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Prof. Alan Randall
Resident Scholar, Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University

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0 Sustainability
0 Welfare Economics
0 Enviromental economics
0 enviromental ethics

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Journal article
Published: 20 May 2021 in Sustainability
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The objective is to provide an interpretive reading of the literature in resource scarcity and sustainability theory from the nineteenth century to the present time, focusing on shifts that have occurred in problem definition, conceptual framing, research tools applied, findings, and their implications. My reading shows, as one would expect, that the discourse has become more technical and the analysis more sophisticated; special cases have been incorporated into the mainstream of theory; and, where relevant, dynamic formulations have largely supplanted static analysis. However, that is barely scratching the surface. Here, I focus on more fundamental shifts. Exhaustible and renewable resource analyses were incorporated into the mainstream theory of financial and capital markets. Parallels between the resources and environmental spheres were discovered: market failure concepts, fundamental to environmental policy, found applications in the resources sector (e.g., fisheries), and renewable resource management concepts and approaches (e.g., waste assimilation capacity) were adopted in environmental policy. To motivate sustainability theory and assessment, there has been a foundational problem shift from restraining human greed to dealing with risk viewed as chance of harm, and a newfound willingness to look beyond stochastic risk to uncertainty, ambiguity, and gross ignorance. Newtonian dynamics, which seeks a stable equilibrium following a shock, gave way to a new dynamics of complexity that valued resilience in the face of shocks, warned of potential for regime shifts, and focused on the possibility of systemic collapse and recovery, perhaps incomplete. New concepts of sustainability (a safe minimum standard of conservation, the precautionary principle, and planetary boundaries) emerged, along with hybrid approaches such as WS-plus which treats weak sustainability (WS) as the default but may impose strong sustainability restrictions on a few essential but threatened resources. The strong sustainability objective has evolved from maintaining baseline flows of resource services to safety defined as minimizing the chance of irreversible collapse. New tools for management and policy (sustainability indicators and downscaled planetary boundaries) have proliferated, and still struggle to keep up with the emerging understanding of complex systems.

ACS Style

Alan Randall. Resource Scarcity and Sustainability—The Shapes Have Shifted but the Stakes Keep Rising. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5751 .

AMA Style

Alan Randall. Resource Scarcity and Sustainability—The Shapes Have Shifted but the Stakes Keep Rising. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5751.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alan Randall. 2021. "Resource Scarcity and Sustainability—The Shapes Have Shifted but the Stakes Keep Rising." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5751.

Journal article
Published: 14 March 2021 in Sustainability
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This article shows how sustainability indicators (SIs) which have proliferated, and downscaled planetary boundaries (DPBs) which have recently emerged, can be used to target remedial interventions. I offer an integrative analysis drawing upon the existing literature, challenging, clarifying, and amending it in some ways, and extending it with new insights. The exposition is couched in the example of pollution control, but the analysis also applies to resource management with only modest amendments. Key conclusions are summarized. (i) In a default case where damage is indifferent to location within the problem shed and transactions costs are trivial, minimizing abatement costs requires that all units face the same marginal price of emissions and can be implemented by price setting at the jurisdictional level or cap and trade in pollution reduction credits. Larger geographic scale tends to reduce the average cost of abatement, an argument for coordination at the problem-shed level. Deviations from the default policy may be appropriate for addressing large point sources and local hot spots where damage is concentrated. (ii) A framework winnowing the proliferation of SIs includes the following principles: for quantitative target setting, SIs should address sustainability in its long-term context; SIs should be measured in ratio scale, whereas ordinal-scale SIs are common; and SIs should be selected for their usefulness in mapping the relationships among emissions, ambient concentrations, and damage. (iii) Target setting requires science-based empirical relationships and social values to assess trade-offs between abatement and its opportunity costs and suggest upper limits on tolerable damage. (iv) PBs that address global public goods can usefully be downscaled to set abatement targets. The PBs are science based and, in their original form, propose replacing social values with imperatives: violating the PB will doom the planet, which is unacceptable given any plausible value system. Given that PB = ∑DPB over all jurisdictions, global trading of credits would minimize costs of honoring the PB. Trade among a willing subset of jurisdictions could minimize the costs of meeting its aggregate DPB. (v) In contrast to most SI approaches, a cost–benefit (CB) approach can deal with substitutability and complementarity among sustainability objectives and evaluate multi-component policies. Net benefits are maximized when the marginal cost of abatement equals the marginal benefit for all units in the problem shed. This can be attained by price setting at the jurisdictional level or trade in credits. (vi) A major advantage of the CB approach is its well-defined relationship to weak sustainability. However, its value measures over-weight the preferences of the well-off. Equity considerations suggest relief from strict CB criteria in the case of essentials such as human health and nutrition, and subsidization by rich countries of sustainability projects in low-income countries.

