Shengli Li; Hongjian Yang. Rumen Methanogenesis, Rumen Fermentation, and Microbial Community Response to Nitroethane, 2-Nitroethanol, and 2-Nitro-1-Propanol: An In Vitro Study. Animals 2020, 10, 479 .

AMA Style

Zhenwei Zhang, Yanlu Wang, Xuemeng Si, Zhijun Cao, Shengli Li, Hongjian Yang. Rumen Methanogenesis, Rumen Fermentation, and Microbial Community Response to Nitroethane, 2-Nitroethanol, and 2-Nitro-1-Propanol: An In Vitro Study. Animals. 2020; 10 (3):479.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhenwei Zhang; Yanlu Wang; Xuemeng Si; Zhijun Cao; Shengli Li; Hongjian Yang. 2020. "Rumen Methanogenesis, Rumen Fermentation, and Microbial Community Response to Nitroethane, 2-Nitroethanol, and 2-Nitro-1-Propanol: An In Vitro Study." Animals 10, no. 3: 479.

Journal article
Published: 23 January 2020 in Sustainability
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Intercropping is a globally accepted method of forage production and its effect on silage quality depends not only on forage combination but also fertilization strategy. In the present study, field intercropping of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) at five seed ratios (100:0, 75:25: 50:50, 25:75, 0:100 in %, based on seed weight) was applied under three N fertilizing levels (0, 50, and 100 kg/ha), and harvested for silage making and in vitro rumen degradation. As a result of intercropping, the actual proportions (based on dry matter) of alfalfa in mixtures were much closer to seed proportion of alfalfa in field, except 75:25 orchardgrass-alfalfa intercrops with no fertilization. The actual proportions of alfalfa in mixtures decreased by 3–13% with the increase of N level. Increases of alfalfa proportion in mixtures increased silage quality, nutrients degradability and CH4 emissions. Increasing N levels increased silage pH, concentration of butyric acid, and fiber fractions. In summary, inclusion of alfalfa at around 50% in orchardgrass-alfalfa silage mixtures were selected for favorable ensiling and higher forage use efficiency while also limiting CH4 emissions, compared to monocultures. The silage quality and feeding values of mixtures were influenced more by forage ratios than by N levels.

ACS Style

Zhulin Xue; Yanlu Wang; Hongjian Yang; Shoujiao Li; Yingjun Zhang. Silage Fermentation and In Vitro Degradation Characteristics of Orchardgrass and Alfalfa Intercrop Mixtures as Influenced by Forage Ratios and Nitrogen Fertilizing Levels. Sustainability 2020, 12, 871 .

AMA Style

Zhulin Xue, Yanlu Wang, Hongjian Yang, Shoujiao Li, Yingjun Zhang. Silage Fermentation and In Vitro Degradation Characteristics of Orchardgrass and Alfalfa Intercrop Mixtures as Influenced by Forage Ratios and Nitrogen Fertilizing Levels. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (3):871.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhulin Xue; Yanlu Wang; Hongjian Yang; Shoujiao Li; Yingjun Zhang. 2020. "Silage Fermentation and In Vitro Degradation Characteristics of Orchardgrass and Alfalfa Intercrop Mixtures as Influenced by Forage Ratios and Nitrogen Fertilizing Levels." Sustainability 12, no. 3: 871.

Journal article
Published: 28 December 2019 in Animals
Reads 0
Downloads 0

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different forage ratios of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) on in vitro rumen degradation and fermentation characteristics. Orchardgrass and alfalfa were harvested separately and prepared as hay and silage mixtures at ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 (w/w on a dry matter basis) and anaerobically incubated for 48 h with rumen fluid obtained from lactating dairy cows. Fermented residues and cultured fluids were used to determine nutrient degradability, fermentation parameters, and associative effect indices. Increasing the proportion of alfalfa in hay and silage mixtures quadratically increased in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD, up +5.14%) and marginally decreased in vitro neutral detergent fiber disappearance (NDFD, down −1.79%). Meanwhile, increasing the proportion of alfalfa accelerated the rumen fermentation process (e.g., gas production) and remarkably enhanced the growth of rumen microbes as indicated by microbial protein production (MCP, 13.4% increase). Increments of rumen degradability and methane production were more pronounced in silage mixtures than hay mixtures. In combination, a forage ratio of 50:50 for orchardgrass and alfalfa is recommended for both hay and silage in order to improve the feed use potential in ruminants.

ACS Style

Zhulin Xue; Nan Liu; Yanlu Wang; Hongjian Yang; Yuqi Wei; Philipe Moriel; Elizabeth Palmer; Yingjun Zhang. Combining Orchardgrass and Alfalfa: Effects of Forage Ratios on In Vitro Rumen Degradation and Fermentation Characteristics of Silage Compared with Hay. Animals 2019, 10, 59 .