ACS Style

Alan Randall. Monitoring Sustainability and Targeting Interventions: Indicators, Planetary Boundaries, Benefits and Costs. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3181 .

AMA Style

Alan Randall. Monitoring Sustainability and Targeting Interventions: Indicators, Planetary Boundaries, Benefits and Costs. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3181.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alan Randall. 2021. "Monitoring Sustainability and Targeting Interventions: Indicators, Planetary Boundaries, Benefits and Costs." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3181.

Journal article
Published: 03 July 2020 in Sustainability
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This article examines sustainability from a policy perspective rooted in environmental economics and environmental ethics. Endorsing the Brundtland Commission stance that each generation should have undiminished opportunity to meet its own needs, I emphasize the foundational status of the intergenerational commitment. The standard concepts of weak and strong sustainability, WS and SS, are sketched and critiqued simply and intuitively, along with the more recent concept of WS-plus. A recently proposed model of a society dependent on a renewable but vulnerable resource (Barfuss et al. 2018) is introduced as an expositional tool, as its authors intended, and used as a platform for thought experiments exploring the role of risk management tools in reducing the need for safety. Key conclusions include: (i) Safety, in this case, the elimination of risk in uncertain production systems, comes at an opportunity cost that is often non-trivial. (ii) Welfare shocks can be cushioned by savings and diversification, which are enhanced by scale. Scale increases with geographic area, diversity of production, organizational complexity, and openness to trade and human migration. (iii) Increasing scale enables enhancement of sustainable welfare via local and regional specialization, and the need for safety and its attendant opportunity costs is reduced. (iv) When generational welfare is stochastic, the intergenerational commitment should not be abandoned but may need to be adapted to uncertainty, e.g., by expecting less from hard-luck generations and correspondingly more from more fortunate ones. (v) Intergenerational commitments must be resolved in the context of intragenerational obligations to each other in the here and now, and compensation of those asked to make sacrifices for sustainability has both ethical and pragmatic virtue. (vi) Finally, the normative domains of sustainability and safety can be distinguished—sustainability always, but safety only when facing daunting threats.

ACS Style

Alan Randall. On Intergenerational Commitment, Weak Sustainability, and Safety. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5381 .

AMA Style

Alan Randall. On Intergenerational Commitment, Weak Sustainability, and Safety. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (13):5381.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alan Randall. 2020. "On Intergenerational Commitment, Weak Sustainability, and Safety." Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5381.

Book chapter
Published: 11 July 2019 in The Agricultural Scientific Enterprise
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ACS Style

Alan Randall. Policy Science in the Land Grant Colleges: Implications of Recent Developments in Public Choice Theory and the Philosophy of Science. The Agricultural Scientific Enterprise 2019, 52 -65.

AMA Style

Alan Randall. Policy Science in the Land Grant Colleges: Implications of Recent Developments in Public Choice Theory and the Philosophy of Science. The Agricultural Scientific Enterprise. 2019; ():52-65.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alan Randall. 2019. "Policy Science in the Land Grant Colleges: Implications of Recent Developments in Public Choice Theory and the Philosophy of Science." The Agricultural Scientific Enterprise , no. : 52-65.

Book chapter
Published: 04 March 2019 in Managing Air Quality and Scenic Resources at National Parks and Wilderness Areas
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ACS Style

Alan Randall; John R. Stoll. Existence Value in a Total Valuation Framework. Managing Air Quality and Scenic Resources at National Parks and Wilderness Areas 2019, 265 -274.

AMA Style

Alan Randall, John R. Stoll. Existence Value in a Total Valuation Framework. Managing Air Quality and Scenic Resources at National Parks and Wilderness Areas. 2019; ():265-274.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alan Randall; John R. Stoll. 2019. "Existence Value in a Total Valuation Framework." Managing Air Quality and Scenic Resources at National Parks and Wilderness Areas , no. : 265-274.