AMA Style

Zhulin Xue, Nan Liu, Yanlu Wang, Hongjian Yang, Yuqi Wei, Philipe Moriel, Elizabeth Palmer, Yingjun Zhang. Combining Orchardgrass and Alfalfa: Effects of Forage Ratios on In Vitro Rumen Degradation and Fermentation Characteristics of Silage Compared with Hay. Animals. 2019; 10 (1):59.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhulin Xue; Nan Liu; Yanlu Wang; Hongjian Yang; Yuqi Wei; Philipe Moriel; Elizabeth Palmer; Yingjun Zhang. 2019. "Combining Orchardgrass and Alfalfa: Effects of Forage Ratios on In Vitro Rumen Degradation and Fermentation Characteristics of Silage Compared with Hay." Animals 10, no. 1: 59.

Journal article
Published: 25 December 2019 in Metabolites
Reads 0
Downloads 0

A class of aliphatic short chain nitrocompounds have been reported as being capable of CH4 reduction both in vitro and in vivo. However, the laboratory evidence associated with the metabolic fate of nitrocompounds in the rumen has not been well documented. The present study was conducted to compare in vitro degradation and metabolism of nitroethane (NE), 2-nitroethanol (NEOH), and 2-nitro-1-propanol (NPOH) incubated with mixed rumen microorganisms of dairy cows. After 10 mM supplementation of nitrocompounds, a serious of batch cultures were carried out for 120 h under the presence of two substrates differing in the ratio of maize meal to alfalfa hay (HF, 1:4; LF, 4:1). Compared to the control, methane production was reduced by 59% in NPOH and by >97% in both NE and NEOH, and such antimethanogenic effects were more pronounced in the LF than the HF group. Although NE, NEOH, and NPOH addition did not alter total VFA production, the rumen fermentation pattern shifted toward increasing propionate and butyrate and decreasing acetate production. The kinetic disappearance of each nitrocompound was well fitted to the one-compartment model, and the disappearance rate (k, %/h) of NE was 2.6 to 5.2 times greater than those of NEOH and NPOH. Higher intermediates of nitrite occurred in NEOH in comparison with NPOH and NE while ammonia N production was lowest in NEOH. Consequently, a stepwise accumulation of bacterial crude protein (BCP) in response to the nitrocompound addition was observed in both the HF and LF group. In brief, both NE and NEOH in comparison with NPOH presented greater antimethanogenic activity via the shift of rumen fermentation. In addition, the present study provided the first direct evidence that rumen microbes were able to cleave these nitrocompounds into nitrite, and the subsequent metabolism of nitrite into ammonia N may enhance the growth of rumen microbes or promote microbial activities.

ACS Style

Zhen-Wei Zhang; Yan-Lu Wang; Wei-Kang Wang; Yong-Yang Chen; Xue-Meng Si; Ya-Jing Wang; Zhi-Jun Cao; Sheng-Li Li; Hong-Jian Yang; Wei Wang. The Antimethanogenic Nitrocompounds Can be Cleaved into Nitrite by Rumen Microorganisms: A Comparison of Nitroethane, 2-Nitroethanol, and 2-Nitro-1-propanol. Metabolites 2019, 10, 15 .

AMA Style

Zhen-Wei Zhang, Yan-Lu Wang, Wei-Kang Wang, Yong-Yang Chen, Xue-Meng Si, Ya-Jing Wang, Zhi-Jun Cao, Sheng-Li Li, Hong-Jian Yang, Wei Wang. The Antimethanogenic Nitrocompounds Can be Cleaved into Nitrite by Rumen Microorganisms: A Comparison of Nitroethane, 2-Nitroethanol, and 2-Nitro-1-propanol. Metabolites. 2019; 10 (1):15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhen-Wei Zhang; Yan-Lu Wang; Wei-Kang Wang; Yong-Yang Chen; Xue-Meng Si; Ya-Jing Wang; Zhi-Jun Cao; Sheng-Li Li; Hong-Jian Yang; Wei Wang. 2019. "The Antimethanogenic Nitrocompounds Can be Cleaved into Nitrite by Rumen Microorganisms: A Comparison of Nitroethane, 2-Nitroethanol, and 2-Nitro-1-propanol." Metabolites 10, no. 1: 15.