Original article
Published: 01 March 2019 in Asian Economic Journal
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This study monetizes spillover effects of soil and groundwater contaminated sites using a quantile hedonic price model for different site types in Taoyuan City in Taiwan, which has 1664 sites, the highest number for any city in Taiwan. The results show that except for those living in the cheapest housing, most residents are willing to pay a higher price to live farther away from contaminated sites. Farmland makes up the largest share of the total contaminated site area and has the highest per square monetary spillover effects in Taoyuan City; remediation of farmland is one of the most urgent missions for the city. Overall, a NIMBY effect is found to exist for soil‐ and groundwater‐contamination in this city.

ACS Style

Je-Liang Liou; Alan Randall; Pei‐Ing Wu; Han‐Huei Chen. Monetarizing Spillover Effects of Soil and Groundwater Contaminated Sites in Taiwan: How Much More Will People Pay for Housing to Avoid Contamination? Asian Economic Journal 2019, 33, 67 -86.

AMA Style

Je-Liang Liou, Alan Randall, Pei‐Ing Wu, Han‐Huei Chen. Monetarizing Spillover Effects of Soil and Groundwater Contaminated Sites in Taiwan: How Much More Will People Pay for Housing to Avoid Contamination? Asian Economic Journal. 2019; 33 (1):67-86.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Je-Liang Liou; Alan Randall; Pei‐Ing Wu; Han‐Huei Chen. 2019. "Monetarizing Spillover Effects of Soil and Groundwater Contaminated Sites in Taiwan: How Much More Will People Pay for Housing to Avoid Contamination?" Asian Economic Journal 33, no. 1: 67-86.

Journal article
Published: 26 October 2018 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Systemic changes in environmental conditions, such as climate, can have a significant impact on both natural and human systems. This paper provides an improved understanding of the spatio-temporal variations in underlying climate processes, and the potential effects climate change may have on Vietnam's agricultural sector. Statistical methods were combined with geostatistical techniques to test the statistical significance of long-term trends in the climatic variables, graphically representing the distribution of climate patterns, identifying variations and trends of changes over time and their likely effects on agricultural production. By using records of monthly precipitation and temperature for a relatively long-term period (1975–2014) over a high density of 112 meteorological stations across the country, robust statistical and visual evidence of climatic change throughout Vietnam are provided. The Mann-Kendall trend test confirms the statistically significant long-term trends of rainfall and temperature in many regions across the country. The visual analysis shows remarkable changes in the spatio-temporal distribution patterns of those variables and most of the ‘hotspot’ areas identified by geostatistical mapping are in areas with confirmed long-term trends. The long-term significant trends are also concentrated in areas with very high proportion of agricultural land, particularly land used for rice production in the Red River and Mekong River deltas. The findings deliver a better understanding of underlying climate processes and impacts across regions of Vietnam and provide a basis to develop effective climate-related policies for agricultural production in response to changing climatic conditions.

ACS Style

Kien Nguyen Duc; Tiho Ancev; Alan Randall. Evidence of climatic change in Vietnam: Some implications for agricultural production. Journal of Environmental Management 2018, 231, 524 -545.