Journal article
Published: 11 October 2019 in Animals
Reads 0
Downloads 0

This study was conducted to determine the dietary supplemental effects of nitroethanol (NEOH) in comparison with monensin on growth performance and estimated methane (CH4) production in feedlotting lambs. Sixty male, small-tailed Chinese Han lambs were arranged at random into three dietary treatment groups: (1) a basal control diet (CTR), (2) the basal diet added with 40 mg/kg monensin (MON), (3) the basal diet added with 277 mg/kg nitroethanol (NEOH). During the 32-day lamb feeding, monensin and nitroethanol were added in period 1 (day 0-16) and then withdrawn in the subsequent period 2 (day 17-32) to determine their withdrawal effects. The average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion rate in the whole period ranked: NEOH > MON > CTR (p < 0.01), suggesting that the dietary addition of NEOH in comparison with monensin presented a more lasting beneficial effect on feed efficiency. Methane emission was estimated with rumen VFA production and gross energy intake. Both monensin and NEOH addition in comparison with the control remarkably decreased CH4 emission estimate (24.0% vs. 26.4% decrease; p < 0.01) as well as CH4 emission per kg ADG (8.7% vs. 14.0% decrease; p < 0.01), but the NEOH group presented obvious lasting methanogenesis inhibition when they were withdrawn in period 2. Moreover, the in vitro methanogenic activity of rumen fluids was also decreased with monensin or NEOH addition (12.7% vs. 30.5% decrease; p < 0.01). In summary, the dietary addition of NEOH in comparison with monensin presented a greater promoting effect on growth performance in feedlotting lambs by inhibiting rumen methanogenesis more efficiently and persistently.

ACS Style

Zhen-Wei Zhang; Yan-Lu Wang; Yong-Yan Chen; Wei-Kang Wang; Luo-Tong Zhang; Hai-Ling Luo; Hong-Jian Yang. Nitroethanol in Comparison with Monensin Exhibits Greater Feed Efficiency Through Inhibiting Rumen Methanogenesis More Efficiently and Persistently in Feedlotting Lambs. Animals 2019, 9, 784 .

AMA Style

Zhen-Wei Zhang, Yan-Lu Wang, Yong-Yan Chen, Wei-Kang Wang, Luo-Tong Zhang, Hai-Ling Luo, Hong-Jian Yang. Nitroethanol in Comparison with Monensin Exhibits Greater Feed Efficiency Through Inhibiting Rumen Methanogenesis More Efficiently and Persistently in Feedlotting Lambs. Animals. 2019; 9 (10):784.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhen-Wei Zhang; Yan-Lu Wang; Yong-Yan Chen; Wei-Kang Wang; Luo-Tong Zhang; Hai-Ling Luo; Hong-Jian Yang. 2019. "Nitroethanol in Comparison with Monensin Exhibits Greater Feed Efficiency Through Inhibiting Rumen Methanogenesis More Efficiently and Persistently in Feedlotting Lambs." Animals 9, no. 10: 784.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2019 in Animals
Reads 0
Downloads 0

This study investigated the effect of tannin sources on nutrient intake, digestibility, performance, nitrogen utilization, and blood parameters in lactating dairy cows. Four multiparous lactating Holstein cows were used in a balanced 4 × 4 Latin square design, with each period lasting 28 days. Cows were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: Control diet (CON, a totally mixed ration without tannin supplements), control diet supplemented with 3% bayberry condensed tannins (BCT), control diet supplemented with 3% Acacia mangium condensed tannins (ACT), and control diet supplemented with 3% valonia hydrolyzed tannins (VHT). Dietary treatments did not significantly affect nutrient intake, milk yield or composition, microbial protein synthesis, nitrogen utilization efficiency, or plasma concentrations of glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, total protein, and globulin, or the albumin-to-globulin ratio. Tannin supplements decreased the apparent total tract nutrient digestibility to varying degrees and significantly decreased the milk and blood urea nitrogen contents (p < 0.05). Tannin supplements altered nitrogen excretion routes in lactating dairy cows, and BCT significantly decreased the urinary nitrogen excretion (p = 0.04). Compared with the CON, ACT, and VHT diets, BCT yielded the highest nitrogen retention and nitrogen retention-to-digestible nitrogen ratio despite having a similar nitrogen utilization efficiency (p < 0.05). Bayberry condensed tannin supplementation may be a potential way to improve nitrogen utilization and reduce concerns regarding nitrogen excretion in dairy cows.

ACS Style

Jun Zhang; Xiaofeng Xu; Zhijun Cao; Yajing Wang; Hongjian Yang; Arash Azarfar; Shengli Li. Effect of Different Tannin Sources on Nutrient Intake, Digestibility, Performance, Nitrogen Utilization, and Blood Parameters in Dairy Cows. Animals 2019, 9, 507 .