AMA Style

Kien Nguyen Duc, Tiho Ancev, Alan Randall. Evidence of climatic change in Vietnam: Some implications for agricultural production. Journal of Environmental Management. 2018; 231 ():524-545.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kien Nguyen Duc; Tiho Ancev; Alan Randall. 2018. "Evidence of climatic change in Vietnam: Some implications for agricultural production." Journal of Environmental Management 231, no. : 524-545.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2018 in Land Use Policy
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Forest ecosystems deliver valuable services to humanity. However, many forests are being degraded and their services have been undervalued. The main problem lies in the inadequate institutional arrangements for forest governance. This paper aims to assess the effects of alternative forest governance arrangements on the provision and economic values of forest ecosystem services (FES) in Vietnam. The study presents a framework for mapping land use and land cover (LULC) change stemming from actual and hypothetical changes in forest governance regimes, quantifies the resulting changes in the provision of FES, and estimates the associated economic values. In the context of the study site in the North Western uplands of Vietnam, we test three alternative forest governance scenarios: business as usual, with a dominant government role; a community-based governance regime; and a private, individual-based forestry governance regime. Scenarios are based quite closely on the way these regimes are (or might be expected to be) implemented in Vietnam. For each forest governance scenario, we map LULC changes based on land suitability analysis and transition likelihood for the period 2010 − 2020. The resulting maps are used as inputs into the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs) model, which is used to estimate the quantity of three specific FES: carbon storage/sequestration, sediment yield, and water yield. We apply economic valuation methods to value these services: the social cost of carbon is used to estimate the economic values of carbon storage/sequestration; the cost of removing sediment deposited in reservoirs is applied for valuing the reduction of sediment yield, and the residual value of water supply for hydropower generation is used for valuing water yield. The results show that forest governance regimes have a significant effect not only on forest LULC, but also on the quantity and values of FES derived from forests. The FES are differentially affected by alternative forest governance regimes: some FES increase in quantity and value under some governance regimes and decrease under others. Of the three forest governance regimes examined, there is no one regime that will always be ‘better’ than the others in terms of provisioning all considered FES. For the specific context of Vietnam, we find that the private forest governance scenario is inferior to the community-based governance scenario, as an alternative to the current state-based governance. Because our results pertain to the scenarios as constructed, rather than generally to broad categories of governance regimes, there remains the possibility that regimes can be constructed that outperform all of those examined here.

ACS Style

Duc Nguyen; Tiho Ancev; Alan Randall. Forest governance and economic values of forest ecosystem services in Vietnam. Land Use Policy 2018, 97, 103297 .

AMA Style

Duc Nguyen, Tiho Ancev, Alan Randall. Forest governance and economic values of forest ecosystem services in Vietnam. Land Use Policy. 2018; 97 ():103297.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Duc Nguyen; Tiho Ancev; Alan Randall. 2018. "Forest governance and economic values of forest ecosystem services in Vietnam." Land Use Policy 97, no. : 103297.

Journal article
Published: 05 October 2016 in Annual Review of Resource Economics
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ACS Style

Elena G. Irwin; Sathya Gopalakrishnan; Alan Randall. Welfare, Wealth, and Sustainability. Annual Review of Resource Economics 2016, 8, 77 -98.

AMA Style

Elena G. Irwin, Sathya Gopalakrishnan, Alan Randall. Welfare, Wealth, and Sustainability. Annual Review of Resource Economics. 2016; 8 (1):77-98.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elena G. Irwin; Sathya Gopalakrishnan; Alan Randall. 2016. "Welfare, Wealth, and Sustainability." Annual Review of Resource Economics 8, no. 1: 77-98.

Journal article
Published: 04 July 2016 in Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics
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ACS Style

Jeff Bennett; Alan Randall. Antipodean agricultural and resource economics at 60: environmental economics. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 2016, 60, 672 -687.

AMA Style

Jeff Bennett, Alan Randall. Antipodean agricultural and resource economics at 60: environmental economics. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 2016; 60 (4):672-687.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeff Bennett; Alan Randall. 2016. "Antipodean agricultural and resource economics at 60: environmental economics." Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 60, no. 4: 672-687.

Journal article
Published: 06 September 2015 in Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics
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Two current issues in management of public risks, ambiguity and learning, are addressed in the context of managing ecosystems with thresholds, and regulating treatment safety as might apply, for example, to human and animal health, pesticides and herbicides. Reconsidering a recent claim that, in systems that penalise violation of thresholds, learning opportunities induce riskier decision-making, I find no incentive for ambiguity seeking. But opportunity to benefit from learning may indeed induce riskier decisions, an effect that diminishes and eventually disappears as penalties become larger. A recent claim that a rational regulator of pharmaceutical drugs would be ambiguity preferring – a claim that has obvious applicability to a broader set of treatments – is then examined. Ambiguity-tolerant patients may indeed prefer a menu of ambiguous treatments and opportunity to learn and switch, rather than a single treatment with known risk. But the source of ambiguity matters. Patient heterogeneity, prior to and independent of policy, generates ambiguity for individuals and motivates preference for a menu of treatments. However, expanding the menu does not justify approving treatments that are generally riskier. Finally, I challenge the perennial claim that the regulator of risks to human health and safety should seek to maximise expected value.

ACS Style

Alan Randall. Ambiguity, learning opportunities and risk-neutral regulation. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 2015, 60, 159 -176.

AMA Style

Alan Randall. Ambiguity, learning opportunities and risk-neutral regulation. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 2015; 60 (2):159-176.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alan Randall. 2015. "Ambiguity, learning opportunities and risk-neutral regulation." Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 60, no. 2: 159-176.

Article commentary
Published: 07 May 2015 in Science
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At the September 2014 United Nations Climate Summit, governments rallied around an international agreement—the New York Declaration on Forests—that underscored restoration of degraded ecosystems as an auspicious solution to climate change. Ethiopia committed to restore more than one-sixth of its land. Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Guatemala, and Colombia pledged to restore huge areas within their borders. In total, parties committed to restore a staggering 350 million hectares by 2030.

ACS Style

Katharine Suding; Eric Higgs; Margaret Palmer; Joseph Callicott; Christopher B. Anderson; Matthew Baker; John J. Gutrich; Kelly L. Hondula; Matthew C. LaFevor; Brendon M. H. Larson; Alan Randall; J.B. Ruhl; Katrina Z. S. Schwartz. Committing to ecological restoration. Science 2015, 348, 638 -640.

AMA Style

Katharine Suding, Eric Higgs, Margaret Palmer, Joseph Callicott, Christopher B. Anderson, Matthew Baker, John J. Gutrich, Kelly L. Hondula, Matthew C. LaFevor, Brendon M. H. Larson, Alan Randall, J.B. Ruhl, Katrina Z. S. Schwartz. Committing to ecological restoration. Science. 2015; 348 (6235):638-640.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katharine Suding; Eric Higgs; Margaret Palmer; Joseph Callicott; Christopher B. Anderson; Matthew Baker; John J. Gutrich; Kelly L. Hondula; Matthew C. LaFevor; Brendon M. H. Larson; Alan Randall; J.B. Ruhl; Katrina Z. S. Schwartz. 2015. "Committing to ecological restoration." Science 348, no. 6235: 638-640.

Book chapter
Published: 31 October 2014 in Applied Studies in Climate Adaptation
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Agricultural practices are adaptations to prevailing conditions, including climatic, social and market conditions. The spatio‐temporal analogues approach recognises that the location of a farm can be a good predictor of the prevailing farming activity. Real options analysis extends traditional economic analyses of agricultural investment decisions based on cost‐benefit analysis and net present values to better represent uncertainty. This chapter focuses upon changes in agricultural production on a representative hectare of land at a given location, for which the farmer is considered to act as a representative decision‐maker. The results presented in this chapter are not forecasts; they are predicated on the assumptions that space is a good analogue for climate change and that climate will change significantly.

ACS Style

Greg Hertzler; Todd Sanderson; Tim Capon; Peter Hayman; Ross Kingwell; Anthea McClintock; Jason Crean; Alan Randall. Farmer decision-making under climate change. Applied Studies in Climate Adaptation 2014, 122 -129.

AMA Style

Greg Hertzler, Todd Sanderson, Tim Capon, Peter Hayman, Ross Kingwell, Anthea McClintock, Jason Crean, Alan Randall. Farmer decision-making under climate change. Applied Studies in Climate Adaptation. 2014; ():122-129.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Greg Hertzler; Todd Sanderson; Tim Capon; Peter Hayman; Ross Kingwell; Anthea McClintock; Jason Crean; Alan Randall. 2014. "Farmer decision-making under climate change." Applied Studies in Climate Adaptation , no. : 122-129.

Book chapter
Published: 30 September 2014 in Handbook of Sustainable Development
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ACS Style

Alan Randall. Weak sustainability, conservation and precaution. Handbook of Sustainable Development 2014, 160 -172.

AMA Style

Alan Randall. Weak sustainability, conservation and precaution. Handbook of Sustainable Development. 2014; ():160-172.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alan Randall. 2014. "Weak sustainability, conservation and precaution." Handbook of Sustainable Development , no. : 160-172.