AMA Style

Jun Zhang, Xiaofeng Xu, Zhijun Cao, Yajing Wang, Hongjian Yang, Arash Azarfar, Shengli Li. Effect of Different Tannin Sources on Nutrient Intake, Digestibility, Performance, Nitrogen Utilization, and Blood Parameters in Dairy Cows. Animals. 2019; 9 (8):507.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jun Zhang; Xiaofeng Xu; Zhijun Cao; Yajing Wang; Hongjian Yang; Arash Azarfar; Shengli Li. 2019. "Effect of Different Tannin Sources on Nutrient Intake, Digestibility, Performance, Nitrogen Utilization, and Blood Parameters in Dairy Cows." Animals 9, no. 8: 507.

Journal article
Published: 10 August 2018 in Journal of Integrative Agriculture
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Five lactating Holstein cows in a 5×5 Latin square experiment were fed five high-concentrate total mixed rations (TMRs) to investigate the effects of step-wise improvement of forage combination on ruminal and milk fatty acid profiles. The ratio of concentrate to forage was fixed as 61:39, and the step-wise improvement of forage combination was applied as: TMR1, a ration containing corn stover; TMR2, a ration containing corn stover and ensiled corn stover; TMR3, a ration containing ensiled corn stover and Chinese wild ryegrass hay (Leymus chinensis); TMR4, a ration containing the ryegrass hay and whole corn silage; TMR5, a ration containing the ryegrass hay, whole corn silage and alfalfa hay. The TMRs were offered to the cows twice daily at 0700 and 1900 h. The entire experiment was completed in five periods, and each period lasted for 18 days. Diurnal samples of rumen fluids were collected at 0100, 0700, 1300 and 1900 h (day 16); 0300, 0900, 1500 and 2100 h (day 17); and 0500, 1100, 1700 and 2300 h (day 18). The step-wise improvement of forage combination increased energy and crude protein contents and decreased fibre content. As a result, the step-wise improvement of forage combination increased dry matter intake and milk yield (P<0.05). The step-wise improvement increased dietary content of linolenic acid (C18:3n-3), but did not alter dietary proportions of palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1cis-9), linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) and arachidic acid (C20:0). In response to the forage combination, ruminal concentration of C16:0, C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 linearly increased against their dietary intakes (P<0.10). The step-wise improvement increased milk contents of C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 (P<0.10) and decreased milk contents of C18:0 and C18:1cis-9 (P<0.05). Milk yields of C16:0, C18:1cis-9, C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 were linearly increased by the increase of these fatty acids in the rumen (R2≥0.79, P<0.05), and milk yields of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 were also positively correlated with dietary intake of these fatty acids (R2≥0.85, P<0.05). The step-wise improvement increased the transfer efficiencies from feed to milk for C18:2n-6 from 11.8 to 14.2% and for C18:3n-3 from 19.1 to 22.3%. In a brief, along with the step-wise improvement of forage combination, more dietary linoleic and linolenic acids might escape microbial hydrogenation in the rumen and consequently accumulated in milk fat though these fatty acids were present in low concentrations in ruminal fluids. The step-wise improvement of forage combinations could be recommended as a dietary strategy to increase the transfer efficiency of linoleic and linolenic acids from feed to milk.

ACS Style

Sarvvl Bai; Zhi-Jun Cao; Xin Jin; Ya-Jing Wang; Hong-Jian Yang; Sheng-Li Li. The effects of step-wise improvement of forage combination in total mixed rations on fatty acid profile in the rumen and milk of Holstein cows. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2018, 17, 1833 -1842.

AMA Style

Sarvvl Bai, Zhi-Jun Cao, Xin Jin, Ya-Jing Wang, Hong-Jian Yang, Sheng-Li Li. The effects of step-wise improvement of forage combination in total mixed rations on fatty acid profile in the rumen and milk of Holstein cows. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2018; 17 (8):1833-1842.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sarvvl Bai; Zhi-Jun Cao; Xin Jin; Ya-Jing Wang; Hong-Jian Yang; Sheng-Li Li. 2018. "The effects of step-wise improvement of forage combination in total mixed rations on fatty acid profile in the rumen and milk of Holstein cows." Journal of Integrative Agriculture 17, no. 8: 1833-1842.