Books
Published: 19 August 2014 in Issues in Environmental Science and Technology
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Australia is experiencing a massive expansion of coal seam gas (CSG) extraction in response to buoyant international demand for liquefied natural gas and encouraged by accommodative mineral rights and taxation policies. The industry is capital-intensive and, while wages are high, employment of Australian workers is modest. The economic benefits accrue in the first few decades while the environmental costs may continue for a very long time. The CSG and shale gas extraction processes are commonly quite different: for CSG, dewatering is the main method of releasing the gas, and fracking is at present used in only a minority of wells. In an arid land, dewatering raises major concerns of cumulative impact on groundwater systems, which can only be allayed by disconcertingly expensive wastewater treatment and recycling. Environmental impacts also include methane leakage into the atmosphere (which undercuts CSG's cleaner-burning advantage relative to coal), disturbance of sub-surface aquifers and geological structure, fragmentation of landscape, and disruption of ecosystems and agricultural production. Regulation of CSG extraction remains a work in progress, but is becoming more substantive in response to public concerns. This chapter elaborates on the promises and challenges of massive CSG development, and discusses the relevant regulatory and taxation issues. Given that major Australian CSG developments lie beneath prime agricultural lands, I summarise the reasoning and empirical findings of a recent case study of the economics of competition and coexistence of CSG and agriculture on prime lands. Uncertainties and unknown unknowns are of such magnitude that they tend to dominate the policy discourse.

ACS Style

Alan Randall. CHAPTER 6. Coal Seam Gas Recovery in Australia: Economic, Environmental and Policy Issues. Issues in Environmental Science and Technology 2014, 151 -180.

AMA Style

Alan Randall. CHAPTER 6. Coal Seam Gas Recovery in Australia: Economic, Environmental and Policy Issues. Issues in Environmental Science and Technology. 2014; ():151-180.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alan Randall. 2014. "CHAPTER 6. Coal Seam Gas Recovery in Australia: Economic, Environmental and Policy Issues." Issues in Environmental Science and Technology , no. : 151-180.

Symposium
Published: 02 January 2014 in Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research
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Alan Randall. Probing the limits of risk-neutral government. Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research 2014, 6, 65 -69.

AMA Style

Alan Randall. Probing the limits of risk-neutral government. Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research. 2014; 6 (1):65-69.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alan Randall. 2014. "Probing the limits of risk-neutral government." Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research 6, no. 1: 65-69.

Book chapter
Published: 07 October 2013 in Economics and the Future
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ACS Style

Alan Randall. Discounting Future Prospects, and the Quest for Sustainability. Economics and the Future 2013, 1 .

AMA Style

Alan Randall. Discounting Future Prospects, and the Quest for Sustainability. Economics and the Future. 2013; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alan Randall. 2013. "Discounting Future Prospects, and the Quest for Sustainability." Economics and the Future , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 07 October 2013 in Handbook of Sustainable Development
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Alan Randall. Benefit–Cost Analysis and a Safe Minimum Standard of Conservation. Handbook of Sustainable Development 2013, 1 .

AMA Style

Alan Randall. Benefit–Cost Analysis and a Safe Minimum Standard of Conservation. Handbook of Sustainable Development. 2013; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alan Randall. 2013. "Benefit–Cost Analysis and a Safe Minimum Standard of Conservation." Handbook of Sustainable Development , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2013 in Encyclopedia of Energy, Natural Resource, and Environmental Economics
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Alan Randall. Environmental Ethics for Environmental Economists. Encyclopedia of Energy, Natural Resource, and Environmental Economics 2013, 25 -32.

AMA Style

Alan Randall. Environmental Ethics for Environmental Economists. Encyclopedia of Energy, Natural Resource, and Environmental Economics. 2013; ():25-32.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alan Randall. 2013. "Environmental Ethics for Environmental Economists." Encyclopedia of Energy, Natural Resource, and Environmental Economics , no. : 25-32.

Book chapter
Published: 25 July 2011 in Frontiers of Economics and Globalization
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Chapter 14 Innovation, Risk, Precaution, and the Regulation of GM Crops

ACS Style

Alan Randall. Chapter 14 Innovation, Risk, Precaution, and the Regulation of GM Crops. Frontiers of Economics and Globalization 2011, 10, 337 -367.

AMA Style

Alan Randall. Chapter 14 Innovation, Risk, Precaution, and the Regulation of GM Crops. Frontiers of Economics and Globalization. 2011; 10 ():337-367.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alan Randall. 2011. "Chapter 14 Innovation, Risk, Precaution, and the Regulation of GM Crops." Frontiers of Economics and Globalization 10, no. : 337-367.