Original article
Published: 06 June 2018 in Animal Science Journal
Reads 0
Downloads 0

This study aimed to determine the effects of different forage combinations on in vitro gas production (GP) kinetics, ruminal and milk fatty acid profiles. Forty‐five lactating cows were randomly arranged into three groups and fed three total mixed rations (TMRs) with different forage combinations: TMR1, 23% alfalfa hay, 7% Chinese wild ryegrass hay and 15% whole corn silage; TMR2, 30% corn stover plus 15% whole corn silage; TMR3, 30% rice straw plus 15% whole corn silage. In vitro dry matter disappearance ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3, and highest cumulative GP and asymptotic GP occurred in TMR1 while no difference occurred between TMR2 and TMR3. The average GP rate ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3. TMR1 in comparison with TMR2 and TMR3 presented lower rumen contents of acetate and butyrate and greater rumen contents of propionate, valerate, C13:0, C14:0, C15:0, C18:1cis‐9, C18:2n‐6, C18:3n‐3, C20:0 and C22:0 as well as milk C18:2n‐6 and C18:3n‐3 proportions. Transfer efficiencies of C18:2n‐6 and C18:3n‐3 from diet to milk ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3. The findings suggest TMRs containing alfalfa hay and Chinese wild ryegrass hay in comparison with corn stover or rice straw improve rumen fermentation and transfer efficiency of C18:2n‐6 and C18:3n‐3.

ACS Style

Sarvvl Bai; Zhi-Jun Cao; Bin-Bin Cao; Hong-Jian Yang; Sheng-Li Li; Jian-Xin Liu. Effects of different forage combinations in total mixed rations on in vitro gas production kinetics, ruminal and milk fatty acid profiles of lactating cows. Animal Science Journal 2018, 89, 1261 -1270.

AMA Style

Sarvvl Bai, Zhi-Jun Cao, Bin-Bin Cao, Hong-Jian Yang, Sheng-Li Li, Jian-Xin Liu. Effects of different forage combinations in total mixed rations on in vitro gas production kinetics, ruminal and milk fatty acid profiles of lactating cows. Animal Science Journal. 2018; 89 (9):1261-1270.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sarvvl Bai; Zhi-Jun Cao; Bin-Bin Cao; Hong-Jian Yang; Sheng-Li Li; Jian-Xin Liu. 2018. "Effects of different forage combinations in total mixed rations on in vitro gas production kinetics, ruminal and milk fatty acid profiles of lactating cows." Animal Science Journal 89, no. 9: 1261-1270.

Original article
Published: 30 May 2018 in Animal Science Journal
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Two trials were conducted to assess the effects of tributyrin (TB) supplementation on ruminal microbial protein yield and fermentation characteristics in adult sheep. In an in vitro trial, substrate was made to offer TB at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 g/kg on a dry matter (DM) basis and incubated for 48 hr. In an in vivo trial, 45 adult ewes were randomly assigned by initial body weight (55 ± 5 kg) to five treatments of nine animals over an 18‐day period. Total mixed ration was made to offer TB to ewes at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 g/kg on a DM basis. The in vitro trial showed that TB enhanced apparent degradation of DM (p = .009), crude protein (p < .001), neutral detergent fiber (p = .007) and acid detergent fiber (p = .010) and increased methanogenesis (p < .001), respectively. The in vivo trial showed that TB decreased DM intake (p < .001) and enhanced rumen microbial N synthesis (p < .001), respectively. Both in vitro and in vivo trials showed that TB increased total volatile fatty acid concentration and enhanced fibrolytic enzyme activity. The results indicated that TB might exert positive effects on microbial protein yield and fermentation in the rumen.

ACS Style

Qing-Chang Ren; Jing-Jing Xuan; Li-Ke Wang; Qiu-Wen Zhan; Ding-Zhong Yin; Zhong-Ze Hu; Hong-Jian Yang; Wei Zhang; Lin-Shu Jiang. Effects of tributyrin supplementation on ruminal microbial protein yield, fermentation characteristics and nutrients degradability in adult Small Tail ewes. Animal Science Journal 2018, 89, 1271 -1279.

AMA Style

Qing-Chang Ren, Jing-Jing Xuan, Li-Ke Wang, Qiu-Wen Zhan, Ding-Zhong Yin, Zhong-Ze Hu, Hong-Jian Yang, Wei Zhang, Lin-Shu Jiang. Effects of tributyrin supplementation on ruminal microbial protein yield, fermentation characteristics and nutrients degradability in adult Small Tail ewes. Animal Science Journal. 2018; 89 (9):1271-1279.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qing-Chang Ren; Jing-Jing Xuan; Li-Ke Wang; Qiu-Wen Zhan; Ding-Zhong Yin; Zhong-Ze Hu; Hong-Jian Yang; Wei Zhang; Lin-Shu Jiang. 2018. "Effects of tributyrin supplementation on ruminal microbial protein yield, fermentation characteristics and nutrients degradability in adult Small Tail ewes." Animal Science Journal 89, no. 9: 1271-1279.